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Functional Programming in JavaScript
Functional
Programming
in JavaScript
LUIS ATENCIO
MANNING
SHELTER ISLAND
For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit
www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity.
For more information, please contact
Special Sales Department
Manning Publications Co.
20 Baldwin Road
PO Box 761
Shelter Island, NY 11964
Email: [email protected]
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps
or all caps.
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to have
the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end.
Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books
are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without the use of
elemental chlorine.
ISBN: 9781617292828
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – EBM – 21 20 19 18 17 16
To my wonderful wife, Ana.
Thank you for your unconditional support
and for being the source of passion and inspiration in my life.
brief contents
PART 1 THINK FUNCTIONALLY ..................................................1
1 ■ Becoming functional 3
2 ■ Higher-order JavaScript 23
vii
contents
preface xv
acknowledgments xvii
about this book xix
1 Becoming functional
1.1
3
Can functional programming help? 5
1.2 What is functional programming? 5
Functional programming is declarative 7 Pure functions and
■
ix
x CONTENTS
2 Higher-order JavaScript 23
2.1 Why JavaScript? 24
2.2 Functional vs. object-oriented programming 24
Managing the state of JavaScript objects 31 Treating objects ■
of closures 50
2.5 Summary 53
programming 111
4.6 Managing control flow with functional combinators 112
Identity (I-combinator) 112 Tap (K-combinator) 113
■
null-checking 121
5.2 Building a better solution: functors 121
Wrapping unsafe values 122 ■ Functors explained 124
5.3 Functional error handling using monads 127
Monads: from control flow to data flow 128 Error handling with
■
dependencies 164
6.4 Capturing specifications with property-based testing 166
6.5 Measuring effectiveness through code coverage 172
Measuring the effectiveness of testing functional code 173
Measuring the complexity of functional code 177
6.6 Summary 179
xv
xvi PREFACE
xvii
xviii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
On the technical side, special thanks to Dean Iverson, who served as the book’s
technical editor; Daniel Lamb, who served as the book’s technical proofreader; and
Brian Hanafee, for his thorough and in-depth evaluation of the entire book. They are
the best technical editors I could have hoped for.
Last but not least, I thank my wife for always supporting me, and my family for
pushing me to become better every day and not asking why I didn’t call as often to
check in while I was writing this book. Also, thanks go to my colleagues at work for
purchasing early releases of the chapters. I am grateful to have the pleasure of work-
ing alongside such wonderful people.
about this book
Complexity is a huge beast to tame, and we’ll never get rid of it entirely; it will always
be an aspect of software development. I’ve spent countless hours and immeasurable
brainpower trying to understand what a particular piece of code does. The secret is to
control the complexity so it doesn’t grow in proportion to the size of your code base—
and functional programming can help. We’re writing more JavaScript than ever before.
We’ve gone from building small client-side event-handling routines, to heavy client-
side architectures, to complete isomorphic (server + client) JavaScript applications.
Functional programming isn’t a tool—it’s a way of thinking that can apply equally to
any of these environments.
This book is designed to teach you how to apply functional programming tech-
niques to your code using ECMAScript 6 JavaScript. The material is presented at a
gradual, steady pace and covers both theoretical and practical aspects of functional
programming. I provide additional information for advanced readers, to help you get
deeper into some of the harder concepts.
Roadmap
This book has eight chapters and is divided into three parts that guide you from fun-
damental building blocks to more-advanced and practical applications of functional
programming.
xix
xx ABOUT THIS BOOK
Part 3, “Enhancing your functional skills,” discusses the practical benefits of using
functional programming to tackle real-world challenges:
■ Chapter 6 reveals the inherent ease with which functional programs can be unit
tested. In addition, it introduces a rigorous, automated testing mode called
property-based testing.
■ Chapter 7 takes a look at JavaScript’s memory model, which is used to support
the evaluation of functions. This chapter also discusses techniques that help
optimize the execution time of functional JavaScript applications.
■ Chapter 8 introduces some of the main challenges JavaScript developers face
on a day-to-day basis when dealing with event-driven and asynchronous behav-
ior. It discusses how functional programming can provide elegant solutions to
reduce the complexity of existing imperative solutions with a related paradigm
known as reactive programming, implemented using RxJS.
Typographical conventions
The following conventions are used throughout the book:
■ Italic typeface is used to reference important terms.
■ Courier typeface is used to denote code listings, as well as elements and attri-
butes, methods names, classes, functions, and other programming artifacts.
■ Code annotations accompany some of the source code listings, highlighting
important concepts.
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