MEVE-017 : ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Course Code : MEVE-017

Course Title : Environment and Society
Assignment Code : MEVE-017/TMA-01/January 2025 to July 2026 session
Coverage : All Blocks
Maximum Marks 100
5x20=100
Note: This assignment is based on the entire course.
Answer any five questions. All question carries equal marks.
Please write all answers in your own words.
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1. Define society. Explain the types of material and non-material society.
2. Define social change. Explain the processes of social change in India.
3. Discuss some of the major concepts and theories pertaining to Environmental Sociology.
4. Explain the causes and consequences of environmental inequality.
5. Throw light on the various eco-social movements highlighting the works of various
environmentalists and their contribution to society.
6. What is environmental crisis? Elaborate the importance of environmental conservation for
societal welfare.
7. Describe the historical development of science and technology.
8. Describe the concept of eco-feminism. Elucidate the role of women in environment
protection.

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MEVE-017
SOLVED ASSIGNMENT JAN-2025 to JULY-2026

Q.1 - Define society. Explain the types of material and non-

material society.
ANS.- Definition and Types of Society
Definition of Society
Society is a structured group of individuals who share a common culture, interact with each other, and
follow established norms and institutions. It is a complex network of relationships that facilitates
cooperation, coexistence, and the development of social order. Society provides a framework for
individuals to fulfill their needs and aspirations through shared customs, laws, values, and traditions.
According to sociologist MacIver, "Society is a web of social relationships." This definition highlights the
interconnectedness of individuals through different roles, institutions, and interactions.
Types of Society
Society can be classified into two broad categories based on its components: material society and non-
material society. These classifications reflect the physical and cultural aspects that shape human
interactions.
1. Material Society
Material society refers to the tangible, physical aspects that contribute to human life and social
structure. It includes objects, technologies, infrastructure, and economic resources that influence
societal development. The material aspect of society determines the standard of living, economic
conditions, and technological advancements of a community.
Types of Material Society:
1. Industrial Society
o Based on large-scale production, advanced technology, and mechanized industries.
o Characterized by urbanization, mass production, and specialization of labor.
o Example: The United States, Germany, and Japan are highly industrialized societies.
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2. Agrarian Society
o Primarily dependent on agriculture, farming, and animal husbandry.
o Social structure revolves around land ownership, rural communities, and traditional
lifestyles.
o Example: Many rural regions in Africa and South Asia still follow agrarian lifestyles.
3. Technological Society
o Dominated by the use of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and automation.
o Information and communication technology (ICT) play a crucial role in shaping human
interactions.
o Example: Countries like South Korea and Singapore have highly developed technological
societies.
4. Urban Society
o Characterized by high population density, urban infrastructure, and modern lifestyles.
o Includes cities with diverse economic activities, transportation systems, and institutions.
o Example: Metropolitan areas such as New York, London, and Tokyo represent urban
societies.
2. Non-Material Society
Non-material society consists of intangible aspects that shape human behavior, beliefs, and interactions.
It includes cultural values, traditions, norms, ideologies, and social institutions. These elements provide
meaning to human existence and govern relationships within a society.
Types of Non-Material Society:
1. Cultural Society
o Based on shared traditions, customs, languages, arts, and beliefs.
o Preserves the historical and spiritual identity of a group.
o Example: The Japanese society values discipline, honor, and harmony, shaping its cultural
identity.
2. Religious Society
o Formed around religious beliefs, practices, and moral values.
o Guides people’s ethics, behaviors, and rituals.
o Example: The Vatican City is a religious society deeply rooted in Christianity.
3. Political Society
o Structured around governance, law, and authority.
o Includes democratic, authoritarian, and socialist societies.
o Example: The United Kingdom follows a constitutional monarchy, whereas China has a
socialist system.
4. Economic Society
o Defined by the economic system, trade, and financial interactions.
o Includes capitalist, socialist, and mixed economies.
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o Example: The United States represents a capitalist economy, while Sweden follows a
mixed economy model.
Conclusion
Society is an ever-evolving structure composed of both material and non-material aspects. Material
society focuses on tangible elements like infrastructure, technology, and economy, while non-material
society emphasizes cultural, political, and religious values. The balance between these two aspects
determines the progress and stability of any society.

Q.2 - Define social change. Explain the processes of social change

in India
ANS.- Introduction
Social change refers to the transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure
over time. It occurs due to various factors, including technological advancements, economic
developments, political movements, and cultural influences. Social change can be gradual or rapid,
intended or unintended, and progressive or regressive.
In India, social change has been influenced by historical, economic, political, and cultural factors. The
country’s transition from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrialized nation is a significant
example of social change. This transformation has been driven by various processes, which are discussed
below.
Processes of Social Change in India
1. Sanskritization
Sanskritization is a process where lower castes adopt the customs, rituals, and practices of the upper
castes, particularly the Brahmins, to improve their social status. This concept was introduced by
sociologist M.N. Srinivas. It has played a crucial role in changing caste-based hierarchies in Indian society.
However, it does not necessarily lead to structural equality, as caste discrimination persists in different
forms.
2. Westernization
Westernization refers to the influence of Western culture, values, and institutions on Indian society. The
British colonial rule introduced Western education, legal systems, and governance structures, leading to
significant social transformations. Even after independence, globalization and technological
advancements have accelerated Western influences on lifestyle, fashion, communication, and
governance.
3. Modernization
Modernization involves the transition from a traditional society to a more contemporary, industrialized,
and urbanized one. In India, modernization has been facilitated by developments in science and
technology, expansion of education, industrial growth, and urbanization. It has led to changes in social
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norms, gender roles, and occupational patterns. However, modernization has also led to cultural
conflicts between traditional and modern values.
4. Urbanization
Urbanization is the process of population migration from rural to urban areas in search of better
employment opportunities and living conditions. India has witnessed rapid urbanization due to economic
growth, industrialization, and infrastructure development. Cities have become centers of economic
activity, but urbanization has also led to challenges such as overcrowding, pollution, housing shortages,
and increased socio-economic disparities.
5. Industrialization
Industrialization refers to the shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial and manufacturing-based
economy. In India, industrialization gained momentum after independence, with policies promoting
heavy industries, economic liberalization, and globalization. This shift has led to job creation,
technological advancements, and economic growth. However, it has also resulted in labor exploitation,
environmental degradation, and rural-urban migration.
6. Globalization
Globalization has integrated India with the global economy, leading to significant social and economic
changes. It has influenced consumption patterns, work culture, education, and communication. The rise
of multinational companies, outsourcing industries, and digital technology has transformed lifestyles.
While globalization has improved economic opportunities, it has also widened income inequalities and
cultural homogenization.
7. Democratization
The democratic framework of India has played a crucial role in social change. Political participation, social
movements, and policies promoting equality and justice have empowered marginalized communities.
Landmark legislations like the Right to Education, reservation policies, and gender rights laws have
contributed to social transformation.
8. Social Movements and Reforms
Social movements have been catalysts for social change in India. Reform movements like the abolition of
Sati, widow remarriage, and Dalit rights movements have contributed to social transformation. Recent
movements advocating gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, environmental protection, and labor rights
continue to shape Indian society.
Conclusion
Social change in India is a continuous process influenced by various internal and external factors. While
these processes have brought progress and modernization, they have also introduced challenges such as
socio-economic inequalities, cultural conflicts, and environmental concerns. The future of social change
in India will depend on how well the country balances tradition with modernity while ensuring inclusive
development.
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Q.3 - Discuss some of the major concepts and theories pertaining

to Environmental Sociology.
ANS.- Major Concepts and Theories in Environmental Sociology
Environmental sociology is a sub-discipline of sociology that examines the interactions between societies
and their natural environments. It explores how human activities impact the environment and how
environmental issues, in turn, affect social structures. Over the years, various concepts and theories have
emerged to understand and address environmental concerns. Some of the most significant ones are
discussed below.
1. The Treadmill of Production Theory
Developed by Allan Schnaiberg, the Treadmill of Production (ToP) theory argues that industrial societies
are locked into a continuous cycle of economic expansion that depletes natural resources and causes
environmental degradation. The pressure to increase production for economic growth leads to greater
consumption, pollution, and ecological destruction. This theory suggests that unless there is a
fundamental shift away from capitalism’s growth-oriented logic, environmental problems will persist.
2. Ecological Modernization Theory
Unlike ToP, Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT), proposed by Arthur Mol and Gert Spaargaren,
suggests that technological advancements and policy reforms can lead to sustainable development. This
theory argues that businesses and governments can work together to integrate environmental
protection into economic progress. EMT emphasizes the role of clean technologies, renewable energy,
and environmental regulations in reducing ecological harm while maintaining economic prosperity.
3. Risk Society Theory
Introduced by Ulrich Beck, Risk Society Theory highlights the idea that modern societies are increasingly
exposed to global environmental risks such as climate change, nuclear disasters, and pollution. These
risks are often created by human industrial activities and are difficult to predict or control. Beck argues
that societies must shift from traditional industrial models to more sustainable practices to mitigate
these risks.
4. Deep Ecology
Coined by Arne Naess, Deep Ecology promotes the idea that all living beings have intrinsic value, not just
humans. It challenges anthropocentrism (human-centered thinking) and argues for a more holistic
approach where humans see themselves as part of the natural world rather than its rulers. Deep Ecology
calls for radical changes in lifestyles, consumption patterns, and environmental policies to protect
ecosystems.
5. Environmental Justice Theory
Environmental Justice (EJ) theory focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental benefits and
burdens across different social groups, especially marginalized communities. Scholars in this field argue
that poorer populations and racial minorities often suffer the most from pollution, hazardous waste
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disposal, and climate change effects. The EJ movement seeks to address these inequalities through legal
and social activism, demanding fair policies and corporate accountability.
6. New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)
The New Ecological Paradigm, developed by Riley Dunlap and William Catton, challenges the dominant
human-exemptionalism paradigm (HEP), which assumes that humans are separate from and superior to
nature. NEP emphasizes that human societies are deeply connected to the environment and must
operate within its ecological limits. This paradigm supports sustainable development, conservation, and
policies that prioritize ecological balance over unchecked economic growth.
7. Political Economy of the Environment
This theory examines how economic and political structures contribute to environmental problems. It
critiques capitalism’s role in environmental degradation and argues that profit-driven systems exploit
both natural resources and labor. Scholars in this field advocate for systemic changes, such as
government intervention, stronger regulations, and sustainable economic models.
Conclusion
Environmental sociology provides critical insights into how human societies interact with their
environments. The theories discussed above help explain the root causes of environmental issues and
offer solutions ranging from technological advancements and policy changes to social activism and deep
ecological consciousness. To address global environmental challenges effectively, a combination of these
theoretical perspectives is necessary.

Q.4 - Explain the causes and consequences of environmental

inequality.
ANS.- Introduction
Environmental inequality refers to the uneven distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across
different communities, often based on factors such as socio-economic status, race, and geography. It
leads to some populations bearing a disproportionate share of environmental hazards while others enjoy
cleaner, healthier surroundings. This inequality arises due to economic, political, and social factors and
has severe consequences for marginalized communities.
Causes of Environmental Inequality
1. Economic Disparities
Wealthier communities have the resources to advocate for cleaner environments and relocate away
from polluted areas, while poorer populations often live in areas with high pollution, hazardous waste,
and industrial activities. Industries frequently set up operations in low-income regions due to cheaper
land and fewer regulatory restrictions.
2. Industrialization and Urbanization
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Rapid industrialization leads to pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion. Urbanization creates
densely populated slums where environmental hazards such as air pollution, poor sanitation, and water
contamination are common, primarily affecting lower-income groups.
3. Racial and Ethnic Discrimination
Environmental racism occurs when minority communities face a higher burden of pollution and
environmental hazards. Studies show that marginalized racial and ethnic groups are more likely to live
near landfills, factories, and toxic waste sites, exposing them to serious health risks.
4. Weak Environmental Regulations and Policies
In many countries, environmental laws are not strictly enforced in economically disadvantaged areas.
Corruption and lack of political will often result in lax regulation, allowing industries to dump waste and
release pollutants without facing penalties.
5. Climate Change
Global climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations. Rising sea levels, extreme
weather events, and prolonged droughts impact those in developing regions who lack the resources to
adapt, leading to food shortages, displacement, and health crises.
6. Political and Institutional Barriers
Many marginalized communities lack representation in decision-making processes related to
environmental policies. This lack of political power means their voices are often ignored when policies
are formulated, leaving them exposed to greater environmental risks.
Consequences of Environmental Inequality
1. Health Issues
Exposure to pollution, contaminated water, and poor sanitation leads to serious health problems such as
respiratory diseases, cancer, and birth defects. Children and elderly people in affected communities
suffer the most from these health risks.
2. Social and Economic Disparities
Environmental degradation impacts local economies by reducing agricultural productivity, fisheries, and
access to clean water. This further entrenches poverty and limits opportunities for economic mobility.
3. Loss of Biodiversity and Natural Resources
Regions suffering from environmental inequality often experience deforestation, soil degradation, and
loss of biodiversity. This depletion of natural resources affects indigenous communities who depend on
the environment for their livelihoods.
4. Climate Refugees and Displacement
Many communities are forced to migrate due to environmental disasters like floods, droughts, and
hurricanes. Climate-induced displacement leads to social conflicts, overburdened urban centers, and loss
of cultural heritage.
5. Increased Social Unrest
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Environmental injustice can lead to protests, conflicts, and civil unrest. When communities realize they
are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards, they may resist through activism, lawsuits,
and demonstrations, sometimes escalating into violence.
Conclusion
Environmental inequality is a pressing issue that deepens social and economic divides. Addressing it
requires stricter environmental regulations, equitable resource distribution, and inclusive policymaking.
Governments, industries, and civil societies must work together to ensure that all communities have the
right to a clean and safe environment.

Q.5 - Throw light on the various eco-social movements highlighting

the works of various environmentalists and their contribution to
society
ANS.- Eco-Social Movements and the Contributions of Environmentalists
Eco-social movements are collective efforts aimed at addressing environmental and social concerns by
advocating for sustainable development, ecological preservation, and social justice. These movements
have played a crucial role in shaping environmental policies and raising awareness about ecological
issues. Many environmentalists have significantly contributed to these movements, bringing about
legislative changes, conservation efforts, and increased public consciousness.
1. Chipko Movement (1973)
The Chipko Movement originated in the Himalayan region of India as a grassroots effort to prevent
deforestation. The word “Chipko” means “to hug,” and the movement involved villagers embracing trees
to stop loggers from cutting them down.
Key Environmentalist: Sunderlal Bahuguna
Sunderlal Bahuguna was a prominent leader of the Chipko Movement. His activism brought global
attention to deforestation and the importance of sustainable development. His efforts led to a 15-year
ban on tree-felling in the Himalayan region.
2. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) (1985)
The Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save Narmada Movement) protested against the construction of the
Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River, which threatened to displace thousands of indigenous
communities and submerge vast tracts of forest land.
Key Environmentalist: Medha Patkar
Medha Patkar played a significant role in leading the NBA. She mobilized local communities, filed legal
petitions, and engaged in hunger strikes to protest against the forced displacement of marginalized
groups. The movement brought issues of environmental justice and human rights to the forefront of
development discussions in India.
3. Silent Valley Movement (1978-1985)
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The Silent Valley Movement was launched to protect the Silent Valley rainforest in Kerala from being
destroyed for a hydroelectric project. The movement was crucial in saving one of India's last undisturbed
tropical rainforests.
Key Environmentalist: M. K. Prasad
M. K. Prasad, an environmental activist and scientist, was instrumental in raising awareness about the
ecological significance of Silent Valley. His advocacy, along with widespread public support, led to the
cancellation of the project in 1985 and the area being declared a national park.
4. Appiko Movement (1983)
The Appiko Movement, inspired by the Chipko Movement, emerged in Karnataka to stop deforestation
in the Western Ghats. It aimed to protect the forests from commercial exploitation and promote
afforestation.
Key Environmentalist: Pandurang Hegde
Pandurang Hegde led the Appiko Movement and emphasized the need for sustainable forest
management. His activism helped in preserving biodiversity and empowering local communities to
protect their natural resources.
5. Green Belt Movement (1977)
The Green Belt Movement was initiated in Kenya to combat deforestation, desertification, and soil
erosion by planting trees and promoting environmental conservation.
Key Environmentalist: Wangari Maathai
Wangari Maathai, the founder of the Green Belt Movement, mobilized thousands of women to plant
over 50 million trees across Africa. She became the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in
2004 for her environmental and social activism.
6. Fridays for Future (2018-Present)
Fridays for Future is a global movement initiated by school students to demand urgent climate action
from governments and policymakers.
Key Environmentalist: Greta Thunberg
Greta Thunberg, a Swedish climate activist, started the movement by protesting outside the Swedish
Parliament. Her activism has inspired millions worldwide to advocate for climate policies and sustainable
living.
Conclusion
Eco-social movements have been instrumental in driving environmental reforms, protecting biodiversity,
and advocating for sustainable development. Environmentalists like Sunderlal Bahuguna, Medha Patkar,
Wangari Maathai, and Greta Thunberg have played a pivotal role in shaping global environmental
discourse. Their contributions highlight the importance of collective action in preserving nature for
future generations.