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Inverse Scattering Problems and Their Application to
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 Inverse Scattering
Problems and Their
Application to
Nonlinear Integrable
Equations
 Inverse Scattering
Problems and Their
Application to
Nonlinear Integrable
Equations

Pham Loi Vu
Institute of Mechanics - Vietnam Academy of Science
and Technology
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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 Dedicated to the loving memory of
my late son, Pham Vu Nam (1975-2001), and
younger brother, Pham Quang Dien (1941-1999)
Contents

Acronyms xiii

Preface xv

Author xvii

Introduction xix

1 Inverse scattering problems for systems of first-order ODEs

on a half-line 1
1.1 The inverse scattering problem on a half-line with a potential
non-self-adjoint matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 The representation of the solution of system (1.7) . . . 4
1.1.2 The Jost solutions of system (1.7) . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 The scattering function S(λ) and non-real eigenvalues 8
1.1.4 Connection between the analytic solution and Jost
solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.5 The scattering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.6 Derivation of systems of fundamental equations . . . . 22
1.1.7 The estimates for the functions f (−x) and g(x) . . . . 24
1.1.8 The unique solvability of systems of fundamental
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.9 The description of the scattering data . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2 The inverse scattering problem on a half-line with a potential
self-adjoint matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2.1 The unique solvability of the self-adjoint problem . . . 37
1.2.2 The Jost solutions of system (1.84) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.2.3 The scattering function and its properties . . . . . . . 42
1.2.4 The relation between the functions f (x, ξ), g(x, ξ) and
f (ξ), g(ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.2.5 The inverse scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.2.6 The complete description of the scattering function . . 54

2 Some problems for a system of nonlinear evolution equations

on a half-line 61
2.1 The IBVP for the system of NLEEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

vii
viii Contents

2.1.1 The Lax compatibility condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

2.1.2 The time-dependence of the scattering function . . . . 65
2.1.3 Evaluation of unknown BVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.4 The time-dependence of the scattering data . . . . . . 69
2.1.5 The solution of the IBVP for the system of NLEEs (2.5) 70
2.1.6 The IBVP for the attractive NLS equation . . . . . . 74
2.2 Exact solutions of the system of NLEEs . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.2.1 Exact solutions of fundamental equations . . . . . . . 76
2.2.2 The time-dependence of standardized multipliers and an
exact solution of system (2.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2.3 An exact solution of the attractive NLS equation . . . 83
2.3 The Cauchy IVP problem for the repulsive NLS equation . . 85

3 Some problems for cubic nonlinear evolution equations on a

half-line 89
3.1 The direct and inverse scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.1.1 The representation of the solution of system (3.4) . . . 90
3.1.2 The Jost solutions of system (3.4) . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.1.3 The scattering function S(λ) and non-real eigenvalues 93
3.1.4 Connection between the analytic solution and
Jost solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.5 The scattering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.1.6 The systems of fundamental equations . . . . . . . . . 100
3.1.7 The complete description of the scattering data . . . . 101
3.2 The IBVPs for the mKdV equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.1 The Lax compatibility condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.2 The time-dependence of the scattering function . . . . 104
3.2.3 Evaluation of unknown BVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.4 The time-dependence of the scattering data . . . . . . 108
3.2.5 The solution of the IBVPs for mKdV equations . . . . 110
3.2.6 Relation between solutions of the mKdV and KdV equa-
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.3 Non-scattering potentials and exact solutions . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.1 Exact solutions of systems of fundamental equations . 117
3.3.2 The time-dependence of standardized multipliers and an
exact solution of system (3.41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.3 Exact solutions of equations mKdV and KdV . . . . . 122
3.4 The Cauchy problem for cubic nonlinear
equation (3.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

4 The Dirichlet IBVPs for sine and sinh-Gordon equations 129

4.1 The IBVP for the sG equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.1.1 The Jost solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.1.2 The Lax compatibility condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.1.3 Evaluation of unknown BVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
 Contents ix

4.1.4 The time-dependence of the scattering data . . . . . . 142

4.1.5 The IBVP (4.14)–(4.16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.2 The IBVP for the shG equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.1 The self-adjoint problem associated with the shG
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.2.2 The Lax compatibility condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2.3 Evaluation of unknown BVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.4 The time-dependence of the scattering function . . . . 158
4.2.5 The IBVP for the shG equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.3 Exact soliton-solutions of the sG and shG equations . . . . . 162

5 Inverse scattering for integration of the continual system

of nonlinear interaction waves 167
5.1 The direct and ISP for a system of n first-order ODEs . . . . 169
5.1.1 The transition matrix S(λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.1.2 Representations of solutions of system (5.5) . . . . . . 170
5.1.3 The intermediate matrix S̃(λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.1.4 The bilateral factorization of the transition
matrix S(λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.1.5 The analytic and bilateral factorizations of S̃(λ) . . . 187
5.1.6 The inverse scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.2 The direct and ISP for the transport equation . . . . . . . . 195
5.2.1 The transition operator S(λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.2.2 Volterra integral representations of solutions . . . . . 197
5.2.3 Bilateral Volterra factorization of the S-operator . . . 207
5.2.4 Analytic and bilateral Volterra factorizations of the in-
termediate operator S̃(λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.2.5 The inverse scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3 Integration of the continual system of nonlinear
interaction waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.3.1 The generalized Lax equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.3.2 The time-evolution of the operators F̃(λ; t) and G̃(λ; t) 232
5.3.3 The Cauchy problem for the continual system (5.213) 234

6 Some problems for the KdV equation and associated inverse

scattering 237
6.1 The direct and ISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.1.1 The Jost solution and the analytic solution . . . . . . 240
6.1.2 The Parseval’s equality and the fundamental equation 244
6.1.3 The necessary conditions of the scattering data . . . . 247
6.1.4 The necessary and sufficient conditions of a
given data set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
6.2 The IBVP for the KdV equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
6.2.1 The Lax compatibility condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
6.2.2 The time-dependent Jost solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
x Contents

6.2.3 The normalization eigenfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

6.2.4 The Sturm–Liouville scattering problem . . . . . . . . 257
6.2.5 Calculation of unknown BVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.2.6 The time-dependent scattering data . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.2.7 The IBVP (6.48)–(6.49)–(6.50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.3 Exact soliton-solutions of the Cauchy problem for the KdV
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.3.1 The direct and inverse problem (6.109)–(6.110) . . . . 264
6.3.2 Non-scattering potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
6.3.3 The time-dependence of the reflection coefficient . . . 269
6.3.4 Some examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

7 Inverse scattering and its application to the KdV equation

with dominant surface tension 279
7.1 The direct and inverse SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.2 The system of evolution equations for the scattering matrix . 297
7.3 The self-adjoint problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
7.3.1 The linear change of dependent variables . . . . . . . 302
7.3.2 The characters of the self-adjoint problem . . . . . . . 304
7.3.3 The problem of finding the scattering function S(µ, t) 308
7.4 The time-evolution of s(k, t) and solution of the IBVP . . . . 314
7.4.1 The time-evolution of solution s(k, t) of system (7.86) 314
7.4.2 The solution of the IBVP (7.1)–(7.3) . . . . . . . . . . 317

8 The inverse scattering problem for the perturbed string equa-

tion and its application to integration of the two-dimensional
generalization from Korteweg-de Vries equation 323
8.1 The scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
8.2 Transform operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
8.3 Properties of the scattering operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.4 Inverse scattering problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
8.5 Integration of the two-dimensional generalization from the KdV
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

9 Connections between the inverse scattering method and

related methods 353
9.1 Fokas’s methodology for the analysis of IBVPs, [31] . . . . . 353
9.2 A Riemann–Hilbert problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
9.3 Hirota’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
9.3.1 The scattering problem (SP) associated with the KdV
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
9.3.2 Bilinear equation for the KdV equation . . . . . . . . 358
9.3.3 The degree and the time-dependence of standardized
polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
9.3.4 The SP associated with the attractive NLS equation . 361
 Contents xi

9.3.5 The representations of F and G . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

9.3.6 The degree of standardized polynomials and
solutions of the NLS equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
9.4 Bäcklund transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Bibliography 375

Index 387
Acronyms

BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boundary Condition

BT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bäcklund Transformation
BV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boundary Value
GLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gelfand–Levitan–Marchenko
IBVP . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial-Boundary Value Problem
ISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inverse Scattering Method
ISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inverse Scattering Problem
IVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial Value Problem
KdV . . . . . . . . . . . . . Korteweg-de Vries
mKdV . . . . . . . . . . . . modified Korteweg-de Vries
NLEE . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonlinear Evolution Equation
NLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonlinear Schrödinger
ODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary Differential Equation
R–H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riemann–Hilbert
SD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scattering Data
sG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sine-Gordon

shG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sinh-Gordon
SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scattering Problem

xiii
Preface

The present monograph is devoted to inverse scattering problems (ISPs) for

differential equations and their application to nonlinear evolution equations
(NLEEs). It contains most of our published papers, which are mentioned in
the Introduction and at the beginning of every chapter.
In this monograph, we study the ISPs for the following differential equa-
tions:
• The systems of two first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
on a half-line with a non-self-adjoint potential matrix [86], and with a
self-adjoint potential matrix, [105] in Chapters 1–4;
• The system of n first-order ODEs and the transport equation in Chapter
5. The transport equation is continual generalization from the system of
n first-order ODEs on the whole line, [110, 112];
• The Schrödinger on a half-line [67, 70, 77, 133] in Chapters 6 and 7;
• The perturbed string equation in characteristic variables on the whole
line [108, 109] in Chapter 8.
The results of considered ISPs in the monograph are not only indepen-
dently interesting by themselves, but also are effective tools for solving ini-
tial value problems (IVPs) and initial-boundary value problems (IBVPs) for
integrable NLEEs, such as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation [119, 126],
Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) [125, 130], modified KdV [128], KdV with domi-
nant surface tension [132, 133], two-dimensional generalization from the KdV
[134], sine-Gordon equation, and sinh-Gordon equation [129].
The scattering data of the considered ISPs are described completely. That
is to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for given quantities to
be the scattering data for the problem generated by the considered differential
equation with the known initial and boundary conditions. With the help of
the Lax equation or the generalized Lax equation, the application of obtained
results of the ISP to solving the associated IVP or IBVP for the NLEE is
carried out step by step. Namely, the NLEE can be written as the compat-
ibility condition of two linear equations. Such NLEEs are called integrable
and the pair of linear equations is called the Lax pair, [37, 60]. Then, we can
derive the time-dependence of the scattering data. Hence, the time-evolution
of the known functions in the time-dependent fundamental equations in the
inverse problem is constructed. By virtue of the complete description of the
scattering data, the fundamental equations have unique solutions. Then the

xv
xvi Preface

solution of the NLEE is expressed through the time-dependent solution of

the fundamental equations. Hence, the application of the inverse scattering
method (ISM) to solving the IVPs or IBVPs for NLEEs is consistent. It is
effectively embedded in the schema of the ISM.
The results of ISPs and associated IVPs, IBVPs for NLEEs in the present
monograph are related with the books by Ablowitz and Clarson (1991) [1],
Marchenko (1986) [77], Chadan and Sabatier (1977) [17], Fokas and Zakharov
(1994) [36], Levitan (1984) [67], Nizhnik (1973) [82], Zakharov et al. (1980)
[140], Beals et al. (1988) [8], Korepin et al. (1993) [53], Osborne (2010) [89],
and Gladwell (1993) [42].
An important stage in the development of the ISM for solving IBVPs has
witnessed a considerable number of novel concepts of interest physically and
mathematically. A success in this field was achieved by Sabatier in 2000, [93],
Fokas in 2000 and 2002, [30, 31], Habibullin in 2002, [45], . . . Due to the rate
at which the field has developed, some references are missed or forgotten. We
apologize for such situations whenever they occur.
The present monograph is intended for a wide community working with in-
verse scattering problems and their applications, in particular, the traditional
community in mathematical physics. This monograph is accessible to anyone
having a mathematical background in functional analysis [52, 71], partial dif-
ferential equations [98], equations of mathematical physics [102], the theory
of functions of a complex variable [100].
In this monograph the considered problems are solved step-by-step in
detail. There are full proofs for solving the considered problems. By this way,
the presentation in this monograph is an effort to make the material more
accessible for students, who are approaching this topic for the first time.
I express my sincere gratitude to the Institute of Mathematics of Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, particularly Prof. L. P. Nizhnik for his invaluable help
and guidance for my Candidate dissertation Ph.D. (1973) and the Doctoral
dissertation of Science (1983). I am grateful to the Institute of Mechanics
of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology for offering me a supportive
working environment throughout my time with the institute. I am very thank-
ful to Istituto per le Applicazioni del Cacolo “Mauro Picone” in Firenze, Italy,
particularly Prof. Gabriele Inglese for the valuable help during my working
at the institute. I wish to thank Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoang for useful discus-
sions on the topic. My special thanks to Tran Ngoc Trung and Truong Thi
Phuong for the valuable assistance for a long time in the preparation of the
manuscript to the appearance of the book. Finally, I am greatly indebted to
my wife, Nguyen Thi Huyen, for her love and support. The text would not
have been possible if it were not for the help of the aforementioned people.
It is disturbing to me that I can read and reread the text and still not
catch all errors. My hope is that any remaining errors will not lead to undue
confusion.

Hanoi Pham Loi Vu

Author

Pham Loi Vu is a professor, doctor of mathematics, and

a leading Vietnamese expert in inverse problems and their
applications. He has authored 50 papers published in promi-
nent journals, including Inverse Problems (Q1), Acta Ap-
plicandae Mathematicae (Q2), Journal of Nonlinear Math-
ematical Physics (Q2), and others.
His previous research focused on seismic waves in seis-
mic prospecting for petroleum-gas complexes and on deter-
mining coordinates of epicenter in near earthquakes at the
Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnam Academy. He is now a researcher at
VAST’s Institute of Mechanics and the National Foundation for Science and
Technology Development (NAFOSTED).

xvii
Introduction

An inverse problem is the usual name for any problem that requires a math-
ematician to ascertain the data that will determine a differential operator
uniquely and a method of constructing this operator from the known data.
The theory of inverse problems has been developed into some directions:

• Inverse kinematical problems of seismicity are classified as the first di-

rection [7, 59, 58];
• Inverse problems of the Newtonian potential theory are classified as
the second direction. These inverse problems are related to geophysical
problems of interpretation of gravitational and magnetic data [106, 91,
92, 99].
Various forms of inverse problems have been considered, such as inverse
problems for parabolic equations, problems of determination of diffusion
coefficients in the models of turbulent diffusion of contaminants [113,
114, 115, 117, 116, 118];
• The inverse scattering problems (ISPs) arising in connection with the
quantum scattering theory belong to the third direction. These prob-
lems are the most interesting from the standpoint of application to the
integration of nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs).

The present monograph is dedicated to the ISPs for differential equa-

tions that are associated with a class of distinguished NLEEs in mathematical
physics. We study the ISPs for differential equations mentioned in the Preface
and then apply the obtained results of the considered ISPs to the integration
of associated integrable NLEEs by the inverse scattering method (ISM). We
now outline the development of problems that are related to the considered
problems in this monograph.
A large number of investigations in different areas of physics were devoted
to the study of nonlinear wave processes, for instance, various questions relat-
ing to the theory of plasma and nonlinear optics. Simple “model” nonlinear
wave equations were constructed in the course of the development of the non-
linear wave theory. In some sense, these constructed equations are universal,
i.e., they may be encountered, just like the classical d’Alembert linear equa-
tions in diverse physical problems. Examples are the nonlinear Schrödinger
(NLS), Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV), sine-
Gordon (sG) and sinh-Gordon (shG) equations. These nonlinear equations

xix
xx Introduction

exhibit, at least in the one-dimensional case, a remarkable property. They pos-

sess hidden algebraic symmetry, as a result of which they can be “integrated”
by the so-called ISM with the help of a pair of auxiliary linear operators, i.e.,
the nonlinear equation can be written as the compatibility condition of two
linear equations. The two equations constituting the Lax pair are usually des-
ignated the x part and the t (time) part. The ISM for solving the initial-value
problem (IVP) for the KdV equation with decaying initial data was discovered
by Gardner–Greene–Kruskal–Miura in 1967, [37]. The ISM can be thought of
as a nonlinear Fourier method. However, this nonlinear transform is not the
same for every NLEE, but it is constructed from the x part of the Lax pair.
Furthermore, the direct nonlinear Fourier transform of the initial data involves
a linear Volterra integral equation and the inverse nonlinear Fourier transform
involves a matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem. It should be emphasized that the
construction of this nonlinear transform is based solely on the x part of the
Lax pair and it involves the spectral analysis of the eigenvalue equation. The
t part is used only to determine the evolution of the direct nonlinear Fourier
transform, see [27] for the early history and [36] for some developments.
The first ISP was formulated and investigated by Ambartsumyan in 1929
[6]. Uniqueness theorems in inverse problems were proved by Ambartsumyan
[6], Borg in 1946 [15]. Research on quantum scattering theory inverse problem
was carried out by Levison in 1949, 1953 [64, 63, 65]. Further success in inverse
problem theory was achieved by Chudov in 1949 [18], Marchenko in 1952,
1955, 1972 [75, 76, 77], Krein in 1951–1958 [54, 55, 56, 57], Berezanskii in
1964, 1968 [9, 10], Gelfand and Levitan in 1951 [41], Levitan in 1973, 1984
[66, 67]. Levitan and Gasymov in 1964 [68], Faddeev in 1958, 1959, 1966
[24, 25, 26], Faddeev and Takhtajan in[27], Nizhnik in 1971, 1973, 1980, 1988
[81, 82, 83, 84], Nizhnik and Pham Loi Vu in 1974, 1982, 1983 [86, 87, 88],
Pham Loi Vu in 1971–1973, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1983 [103, 104, 105, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112], etc.
A decisive step was the application, first by Marchenko and then by oth-
ers, of the so-called “transformation operators” to the investigation of inverse
problems. These operators arose from ideas on the generalized shift operator
theory, the foundations of which were laid by Delsarte in 1939 (see Levi-
tan [66]).
The ISM is an effective tool for studying NLEEs in one space variable. It
allows one to construct large classes of exact solutions, and to investigate in
detail the Cauchy IVPs for NLEEs including the writing down explicit time
asymptotics. In this way, the numerous results were achieved [1, 36, 119, 123,
121, 122, 120, 124, 125, 127, 131, 137]. In the class of non-scattering potentials,
the N-soliton solutions of the NLS and KdV equations are constructed by the
ISM and Hirota Direct method [119, 123, 135, 136]. A method for solving
the IVPs for NLEEs with space-periodic initial data was developed in the
mid-1970s [22].
Further success in inverse scattering in two or three dimensions with
boundary integral equations was achieved by Cakoni and Colton in the
 Introduction xxi

monograph Qualitative Method in Inverse Scattering Theory (2006) [16], and

in Inverse Acoustic and Electromagnetic Scattering Theory by Colton and
Kress (1998) [19].
There exist some essential difficulties in extending the application of the
ISM to the integration of NLEEs.
An essential difficulty arises when the ISM is applied to the integration of
multidimensional NLEEs. The difficulty arises from the strict restriction on
coefficients of multidimensional operators, which define the Lax pair. In this
issue, the generalized Lax representations of multidimensional NLEEs were
derived from the generalized Lax equation and further success was achieved
in [83, 84, 85].
As mentioned above, the ISM makes possible a complete investigation of
the Cauchy IVPs for integrable NLEEs. However, this method is difficult to
transfer to IBVPs for the NLEEs with arbitrary boundary and initial con-
ditions. Such problems appear in many applications, where it is often more
natural to assume that the space variable is defined only on the part of the
real axis. For example, in the context of water waves, it is usually far easier to
measure the elevation of the water surface over time at a fixed position (say
x = 0), than to determine the surface for all values of the real axis x at a
specific instant of time. This leads naturally to the mathematical formulation
of an IBVP on the half-line (x > 0) with a prescribed boundary condition at
x = 0 and with vanishing initial conditions.
For IBVPs, an important issue, both for mathematical and physical consid-
erations, is the study of the effect of the boundary on the asymptotic behavior
of the solution. The problem of searching boundary conditions consistent with
the integrability property of the NLEEs given as well as the problem of find-
ing a procedure for integrating the NLEEs with the corresponding boundary
values IBVPs is undoubtedly important.
Several attempts have been made to extend the ISM to the case of more
complicated IBVPs, in which Dirichlet and/or Neumann conditions are pre-
scribed on a half-line or on a segment. This is reminiscent of the fact that,
even for linear differential equations, scattering data is given in terms of both
prescribed boundary values and unknown boundary values. Thus, the essential
difficulty associated with these problems is that the evolution equations for
scattering data, as given by the Lax equations, cannot be integrated into most
of the cases, because their coefficients depend on unknown boundary data. Af-
ter the series of papers by Its and Fokas in 1989, 1992, 1996 [28, 33, 34], it
becomes clear that under arbitrary boundary conditions, solving the IBVP
for the above-mentioned equations had not met the same success as solving
the Cauchy IVP on the whole line. There exists a specific class of bound-
ary conditions that are completely consistent with the integrability prop-
erty. Under these conditions, the IBVP is effectively embedded in the ISM
schema. A number of examples of such boundary conditions were discussed in
[20, 21, 31, 35, 44, 46, 43, 45, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134]. In [61, 62], the
inverse spectral transform for the Zakharov–Shabat equation on the semi-line
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Communication - Study Materials
Spring 2023 - Research Center

Prepared by: Prof. Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Module 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 10: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 14: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 17: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 20: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 30: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 33: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 38: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 5: Current trends and future directions
Example 40: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 48: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 6: Research findings and conclusions
Example 50: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 55: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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