Jhoanne Cana September 29, 2011 APUSH 4 Chapter 6 Identifications

1. Samuel de Champlain- energy and leadership earned him the title Father of New France. Leading figure of Quebec and had friendly relations with the nearby Huron Indian tribes 2. William Pitt- British leader known as the Great Commoner. By 1757 had become the foremost leader in the London government and eventually earned the title Organizer of Victory. Many assaults on the French West Indies and eventually took over Quebec in 1759. 3. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit City of Straits in 1701 to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. 4. Robert de La Salle- floated down the Mississippi River in 1682 to check Spanish penetration into the Gulf of Mexico region. Named the great interior basin Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV. Returned to the Gulf three years later with a colonizing expedition of four ships but epically failed trying to find the Mississippi delta, landed in Spanish Texas, and was murdered in 1687. 5. James Wolfe: was chosen by leader of the London Government William Pitt to conquer Quebec; paid a lot of attention to detail; sent a British detachment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Quebec during the night; the next morning, they fought the French on the outskirts of Quebec, British under Wolfe, French under Marquis de Montcalm; both commanders died, but British won and French surrendered Quebec to British. 6. Edward Braddock: nicknamed Bulldog Braddock; a 67 year old officer of Britain; was sent to Virginia with a British detachment; raided colonies for supplies, then set out in 1755 to capture Fort Duquesne with 2000 men; was shot and killed after meeting a smaller French and Indian army along the way, Britain lost and left. 7. Pontiac: the Ottawa Chief; in 1763, led several tribes (and a handful of French traders) in a violent campaign to drive British out of Ohio Country; killed 2000 soldiers and settlers and overran all but 3 British posts west of the Appalachians; Died in 1769 at the hands of a rival Chieftain by a purposefully infected (with smallpox) blanket given to him by the British.

8. Louis XIV: (1638-1715)- king of France since 5 years old (reign 1642-1715). Took interest in planting overseas colonies, and did so in Quebec, but British won it in the 18th century; nicknamed the Sun King. 9. Marquis de Montcalm- The leader of the French at Quebec during the French and Indian War . Both him and the English commander died but the city of Quebec surrendered. 10. Benjamin Franklin- all around happenin' fella'. He was a scientist, statesman, inventor, and author. He helped to start the University of Pennsylvania and played important role in America's independence. 11.George Washington- A colonel during the French and Indian War and later a great leader in the Revolutionary War. He was the first president and all that jazz. If that isn't enough historical significance for you Mr. Barber, get out of trolley town. 12.Huguenots- French Protestants that were massacred on St. Bartholomew's Day. Conflicts between Huguenots and the Catholics in France caused the French to be late in claiming territory in the New World.

13. Seven Years War (French and Indian War) - global military conflict between 1756 and 1763, involving most of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. In the historiography of some countries, the war is alternatively named after combats in the respective theaters: the French and Indian War 14. Acadians - descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located in the Canadian Maritime Provinces Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island as well as part of Quebec, and in the U.S. state of Maine). 15. War of Spanish Succession - fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. 16. Albany Congress - meeting of representatives from seven of the thirteen British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island). Representatives met daily at Albany, New York from June 19 to July 11 to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French 17. Iroquois- group of Indians that the British wanted to keep loyal to Britain for the French and Indian War

18. New France- France's colony in the New World occupying Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Midwest U.S., Great Lakes, Missouri River, and stretched all the way down to Louisiana 19. Proclamation of 1763- flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments... not designed to oppress colonists, but instead work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent bloody uprisings from the Indians 20. Cajun- descendants fo the French-speaking Acadians, almost a million strong in Louisiana.. Acadians were originally from the Canadian area 21.Edict of Nantes-1598 from crown,granted limited toleration to French Protestants 22.coureurs de bois-"runners of the woods"(French fur-trappers) 23.Jesuits-group of vital explorers and geographers 24.salutary neglect-period where English rule laxed and colonists were "free" to govern themselves 25. War of Jenkin's Ear- was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its unusual name, coined by Thomas Carlyle in 1858, relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who exhibited his severed ear in Parliament following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731. This affair and a number of similar incidents sparked a war against the Spanish Empire, ostensibly to encourage the Spanish not to renege on the lucrative asiento contract (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America. After 1742 the war was subsumed by the wider War of Austrian Succession involving most of the powers of Europe. Peace arrived with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. 26. Louisbourg- In 1758, the French garrison at Louisbourg was manned by only 3,000 men. Those forces were supplemented in the early spring by the arrival of five ships, which were assigned the task of protecting the harbor from an expected British assault. A 12,000-man British army was en route under Jeffrey Amherst. The soldiers were carried on 120 transport ships and were supported by a naval squadron under the command of Admiral Edward Boscawen. The fall of Louisbourg was a pivotal event in the war, giving the British control of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and opening the door to the fateful Quebec Campaign of the following year. News of this British victory followed closely on the heels of the reports from forts Duquesne and Frontenac, and indicated a sharp change in the fortunes of the war. 27. Fort Duqesne- at the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the site of Pittsburgh, SW Pa. Because of its strategic location, it was a major objective in the last of the French and Indian Wars. The fort was begun by a group of Virginians in 1754 at the insistence of Gov. Robert Dinwiddie. The French drove the Virginians away on Apr. 17, 1754, and completed the fort; they named it after the Marquis de Duquesne,

governor-general of New France. George Washington's Virginia militia had failed to reach the fort before the arrival of the French. Fort Duquesne was also the goal of an unsuccessful expedition under English Gen. Edward Braddock in 1755. On Nov. 24, 1758, the French abandoned their position without a fight to advancing British troops led by Gen. John Forbes and retreated north after burning Fort Duquesne. The English rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt, around which Pittsburgh grew. 28. Fort Necessity- entrenched camp built in July, 1754, by George Washington and his Virginia militia at Great Meadows (near the present Uniontown, Pa.). He retired there when he learned that the British fort at the forks of the Ohio (the site of Pittsburgh) had been captured (and renamed Fort Duquesne) by the French. In late May, 1754, a French patrol had been defeated and its leader killed in a surprise attack led by Washington near Great Meadows. A large French reprisal force attacked Fort Necessity and forced Washington to surrender on July 4. He secured easy terms from the French and departed for Virginia with all his surviving men and their baggage. These two skirmishes marked the opening of the last of the French and Indian Wars. Near Fort Necessity National Battlefield is the grave of the British general Edward Braddock.