+2

Mathematics

Minimum Learning
Material

பள்ளிக் கல்வித்துறை
விழுப்புரம் மாவட்டம்

(2024-2025)

திரு.ரெ.அறிவழகன்
Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh;
விழுப்புரம்.
.
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-1

HIGHER SECONDARY – SECOND YEAR

MATHEMATICS
------------------------------------------

MINIMUM LEARNING MATERIAL

(2024-2025)

CHIEF EDUCATIONAL OFFICER

VILLUPURAM DISTRICT
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-2

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khzth;fspd; ftdj;jpw;F
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ifNaL jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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kjpg;ngz; ngWtJ cWjp.
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tpilj; njhpe;j mstpw;F gjpy; mspj;jhy; chpa epiy kjpg;ngz;fis (Step
Mark) vspjhfg; ngw;W tplyhk;.
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jpU. S. ehfKj;J jpU. J.கணேஷ்குமார்
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திருமதி N.மகாலட்சுமி திரு P. நவனீத கிருஷ்ேன்

muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> ணகாலியனூர் muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> தழுதாளி

jpU. R தயாளன் jpU. R.வி];வநாதன்

muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> எறையூர் muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp> எண்டியூர்
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-3

1.Applications of Matrices and Determinants

(Important 2 & 3 Marks)
𝟖 −𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟐) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
−𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟓
𝑨 (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨) = (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨) 𝑨 = ï𝐀ï𝐈2 (3-Marks) 𝑨 (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨) = (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨) 𝑨 = ï𝐀ï𝐈2 (3-Marks)
(SEP-2020,JUL-2022)
Sol: Sol:
𝟖 −𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓 −𝟑
𝐀=[ ] , adj A = [ ] 𝐀=[ ] , adj A = [ ]
−𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟖 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟐 𝟏

|𝑨| = | 𝟖 −𝟒
| = 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒 |𝑨| = |𝟏 𝟑
| = −𝟓 − 𝟔 = −𝟏𝟏
−𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟓
𝟖 −𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓 −𝟑
𝐀 (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨) = [ ][ ] 𝐀 (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨) = [ ][ ]
−𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟖 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏𝟏 𝟎
=[ ] = ï𝐀ï𝐈 =[ ] = ï𝐀ï𝐈
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 𝟖 −𝟒
(𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)𝑨 = [ ][ ] (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)𝑨 = [−𝟓 −𝟑] [𝟏 𝟑
]
𝟓 𝟖 −𝟓 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓
𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏𝟏 𝟎
=[ ] = ï𝐀ï𝐈 =[ ] = ï𝐀ï𝐈
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏𝟏

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀 (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) 𝐀 = ï𝐀ï𝐈 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀 (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) 𝐀 = ï𝐀ï𝐈

𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏
𝟑)𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 ] then find 4) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕] , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕;
𝟗
𝟑 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒
adjoint of A. (2-Marks) 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑻 . (3-Marks)
Sol: Sol: To prove 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑻
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝑻
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟗 It is sufficient to prove 𝑨𝑨𝑻 = I
𝑨𝑪 =[ 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟓] −𝟖 𝟏 𝟒 −𝟖 𝟒 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= [ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕] [ 𝟏 𝟒 −𝟖 ]
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟗 𝟗
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨 = [ −𝟑 𝟏 𝟏] 𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕 𝟒
𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟗 −𝟓 −𝟏 𝟏
=𝟖𝟏 ⌈ 𝟎 𝟖𝟏 𝟎 ⌉ =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟖𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
⌈𝟎 𝟏 𝟎⌉
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑻 = I

𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
5) If adj(A)=[ 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔] then find 𝑨−𝟏 . 6) If adj(A)=[ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 ] then find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
(2-Marks) (JUN-2023) (2-Marks)

Sol: Sol:

|adjA|=9,
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-4

𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎 𝑨−𝟏 = ±
𝟏
(𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨)
|adjA|=| 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔| = 𝟑𝟔, √|𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨|
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 = ± [ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐]
𝑨−𝟏 = ± (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨) 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
√|𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨|
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎
𝑨−𝟏 = ± [𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔]
√𝟑𝟔 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟔
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎
𝑨−𝟏 = ± [ 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔]
𝟔
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔

7) Find the rank of the matrix: 8) Find the rank of the matrix:
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟑
[ ] (2-Marks)
𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟑 𝟏 [ 𝟒 −𝟕]
𝟑 −𝟒
(2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑨=[ ],| | = −𝟏 ≠ 𝟎, −𝟏 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 𝑨 = [ 𝟒 −𝟕] , | | = −𝟓 ≠ 𝟎,
𝟒 −𝟕
𝟑 −𝟒
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐

9) Find the rank of the matrix: 10) Find the rank of the matrix:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟓 𝟐
[𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ](3-Marks) [ 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟒 ] (3-Marks)
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
Sol: Sol:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟓 𝟐
𝑨 = [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒] 𝑨 = [ 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟒 ]GuL.
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
~ [𝟎 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐] 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝟏 ~ [ 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟒 ] 𝑹𝟏 ↔ 𝑹𝟑
𝟎 −𝟔 𝟐 −𝟒 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝟓𝑹𝟏 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟓 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
~ [𝟎 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐] ~ [ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟎 ] 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟒 −𝟒 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 + 𝟑𝑹𝟏

r( 𝑨 ) = 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
~ [ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟒 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝟐𝑹𝟐
r( 𝑨 ) = 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟎
11).𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 [ ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍. 12) If A=[ ], and B=[ ], then find
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓
(2-Marks) (MAR-2023) adj(AB) (2-Marks)

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 Sol: 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨𝑩) = (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑩 )(𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨)

Sol:𝑨𝑨𝑻 =[ ][ ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟓 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑
𝟏 𝟎 = [ ][ ]
= [ ] −𝟐 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 𝟏
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-5

𝑨𝑨𝑻 =I , A is orthogonal. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨𝑩) = [

𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟓
]
−𝟖 𝟏𝟒

13)Solve by matrix inversion method: 14) Solve by matrix inversion method:

𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟖, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟐 (3-Marks) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓(3-Marks)
(Mar-2022)
Sol:
Sol:
𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙 𝟖
[ ][ ] = [ ] 𝟓 𝟐 𝒙
𝟑 𝟐 𝒚 −𝟐 [
𝟑
][ ] = [ ]
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 𝟑 𝟐 𝒚 𝟓
𝟐 −𝟏 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
|𝑨| = | |=𝟒+𝟑=𝟕≠𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 |𝑨| = | | = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟔 = 𝟒 ≠ 𝟎
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝑨 = [ ] 𝟐 −𝟐
−𝟑 𝟐 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝑨 = [ ]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟓
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝑨 = [ ]
|𝑨| 𝟕 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝑨 = [ ]
|𝑨| 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟓
𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩
(𝒚) = 𝟕 [ ][ ] = 𝟕[ ]=[ ] 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟒 −𝟏
−𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐𝟖 −𝟒 𝑿 = (𝒚) = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ]
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟒 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒
∴ 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟒

𝟏𝟓) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐫 ′ 𝐬 𝐫𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏

𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 (3-Marks) 16) If adj(A)=[ 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 ] then find
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Sol: adj(adj(A)).(2-Marks)

𝟓 −𝟐 Sol:
𝚫=| | = 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕
𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝑻 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐
−𝟏𝟔 −𝟐 adj(adj(A))=[ 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎] = [ 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎]
𝚫𝒙 = | | = −𝟒𝟖 + 𝟏𝟒 = −𝟑𝟒
𝟕 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝟓 −𝟏𝟔
𝚫𝒚 = | | = 𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟓𝟏
𝟏 𝟕
𝚫𝒙 𝟑𝟒 Do it yourself:
𝒙= =− = −𝟐 Exercise: 𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟏(𝒊)
𝚫 𝟏𝟕 Example: 1.8,1.3,1.1
𝚫𝒚 𝟓𝟏
𝐲= = =𝟑
𝚫 𝟏𝟕
∴ 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟑

𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟑
17). If A=[ ], B=[ ], then verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 . (3-Marks)(SEP-
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏
2020,JUL-2022)
Sol:𝑨𝑩 = [ 𝟎 𝟑 ], (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝟏 [−𝟕 −𝟑], (𝑨)−𝟏 = 𝟏 [ 𝟒 𝟑 ], (𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝟏 [−𝟏 𝟑 ],
−𝟐 −𝟕 𝟔 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟕 −𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝑩 𝑨 = 𝟔[ ], ∴ (𝑨𝑩) = 𝑩 𝑨
𝟐 𝟎
(Important 5-Marks)
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-6

−𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 2) In a T20 match, CSK needed just 6 runs

𝟏)𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 ] ;and 𝑩 = to win with 1 ball left to go in the last over.
𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟏 The last ball was bowled and the batsman at
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 the crease hit it high up. The ball travelled
[𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐],find the product AB and 𝑩𝑨.; along a path in a vertical plane and the
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 equation of the path is 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
and hence solve the system of equations 𝒙 −
with respect to xy-coordinate system in the
𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏
vertical plane and the ball traversed
through the points
Sol: (𝟏𝟎, 𝟖), (𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟔), (𝟒𝟎, 𝟐𝟐) can you conclude
−𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
that CSK won the match? Justify your
𝑨𝑩 = [−𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 ] [𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐]
answer. (All the distances are measured in
𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
meters and the meeting point of the plane of
−𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟖 𝟒 − 𝟖 + 𝟒 −𝟒 − 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟐 the path with the farthest boundary line is
= [−𝟕 + 𝟏 + 𝟔 𝟕 − 𝟐 + 𝟑 −𝟕 − 𝟐 + 𝟗 ] (70,0))
𝟓 − 𝟑 − 𝟐 −𝟓 + 𝟔 − 𝟏 𝟓+𝟔−𝟑
Sol:
𝟖 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑨𝑩 = [𝟎 𝟖 𝟎] = 𝟖 [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟏𝟎, 𝟖), (𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟔), (𝟒𝟎, 𝟐𝟐)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒂 + 𝟏𝟎𝒃 + 𝒄
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒂 + 𝟐𝟎𝒃 + 𝒄
𝑩𝑨 = [𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐] [−𝟕 𝟏 𝟑] 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒂 + 𝟒𝟎𝒃 + 𝒄
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∆= | 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏| = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 | 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏|
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏
= 𝟖 [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎] = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎[(𝟐 − 𝟒) − (𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔) + (𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑𝟐)]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎[−𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔] = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(−𝟔)
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟖𝑰 ∆= −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ( 𝑨𝑩) = 𝑰
𝟖 ∆𝒂 = |𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟎 𝟏| = 𝟐𝟎 | 𝟖 𝟐 𝟏|
𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
∴ 𝑩−𝟏 = 𝑨
𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎[𝟒(𝟐 − 𝟒) − (𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏) + (𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐)]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝟒 ∆𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎[(−𝟖 + 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎] = 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
[𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐] [𝒚] = [𝟗] 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝒛 𝟏 ∆𝒃 = | 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟏| = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 | 𝟒 𝟖 𝟏|
𝒙 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎[(𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏) − 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔)
𝑩 [𝒚] = [𝟗] + (𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟖)]
𝒛 𝟏 ∆𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎[−𝟑 + 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟖𝟒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎(−𝟑𝟗)
𝒙 𝟒 = −𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟖
[𝒚] = 𝑩−𝟏 [𝟗] = 𝑨 [𝟗]
𝒛 𝟖 ∆𝒄 = | 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟔|
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 −𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
= [−𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 ] [𝟗] = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟐 | 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 |
𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟏
𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎[(𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐) − (𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟖)
𝟏 −𝟏𝟔 + 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟒(𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑𝟐)]
= [ −𝟐𝟖 + 𝟗 + 𝟑 ] = [−𝟏𝟔] = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎[−𝟏𝟎 + 𝟖𝟒 − 𝟔𝟒]
𝟖 𝟖
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟏 −𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙 ∆𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑 ∆ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏
[𝒚] = [−𝟐] By Cramer’s rule, 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒂 = −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 = − 𝟔𝟎
𝒛 −𝟏 ∆𝒃 −𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟖 𝟏𝟑
𝒃= = = =
𝒃 −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒚 = −𝟐, 𝒛 = −𝟏
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-7

∆𝒄 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒄= = =− =−
𝒄 −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔 𝟑
The equation of path is
Do it yourself: 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝒚=− 𝒙 + 𝒙−
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝟕𝟎𝟐
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆: 1.3 – 2>1(iv),(iii) 𝟏𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎,; 𝒚 = − 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 (𝟕𝟎) − 𝟑
𝟏𝟎

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆: 1.4 – 1(iii),5 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Example: 1.23>1.27>1.12 𝒚=− + ×𝟔−
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟑
−𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
=
𝟔𝟎
𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟎 − 𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟎
=
𝟔𝟎
𝟑𝟔𝟎
= =𝟔
𝟔𝟎
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝟔, 𝑪𝑺𝑲 𝒘𝒐𝒏.
3) The upward speed v(t) of a rocket at a time is 4). A boy is walking along the path 𝒚 =
approximated by 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 through the points (-6,8),(-2,-
𝟏𝟎𝟎 where a, b, and c are constants. It has been 12) and (3,8).He wants to meet his friend at
found the speed at times t=3,t=6 and t=9 seconds P(7,60).Will he meets his friend?
are respectively,64,133and 208 miles per second
respectively. Find the speed at time t=15 Sol:
seconds. 𝒚 = 𝒄 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙𝟐
Sol: by 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝒄 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 It passes (−𝟔, 𝟖), (−𝟐, −𝟏𝟐), 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, 𝟖)
𝒄 − 𝟔𝒃 + 𝟑𝟔𝒂 = 𝟖
𝒗(𝟑) = 𝟔𝟒 ; ⇒ 𝒄 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟗𝒂 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒄 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟒𝒂 = −𝟏𝟐
𝒗(𝟔) = 𝟏𝟑𝟑 ⇒ 𝒄 + 𝟔𝒃 + 𝟑𝟔𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒄 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟗𝒂 = 𝟖
𝒗(𝟗) = 𝟐𝟎𝟖 ⇒; 𝒄 + 𝟗𝒃 + 𝟖𝟏𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝟏 −𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟖
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 −𝟐 𝟒 | −𝟏𝟐]
𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟖
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 𝟔 𝟑𝟔| 𝟏𝟑𝟑] 𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏
𝟏 −𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟖
𝟏 𝟗 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟖 → [𝟎 𝟒 −𝟑𝟐| −𝟐𝟎]
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝟗 −𝟐𝟕 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔𝟒 𝟏
𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑
→ [𝟎 𝟑 𝟐𝟕| 𝟔𝟗 ] 𝟑
𝟏
𝟎 𝟔 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 𝟏 −𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟖
𝟒
→ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟖| −𝟓]
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 /𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐/ 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏 𝟔𝟒
→ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟗 | 𝟐𝟑] 𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐 𝟏 −𝟔 𝟏 𝟖
→ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟖| −𝟓]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔𝟒 𝟓𝒂 = 𝟓 ⇒ 𝒂 = 𝟏……………(i)
~ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟗| 𝟐𝟑] 𝒃 − 𝟖𝒂 = −𝟓…………………(ii)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 𝒃 − 𝟖 = −𝟓, 𝒃 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝒄 − 𝟔𝒃 + 𝟑𝟔𝒂 = 𝟖………………(iii)
𝟑𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒂 = (𝒊𝒊𝒊) ⇒ 𝒄 − 𝟔(𝟑) + 𝟑𝟔(𝟏) = 𝟖
𝟑
𝒄 = −𝟏𝟎
𝒃 + 𝟗𝒂 = 𝟐𝟑
𝟏 𝒃=𝟑
𝒃 + 𝟗 ( ) = 𝟐𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎
𝟑 𝒂=𝟏
𝟏 The equation is
𝒄 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟗𝒂 = 𝟔𝟒 ⇒ 𝒄 + 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟗( ) = 𝟔𝟒
𝟑 ∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
𝒄 + 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒 ⇒ 𝒄 = 𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟕 ,; 𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟑(𝟕) − 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
∴ 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 = 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟏𝟏
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-8

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟔𝟎
The point (𝟕, 𝟔𝟎);satisfies this equation.
𝟐𝟐𝟓 Hence the boy will meet his friend.
𝒗(𝟏𝟓) = + 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏
𝟑
= 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏
= 𝟑𝟕𝟔
𝟓) If𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 is divided by x+3,x- 6) Solve the following system of linear
5,and x-1 ,the remainders are 21,61 and 9 equations, by Gaussian elimination method
respectively. Find a, b and c (Use 2x-2y+3z=2, x+2y-z=3, 3x-y+2z=1
Gaussian elimination method) Sol:
Sol: 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑]
𝒄 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙𝟐 = 𝒑(𝒙)
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
p(-3)=21 ⇒c-3b+9a=21 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
p(5)=61 ⇒ c+5b+25a=61
~ [𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐] 𝑹𝟏↔ 𝑹𝟐
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
p(1)=9⇒c+b+a=9 (𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝟑𝑹𝟏 )
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟏 ~ [𝟎 −𝟔 𝟓 −𝟒]
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟏] 𝟎 −𝟕 𝟓 −𝟖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟗
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟏 ~ [𝟎 −𝟔 𝟓 −𝟒 ] (𝑹𝟑 → 𝟔𝑹𝟑 − 𝟕𝑹𝟐 )
~ [𝟎 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟒𝟎 ] (𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏 ) 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓 −𝟐𝟎
𝟎 𝟒 −𝟖 −𝟏𝟐

𝟏 −𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟏 −𝟓𝒛 = −𝟐𝟎,
~ [𝟎 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 ] (𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 /𝟐) 𝒛=𝟒
𝟎 𝟒 −𝟖 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟏
−𝟔𝒚 = −𝟐𝟒,
~ [𝟎 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎] (𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟑 )
𝒚=𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐
𝒄 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙𝟐 = 𝒑(𝒙)
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟑,
16a=32 , a=2
𝒙 = −𝟏
4b+8a=20
4b+8(2)=20, 4b=4, b=1 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟒
c-3b+9a=21, c-3(1)+9(2)=21, c-3+18=21,c=6
a=2, b=1, c=6

7)Solve
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
−𝒚−𝒛−𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟎,𝒙+𝒚+ 𝒛 −𝟐 = 𝟎, 8). Solve the following system of equations,
𝒙
𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
using matrix inversion method: 𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +
𝒙
−𝒚− 𝒛
+ 𝟏 = 𝟎 , 𝐛𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐫𝐮𝐥𝐞. 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟓, 𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟒, 𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 −
Sol: 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑
Sol:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑿= ,𝒀 = ,𝒁 =
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
𝟑𝑿 − 𝟒𝒀 − 𝟐𝒁 = 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝒙𝟏 𝟓
𝑿 + 𝟐𝒀 + 𝒁 = 𝟐 [𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 ] [𝒙𝟐 ] = [−𝟒]
𝟐𝑿 − 𝟓𝒀 − 𝟒𝒁 = −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟐
∆= |𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 | = −𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟒 |𝑨| = |𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 | = 𝟒𝟎 ≠ 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐
∆𝑿 = | 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 | = −𝟏𝟓
−𝟏 −𝟓 −𝟒
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-9

𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝑻
∆𝒀 = |𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 | = −𝟓 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨 = [𝟑 −𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟏 ]
𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟒 𝟗 𝟏 −𝟕
𝟑 −𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗
∆𝒁 = |𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 | = −𝟓 = [𝟓 −𝟏𝟑 𝟏 ]
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕
∆ −𝟏𝟓
𝑿= = =𝟏
∆𝑿 −𝟏𝟓
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗
∆ −𝟓 𝟏 𝑨 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝑨 = [𝟓 −𝟏𝟑 𝟏]
𝒀= = = |𝑨| 𝟒𝟎
∆𝒀 −𝟏𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕
∆ −𝟓 𝟏
𝒁= = = 𝒙𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 𝟓 𝟏
∆𝒁 −𝟏𝟓 𝟑 𝒙 =
𝟏
[ 𝟐 ] 𝟒𝟎 [𝟓 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏𝟑 𝟏 ] [−𝟒] [ 𝟐 ]
(𝑿 = , 𝒀 = , 𝒁 = ) 𝒙𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕 𝟑 −𝟏
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝒛 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏

9). By using Gaussian elimination method, 10) By using Gaussian elimination method,
balance the chemical reaction equation:𝑪𝟓 𝑯𝟖 + balance the chemical reaction equations:
𝑶𝟐 → 𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶. 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐
Sol: Let positive Sol: Let positive integers
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 and 𝒙𝟒 positive integers 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 and 𝒙𝟒 positive integers
𝒙𝟏 𝑪𝟓 𝑯𝟖 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑶𝟐 → 𝒙𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 -------
the number of carbon atoms 𝒙𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑶𝟐 → 𝒙𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝒙𝟒 𝑪𝑶𝟐 --------
𝟓𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑 ⇒ 𝟓𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎--------------------------- the number of carbon atoms
the number of hydrogen atoms
𝟖𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 ⇒ 𝟒𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎------------------------ 𝟐𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟒 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎----------------------
the number of oxygen atoms the number of hydrogen atoms
𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟒
𝟔𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 ⇒ 𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎---------------------
⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎------------------------------
the number of oxygen atoms
𝟓 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏| 𝟎]
𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟒 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎------
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 ------------------------
𝑹𝟏 ⟷𝑹𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
→ [𝟓 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟎] 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 ⟷𝑹𝟑 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
→ [𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟏| 𝟎] 𝑹𝟐 ⟷𝑹𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
→ [𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐| 𝟎]
𝟓 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑹𝟑 →𝟒𝑹𝟑 −𝟓𝑹𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
→ [𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟏| 𝟎] 𝑹𝟑 →𝟐𝑹𝟑 −𝟑𝑹𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
→ [𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐| 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟒 𝟓 𝟎
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟎
−𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(i)
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑 < 𝟒
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(ii)
−𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(i)
𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(iii)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(ii)
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟒𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎-----------------(iii)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒕
𝟐𝒙𝟏 = 𝒕
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) ⇒ 𝟒𝒙𝟏 − 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝟒𝒙𝟏 = 𝒕 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒕 (𝒊) ⇒ −𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑𝒕
(𝒊) ⇒ −𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟑
−𝟒𝒙𝟑 = −𝟓𝒕 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒕
𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-10

𝟓 𝟑𝒕
𝒙𝟑 = 𝒕 (𝒊𝒊)𝟐𝒙𝟐 − − 𝟐𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟐
𝟓 𝟑𝒕
(𝒊𝒊)𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒕 − 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = + 𝟐𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟕𝒕
𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝒕 𝒙𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟒
𝟕 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟒
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒕 ∴ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟔, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟒
𝟒
𝒕 𝟕 𝟓  ⇒ 𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 + 𝟕𝑶𝟐 → 𝟔𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟒𝑪𝑶𝟐
∴ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒 𝒕, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒕
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟒
∴ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟓, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟒
 ⇒ 𝑪𝟓 𝑯𝟖 + 𝟕𝑶𝟐 → 𝟓𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟒𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟏𝟏)Investigate for what values of 𝝀 and 𝝁 the 𝟏𝟐). Investigate the values of 𝝀 and 𝝁 the
system of linear equations 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟕, 𝒙 + system of linear equations 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 =
𝒚 + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝝁, 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟓 𝟗, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝝁,
have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution
has (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an
(iii) an infinite number of solutions
infinite number of solutions.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝒙 𝟗
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟕
Sol:[𝟏 𝟏 𝝀 ] [𝒚] = [𝝁] Sol:[𝟕 𝟑 −𝟓] [𝒚] = [𝟖]
𝟐 𝟑 𝝀 𝒛 𝝁
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓 𝒛 𝟓
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟕 𝑹𝟐⟷𝑹𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟕 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟗
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 𝟏 𝝀 | 𝝁] → [𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓| 𝟓] [𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟕 𝟑 −𝟓| 𝟖]
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝝀 𝝁 𝟐 𝟑 𝝀 𝝁
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏 𝟗
𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟕 𝑹𝟐 →𝟐𝑹𝟐 −𝟕𝑹𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟏 → [𝟎 −𝟏𝟓 −𝟒𝟓 | −𝟒𝟕 ]
→ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟔 | −𝟐 ]
𝟎 −𝟏 𝝀 − 𝟏 𝝁 − 𝟕 𝟎 𝟎 𝝀−𝟓 𝝁−𝟗
𝟕 (𝒊)𝐧𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
→ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟔 | −𝟐 ] 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 = 𝟓, 𝝁 ≠ 𝟗
𝟎 𝟎 𝝀−𝟕 𝝁−𝟗 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
(𝒊)𝐧𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∴ 𝝆(𝑨) ≠ 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩]
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 = 𝟕, 𝝁 ≠ 𝟗 (𝒊𝒊) 𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 ≠ 𝟓, 𝝁 ∈ 𝑹;
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) ≠ 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
(𝒊𝒊)𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 ≠ 𝟕, 𝝁 ∈ 𝑹 (𝒊𝒊𝒊)an infinite number of solutions
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 = 𝟓, 𝝁 = 𝟗
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟐
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) an infinite number of solutions ∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟐 < 𝟑
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝀 = 𝟕, 𝝁 = 𝟗
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟐
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟐 < 𝟑
𝟏𝟑) Find the value of 𝐤 for which the equations 𝟏𝟒). Determine the values of 𝝀 for which the
𝐤𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝐳 = 𝟏, 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐤𝐲 + 𝐳 = −𝟐, 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + following system of equations
𝐤𝐳 = 𝟏 have (i)no solution (ii)unique 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎, 4𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝟎, 2𝒙 +
solution (iii)infinitely many solution 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎 has (i) a unique solution (ii) a
Sol: non-trivial solution.
𝒌 −𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 Sol:
[𝟏 −𝟐𝒌 𝟏] [𝒚] = [𝟏]
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝒙 𝟎
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 𝒚
[𝟒 𝟑 𝝀] [ ] = [𝟎]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒛 𝟎
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-11

𝒌 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
[𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟏 −𝟐𝒌 𝟏| 𝟏] 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏 [𝑨|𝑩] = [𝟒 𝟑 𝝀| 𝟎]
𝑹𝟏 ⟷𝑹𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
→ [𝟏 −𝟐𝒌 𝟏| 𝟏] 𝑹𝟐 ⟷𝑹𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏 → [𝟐 𝟏 𝟐| 𝟎]
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝒌𝑹𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝝀 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏
→ [𝟎 −𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒌 | 𝟎 ]
𝟎 −𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒌 𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝟒𝑹𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝑹𝟐 →𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟏
→ [ 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟒 𝟎] |
→ [𝟎 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒌) 𝟏 − 𝒌 | 𝟎 ]
𝟎 −𝟏 𝝀 − 𝟏𝟐 𝟎
𝟎 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒌
𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏
→ [𝟎 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒌) 𝟏−𝒌 | 𝟎 ] 𝑹𝟑 →𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐−𝒌−𝒌 𝟐 𝟏−𝒌 → [ 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟒 | 𝟎]
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒌 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝝀−𝟖 𝟎
→ [𝟎 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒌) 𝟏−𝒌 | 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒌)(𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝒌
(𝒊) a unique solution: For having trivial
(𝒊) no solution :
solution 𝝀 ≠ 𝟖
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒌 = −𝟐
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
(𝒊𝒊): a non-trivial solution:
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) ≠ 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩]
(𝒊𝒊)unique Solution For having non-trivial solution 𝝀 = 𝟖
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒌 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒌 ≠ −𝟐
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟑
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) an infinite number of solutions
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒌 = 𝟏
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟏, 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟏
∴ 𝝆(𝑨) = 𝝆[𝑨|𝑩] = 𝟏 < 𝟑
𝟏𝟓). If the system of equations 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒓𝒛 = 𝟎 has a
𝒑 𝒒 𝒓
non-trivial solution and 𝒑 ≠ 𝒂, 𝒒 ≠ 𝒃, 𝒓 ≠ 𝒄, prove that 𝒑−𝒂 + 𝒒−𝒃 + 𝒓−𝒄 = 𝟐
Sol:
𝒑 𝒃 𝒄
|𝒂 𝒒 𝒄| = 𝟎
𝒂 𝒃 𝒓
𝒑 𝒃 𝒄
𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏
|𝒂 − 𝒑 𝒒 − 𝒃 𝟎 |=𝟎
𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏
𝒂−𝒑 𝟎 𝒓−𝒄
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
|−(𝒂 − 𝒑) 𝒒 − 𝒃 𝟎 |=𝟎
−(𝒂 − 𝒑) 𝟎 𝒓−𝒄
𝒑 𝒃 𝒄
𝒑−𝒂 𝒒−𝒃 𝒓−𝒄
(𝒑 − 𝒂)(𝒒 − 𝒃)(𝒓 − 𝒄) | −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎|=𝟎
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝑹 𝒃 𝒄
(𝒓 − 𝒄)(𝒑 − 𝒂)(𝒒 − 𝒃) [𝒑−𝒂 (𝟏 − 𝟎) − 𝒒−𝒃 (−𝟏 − 𝟎) + 𝒓−𝒄 (𝟎 + 𝟏)] = 𝟎
𝑹 𝒃 𝒄
(𝒓 − 𝒄)(𝒑 − 𝒂)(𝒒 − 𝒃) ( + 𝒒−𝒃 + 𝒓−𝒄 ) = 𝟎
𝒑−𝒂
𝒑 𝒃 𝒄
⇒ + + =𝟎
𝒑−𝒂 𝒒−𝒃 𝒓−𝒄
𝒑 𝒒 − (𝒒 − 𝒃) 𝒄 − (𝒓 − 𝒄) 𝒑 𝒒 𝒓
+ + = 𝟎, ⇒ + + =𝟐
𝒑−𝒂 𝒒−𝒃 𝒓−𝒄 𝒑−𝒂 𝒒−𝒃 𝒓−𝒄
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-12

2.Complex numbers
(Important 2 & 3 Marks)

1). 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐟 − 𝟔 + 𝟖 𝐢 . 𝟐). 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐟 (−𝟓 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝒊)
(2-Marks) (2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:

|𝒛| + 𝒂 |𝒛| − 𝒂 |𝒛| + 𝒂 |𝒛| − 𝒂

√𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 = ± [√ + 𝒊√ ] √𝒂 − 𝒊𝒃 = ± [√ − 𝒊√ ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
|𝒛| = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝒂 = −𝟔 |𝒛| = 𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂 = −𝟓
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟓
√−𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 = ± [√ + 𝒊√ ] √−𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 = ± [√ − 𝒊√ ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

√−𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 = ±(√𝟐 + 𝒊𝟐√𝟐) √−𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 = ±(𝟐 − 𝒊𝟑)

Do it yourself:
Do it yourself: 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟔 − 𝟖 𝐢 (JUL-2022)
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟒 + 𝟑 𝐢

𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
3)Show that (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) + (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) is 4).Show (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) − (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) is
real.(2-Marks) purely imaginary. (2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) + (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) 𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) − (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒛̅ = (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) + (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) 𝒛̅ = (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) − (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒛̅ = (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) + (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) 𝒛̅ = (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) − (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑)
𝒛̅ = 𝒛 ⇒ z is real. 𝒛̅ = −𝒛 ⇒ z is purely imaginary.

𝟏+𝒊 𝟑 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑 6)If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟒𝒊 ,

5)Simplify( ) − (𝟏+𝒊) , into rectangular 𝒛𝟏
𝟏−𝒊
find in the rectangular form. (2-
form. (2-Marks) (MAR-2020) 𝒛𝟐
Marks)
Sol: Sol:
𝒛𝟏 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟔 − 𝟒𝒊
𝟏+𝒊 𝟏−𝒊 = = ×
= 𝒊, = −𝒊 𝒛𝟐 𝟔 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟔 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟔 − 𝟒𝒊
𝟏−𝒊 𝟏+𝒊 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒𝒊
= 𝟓𝟐
𝟏+𝒊 𝟑 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑 Do it yourself:
( ) −( ) = (𝒊)𝟑 − (−𝒊)𝟑 Exercise 2.4-1,2
𝟏−𝒊 𝟏+𝒊
= −𝒊 − 𝒊 = −𝟐𝒊

−𝟏 √𝟑 8) Show that the equation 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛̅ has three

7) Show that the points 𝟏, +𝒊 , and
𝟐 𝟐 solutions. (3-Marks)
−𝟏 √𝟑
− are the vertices of an equilateral
𝒊𝟐 Sol:
𝟐
triangle. (3-Marks)(MAR-2021) 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛̅
Sol: |𝒛|𝟐 = |𝒛|
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒛𝟐 =
−𝟏
+𝒊
√𝟑
, 𝒛𝟑 =
−𝟏
−𝒊
√𝟑 |𝒛|(|𝒛| − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-13

−𝟏 √𝟑 |𝒛| = 𝟎⇒𝒛 = 𝟎 (one solution)

|𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 | = |𝟏– ( +𝒊 )| = √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 |𝒛| − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐳𝒛̅ = 𝟏
𝟏
−𝟏 √𝟑 −𝟏 √𝟑 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛̅⇒𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛
|𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 | = | ( +𝒊 )− ( −𝒊 )|
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ⇒𝒛𝟑 = 𝟏(3,non-zero solution)
= √𝟑 Hence, the equation 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛̅ has three
−𝟏 √𝟑 solutions.
|𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝟏 | = | ( −𝒊 ) − 𝟏| = √𝟑 Do it yourself:
𝟐 𝟐
It forms an equilateral triangle. Exercise 2.5-9

𝟗)𝑰𝒇 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝟏𝟎)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 | = |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆|𝒛 − 𝟐 − 𝒊| = 𝟑 (2-Marks)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 |𝒛 + 𝒛 + 𝒛 | = 𝟏 Sol:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(3-Marks) |𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 | = 𝒓,
Sol: |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟏 |𝒛 − (𝟐 + 𝒊)| = 𝟑
|𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟏 ⇒ |𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 = 𝟏;;; ∴ 𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅
𝟏
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏; 𝒛𝟏 = ̅̅̅ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 = (𝟐 + 𝒊) = (𝟐, 𝟏)
𝒛𝟏 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒖𝒊𝒔 = 𝟑
𝟏
|𝒛𝟐 | = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒛𝟐 =
̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐 Do it yourself:
𝟏 Show that following equations represent a
|𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒛𝟑 =
̅̅̅
𝒛𝟑 circle and find its centre and radius.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
|𝒛 + 𝒛 + 𝒛 | = |𝒛 ̅̅̅𝟏 + ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐 + ̅̅̅|
𝒛𝟑 (𝒊)|𝟑𝒛 − 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊| = 𝟖
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
= |𝒛̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (𝒊𝒊)|𝟑𝒛 − 𝟓 + 𝒊| = 𝟒
𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟏
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)|𝟐𝒛 + 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊| = 𝟐

𝟏𝟏)𝑰𝒇 |𝒛| = 𝟐 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟑 ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊| ≤ 𝟕 𝟏𝟐)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒊)𝟏𝟎
(3-Marks) (MAR-2023) (2-Marks)
Sol:||𝒛𝟏 | − |𝒛𝟐 || ≤ | 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 | ≤ |𝒛𝟏 | + |𝒛𝟐 | 𝟏𝟎
Sol:|(𝟏 − 𝒊)𝟏𝟎 | = |(𝟏 − 𝒊)|𝟏𝟎 = (√𝟐) = 𝟑𝟐
𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛 ⇒|𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛| = 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 ⇒ |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊| = 𝟓 Do it yourself:
|𝟐 − 𝟓| ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 | ≤ 𝟐 + 𝟓 Find the modulus of the following:
𝟐𝒊
𝟑 ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊| ≤ 𝟕 (𝒊)
Do it yourself: 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊
𝟏 − 𝒊 𝟒𝒊
𝑰𝒇|𝒛| = 𝟑 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 7≤ |𝒛 + 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊| ≤ 𝟏𝟑 (𝒊𝒊) +
𝟑+𝒊 𝟓
𝑰𝒇|𝒛| = 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕; 2≤ |𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑| ≤ 𝟒 𝟐+𝒊
𝑰𝒇|𝒛| = 𝟐 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 7≤ |𝒛 + 𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊| ≤ 𝟏𝟐 (𝒊𝒊𝒊)
−𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊

13)If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 − 𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊 , 𝟏𝟒)𝑰𝒇 𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)(𝟏 − 𝒊) then find 𝒛−𝟏 . (2-

𝒛
find the inverse of 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅; 𝒛𝟏 . Marks) (MAR-2023)
𝟐 Sol:
(3-Marks)
𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)(𝟏 − 𝒊) = 𝟓 + 𝒊
Sol:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛−𝟏 = =
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = (𝟐 − 𝒊)(−𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊) = −𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒊 𝒛 𝟓+𝒊
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟓−𝒊 𝟓−𝒊
𝟏 𝒛 = 𝟓+𝒊 × 𝟓−𝒊 = 𝟐𝟔
(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )−𝟏 =
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
𝟏 −𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊 15) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆: (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟖 = 𝟎
= ×
−𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒊 −𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊 Sol: (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟑 = −𝟖
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-14

−𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )−𝟏 = 𝒛 − 𝟏 = (−𝟖)𝟑 = −𝟐(𝟏)𝟑 = −𝟐(𝟏, 𝒘, 𝒘𝟐 )
𝟐𝟓 𝒛 = −𝟏, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎𝟐
𝒛𝟏 −𝟏 𝒛𝟐 −𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊
( ) = = Do it yourself:
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟏 𝟐−𝒊 Solve: 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎
−𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒊 Do it yourself:
= ×
𝟐−𝒊 𝟐+𝒊 Exercise 2.4-5,6
𝒛𝟏 −𝟏 (−𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐) Exercise 2.5-2,8
( ) =
𝒛𝟐 𝟓

2.Complex numbers
(Important 5- Marks)

𝟏)𝑳𝒆𝒕. 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 be complex numbers such 𝟒)𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 and; 𝒛𝟑 be complex numbers such that;
that |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓 >0 and 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + |𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟏, |𝒛𝟐 | = 𝟐, |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | =
𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 +𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 +𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 𝟏, 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭; |𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟔
𝒛𝟑 Prove that; | 𝒛𝟏 +𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝟑
| =𝒓
Sol:
Sol:
𝒓𝟐 𝟏
|𝒛𝟏 | = 𝒓 ⇒ |𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ;; ∴ 𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 = 𝒓𝟐 ; 𝒛𝟏 = |𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟏 ⇒ |𝒛𝟏 |𝟐 = 𝟏;;; ∴ 𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏; 𝒛𝟏 = ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏
̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟏
𝒓𝟐 𝟒
|𝒛𝟐 | = 𝒓𝟐 ⇒ 𝒛𝟐 = |𝒛𝟐 | = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒛𝟐 =
̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐
𝒓 𝟐 𝟗
|𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓𝟐 ⇒ 𝒛𝟑 = |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒛𝟑 =
̅̅̅
𝒛𝟑 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟑
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 = + + |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = | + + |
̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟐 ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟑 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅𝒛𝟐 ̅̅̅ 𝒛𝟑
̅̅̅
𝒛 ̅̅̅
𝒛 + ̅̅̅𝒛
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟑 + ̅̅̅𝒛
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟐 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐 ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛 ̅̅̅𝒛
𝟏 ̅̅̅
𝟑 + 𝟗𝒛̅̅̅𝒛
𝟏 ̅̅̅
𝟐
|𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓𝟐 |
𝟐 𝟑
| =| |
̅̅̅𝒛
𝒛𝟏 ̅̅̅𝒛 ̅̅̅𝒛
𝒛𝟏̅̅̅𝒛
𝟐̅̅̅
𝟐 ̅̅̅
𝟑
𝟑 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
= 𝒓𝟐 | | =| |
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑
|𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 | |𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 |
= 𝒓𝟐 =
|𝒛𝟏 ||𝒛𝟐 ||𝒛𝟑 | |𝒛𝟏 ||𝒛𝟐 ||𝒛𝟑 |
|𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 |
|𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 | =
|𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓𝟐 𝟏×𝟐×𝟑
𝒓𝟑 ∴ |𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟔
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑
| |=𝒓
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑

𝟏𝟗+𝟗𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟖+𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟗−𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎−𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐

𝟓)𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ( 𝟓−𝟑𝒊 ) − (𝟏+𝟐𝒊) is purely 𝟔)𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ( ) + ( 𝟕−𝟔𝒊 ) is real.
𝟗+𝒊
imaginary. Sol:
Sol:
𝟏𝟗 + 𝟗𝒊 𝟏𝟗 + 𝟗𝒊 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟔𝟖 + 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝒊 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝒊 𝟗 − 𝒊 𝟏𝟔𝟒 − 𝟖𝟐𝒊
= × = = × =
𝟓 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟓 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟑𝟒 𝟗+𝒊 𝟗+𝒊 𝟗−𝒊 𝟖𝟐
𝟏𝟗 + 𝟗𝒊 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝒊
= 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 =𝟐−𝒊
𝟓 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟗+𝒊
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-15

𝟖+𝒊 𝟖 + 𝒊 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓𝒊 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒊 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒊 𝟕 + 𝟔𝒊 𝟏𝟕𝟎 + 𝟖𝟓𝒊

= × = = × =
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟓 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒊 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒊 𝟕 + 𝟔𝒊 𝟖𝟓
𝟖+𝒊 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒊
= 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 =𝟐+𝒊
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒊
𝟏𝟗 + 𝟗𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟖 + 𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐
𝒛=( ) −( ) 𝒛=( ) +( )
𝟓 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟗+𝒊 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒊
𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)𝟏𝟓 − (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊)𝟏𝟓
𝒛̅ = −(𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)𝟏𝟓 + (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊)𝟏𝟓 𝒛 = (𝟐 − 𝒊)𝟏𝟐 + (𝟐 + 𝒊)𝟏𝟐
𝒛̅ = −𝒛 ⇒ 𝒛 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲. 𝒛̅ = (𝟐 + 𝒊)𝟏𝟐 + (𝟐 − 𝒊)𝟏𝟐
𝒛̅ = 𝒛 ⇒ 𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍.

𝟓).Find the locus of a complex number z = x +iy 𝒛−𝟏

𝟔)𝑰𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚, 𝐚𝐫𝐠 [𝒛+𝟏] =
𝝅
𝒛−𝟒𝒊 𝟐
satisfying |𝒛+𝟒𝒊| = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
Sol: Sol:
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝒛 − 𝟒𝒊 𝒛 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝒊𝒚
| | = 𝟏 ⇒ |𝒛 − 𝟒𝒊| = |𝒛 + 𝟒𝒊| = =
𝒛 + 𝟒𝒊 𝒛 + 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒊𝒚
|𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 − 𝟒𝒊| = |𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟒𝒊| (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝒊𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒊𝒚
|𝒙 + 𝒊(𝒚 − 𝟒)|𝟐 = |𝒙 + 𝒊(𝒚 + 𝟒)|𝟐 = ×
(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒊𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒊𝒚
𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊[𝒚(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏)]
𝒚=𝟎 =
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒛−𝟏 𝝅
𝐚𝐫𝐠 [ ]=
𝟖 𝒛+𝟏 𝟐
𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝒚(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟏𝟔). 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆: ∑ (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ) ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ]
𝟗 𝟗 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒚𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
(3-Marks) 𝝅
=
Sol: 𝟐
𝒌=𝒏 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 𝝅
𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒌𝝅 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
∑ (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ± 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ) = ∓𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒚
𝒌=𝟏 =∞
𝟖
𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
∑ (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ) = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟗 𝟗
𝒌=𝟏 ∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏

𝒛−𝒊
𝟕)𝑰𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚, 𝐚𝐫𝐠 [𝒛+𝟐] =
𝝅 8)If z=x+iy is a complex number such that
𝟒 𝟐𝒛+𝟏
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒊𝒛+𝟏 ) = 𝟎, show that the locus of z is 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +
Sol: 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒛−𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 − 𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒊(𝒚 − 𝟏) Sol:
= = 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝒛 + 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒊(𝒚 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒊𝒚 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚) + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐𝒚
= × = =
𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒊𝒚 𝒊𝒛 + 𝟏 𝒊(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚) + 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒚 + 𝒊𝒙
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟏) + 𝒊[(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒙𝒚] (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒊𝟐𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒊𝒙
= = ×
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒚 + 𝒊𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒊𝒙
(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒙𝒚 𝝅 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒚) + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒊(𝟐𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ] = =
(𝟏 − 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝟒
𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏
(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒙𝒚 𝝅 𝑰𝒎 [ ]=𝟎
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝒛 + 𝟏
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝟒 𝟐𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
⇒
(𝟏 − 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-16

(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎

=𝟏
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟎
(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

9)If.(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝒚𝟑 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏𝟎)Find all cube roots of √3 + 𝑖.
𝒊𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 Sol:
𝟏
𝒛 = (√𝟑 + 𝒊)𝟑
(i)(𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 𝟐 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 𝟐 +
√𝟑 + 𝒊 = 𝒓[𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽]
𝒚𝒏 𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝒓 = √𝟑 + 𝟏 = √𝟒 = 𝟐
𝒚 𝒃
(ii)∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙𝒓 ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ 𝒚 𝟏
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟔
𝝅
𝒓 √𝟑
𝝅
∴ 𝒓 = 𝟐, 𝜽 =
Sol: 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
√𝟑 + 𝒊 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ]
𝟔 𝟔
(𝒊)|(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝒚𝟑 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 + 𝝅 𝝅
𝒊𝒚𝒏 )| = |𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃| = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝒌𝝅 + ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝒌𝝅 + )]
𝟔 𝟔
|(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )||(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )| ⋯ |(𝒙𝒏 + 𝒊𝒚𝒏 )| = |𝒂 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒊𝒃| 𝒛 = (√𝟑 + 𝒊)𝟑 = 𝟐𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )𝝅
𝟔
(𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 𝟐 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟑
+ 𝒚𝒏 𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝝅]
𝟔
(ii)(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝒚𝟑 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒊𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟐𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝝅 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝝅]
𝒂𝒓𝒈((𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝒚𝟑 ) ⋯ (𝒙𝒏 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
𝟏
+ 𝒊𝒚𝒏 )) = 𝒂𝒓𝒈((𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃)) 𝝅 𝝅
𝒌 = 𝟎 vdpy; 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟖 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖 ]
𝒏
𝒚𝒓 𝒃 𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝝅
∑ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ 𝒌 = 𝟏 vdpy; 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ]
𝒙𝒓 𝒂 𝟏𝟖 𝟖
𝒓=𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝟓𝝅 𝟐𝟓𝝅
𝒌 = 𝟐 vdpy; 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ]
𝟏𝟖 𝟖

𝟏𝟏)𝐈𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 + 𝟏+𝒛

12). 𝟏−𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜽 எனில் , 𝒛 = 𝒊 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 = 𝟎; 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝒊) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 +
என நிறுவுக.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜸 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜸 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷 +
𝜸) Sol:
Sol:
𝟏+𝒛
𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶, 𝒃 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒆𝒊𝟐𝜽
𝒄 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 𝟏−𝒛
𝑰𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝟏+𝒛 𝒆𝒊𝜽
= −𝒊𝜽
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟑 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷)𝟑 + 𝟏−𝒛 𝒆
𝟏 + 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸)𝟑 = 𝟑(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + =
𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸) 𝟏 − 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜸 =
+ 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜸 𝟏 − 𝒛 𝟏 − 𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝒛 = 𝒊 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
= 𝟑[𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶
+ 𝜷 + 𝜸)]
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜸) 𝟓 𝟓
√𝟑 𝒊 √𝟑 𝒊
+ 𝒊(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜸) = 𝟏𝟑)𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∶ ( 𝟐 + 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 − 𝟐) = −√𝟑
𝟑[𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸)] Sol:
Equating Real and Imaginary parts
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-17

(𝒊) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜸 𝟓 𝟓

√𝟑 𝒊 √𝟑 𝒊
= 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸) ( + ) +( − )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒊𝒊) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜸 𝝅 𝝅 𝟓 𝝅 𝝅 𝟓
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 )
= 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸) 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟓𝝅 𝝅
= 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅 − )
𝟔 𝟔
𝝅 √𝟑
= −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔 = −𝟐 × 𝟐
𝟓 𝟓
√𝟑 𝒊 √𝟑 𝒊
= −√𝟑 ∴ ( 𝟐 + 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 − 𝟐) = −√𝟑

14)Solve the equation 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟖𝒊 = 𝟎, where𝒛 ∈ ℂ.

15).Suppose 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , and 𝒛𝟑 are the vertices of an
Sol:
equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle |𝒛| = 𝟐.
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟖𝒊 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒛𝟑 − (𝟐𝒊)𝟑 = 𝟎 If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑, then find 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 .
(𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊𝒛 − 𝟒) = 𝟎 Sol:
Given 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , and 𝒛𝟑 are the vertices of an
(𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊) = 𝟎
equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle |𝒛| = 𝟐.
𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊
(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊𝒛 − 𝟒) = 𝟎 ; Vertices of triangle=𝒛, 𝒛𝒘, 𝒛𝒘𝟐
𝒛 = √𝟑 − 𝒊, −√𝟑 − 𝒊 −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑
∴ 𝒛 −d; kjpg;Gfs; √𝟑 − 𝒊, 𝟐𝒊, −√𝟑 − 𝒊 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒛 = −𝟐, 𝒛𝒘 = −𝟐 ( ) = 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
15).If 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝒛𝒘𝟐 = −𝟐 ( ) = 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 = 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒚
𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
(i) 𝒏 − 𝒎 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷)
𝒚 𝒙
𝟏
(ii) 𝒙 𝒚 +
𝒎 𝒏
= 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
Sol:
:𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶, 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
𝒙𝒎
(𝒊) 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷)
𝒚
𝒚𝒏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷) − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷)
𝒙𝒎
𝒙 𝒎
𝒚𝒏 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑
− = 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷) 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐
𝒚𝒏 𝒙𝒎
(𝒊𝒊)𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷) 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷) − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
𝒙 𝒚𝒏
𝒎

𝟏
𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒎 𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
𝒙 𝒚

3.Theory of Equations
(Important 2 & 3 Marks)

1)Find the polynomial equation of 2)Form a polynomial equation with integer

minimum degree with rational √𝟐
coefficients with √√𝟑 as a root. (3-Marks)
coefficients, having
𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑 as a root (2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-18

𝛂 = 𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑, 𝜷 = 𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑 √𝟐
𝜶+𝜷=𝟒 𝒙=√
𝜶𝜷 = 𝟏 √𝟑
𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟎 Squaring,
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 √𝟐
𝒙𝟐 =
√𝟑
Do it yourself: Again squaring,
Find the polynomial equation of minimum
degree with rational coefficients, having 𝟐
𝒙𝟒 =
𝟑
𝟐 − √𝟑 as a root (2-Marks) 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐 = 𝟎

3) Show that the polynomial 𝟗𝒙𝟗 + 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 4) If 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 are roots of the equation
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 has at least six imaginary roots. 17𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟎, construct a quadratic
(2-Marks) equation whose roots are; 𝜶 + 𝟐 and 𝜷 + 𝟐.;
Sol: (3-Marks)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙𝟗 + 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 Sol:
𝒇(𝒙) = + + − − + A quadratic equation whose roots are; 𝜶 + 𝟐
Clearly 2 sign changes in f(x), hence number and 𝜷 + 𝟐
of positive roots of f(x) cannot be more than 𝟒𝟑 𝟕𝟑
𝜶+𝜷=− , 𝜶𝜷 = −
two. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝟗𝒙𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟓
𝜶+𝟐+𝜷+𝟐=− +𝟒=
𝒇(−𝒙) = − − − − + 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
Clearly 1 sign change in f(-x), hence number (𝜶 + 𝟐)(𝜷 + 𝟐) = 𝜶𝜷 + 𝟐(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝟒
of negative roots of f(-x) cannot be more than 𝟕𝟑 𝟒𝟑
=− + 𝟐 (− ) + 𝟒
one. It has at least six imaginary roots. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
−𝟗𝟏
=
Do it yourself: 𝟏𝟕
𝟐𝟓 𝟗𝟏
Exercise : 3.6 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙− =𝟎
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕

5) Solve the equation: 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0 6) If 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 are roots of the equation

(3-Marks) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎, construct a quadratic
Sol: equation whose roots are; 𝜶𝟐 and 𝜷𝟐 ; (3-
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒕, 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒕𝟐 Marks)
𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎 Sol:
(𝒕 − 𝟗)(𝒕 − 𝟓) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒕 = 𝟗, 𝟓 A quadratic equation whose roots are; 𝜶 + 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟗 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟑, −𝟑
and 𝜷 + 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓 ⇒ 𝒙 = √𝟓, −√𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝜶 + 𝜷 = , 𝜶𝜷 =
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟑
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷 =
𝟒
𝟏𝟔𝟗
Do it yourself: 𝜶𝟐 𝜷𝟐 =
𝟒
Solve the equation: 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟗
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + =𝟎
𝟒 𝟒
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-19

7) If p and q are the roots of the equation 8)If the sides of a cubic box are increased by
𝒑 𝒒 1,2,3 units respectively to form a cuboid, the
𝒍𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎,show that √𝒒 + √𝒑 + the volume is increased by 52 cubic units. Find
𝒏 the volume of the cuboid.(3-Marks)
√ 𝒍 = 𝟎 (3-Marks) Sol:
Sol: The sides of a cubic =x
𝒍𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟓𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟓𝟐
𝒑 + 𝒒 = − , 𝒑𝒒 =
𝒍 𝒍 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒑 𝒒 𝒏 𝒑+𝒒 𝒏 𝟐𝟑
√ +√ +√ = +√ 𝒙 = 𝟐, −
𝒒 𝒑 𝒍 √𝒑𝒒 𝒍 𝟔
𝒏 𝒙=𝟐
𝒑 𝒒 𝒏 −𝒍 𝒏 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐝 = 𝟔𝟎
√ +√ +√ = +√ =𝟎
𝒒 𝒑 𝒍 𝒏 𝒍
√
𝒍

9)Construct a cubic equation with roots 𝟏, 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑 (2-Marks)

Sol:
A cubic equation𝒙𝟑 − 𝑺𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺𝟐 𝒙 − 𝑺𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟑 − (𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑)𝒙𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟑 + 𝟑. 𝟏)𝒙 − (𝟏. 𝟐. 𝟑) = 𝟎

𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
Do it yourself:

Exercise 3. 𝟏 − 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆-3.16 3.17, 3.18

(Important 5 Marks)

1)Solve the equation 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 +
𝟔=𝟎 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Sol: Sol:
𝒙≠𝟎 𝒙≠𝟎
𝟑𝟓 𝟔 ÷ 𝒙𝟐 =>
÷ 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔𝟐 − + 𝟐=𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟔 − + =𝟎
𝟐
𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝟐 ) − 𝟑𝟓 (𝒙 + ) + 𝟔𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ) − 𝟏𝟎 (𝒙 + ) + 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎
𝑷𝒖𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝒖𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝟐
𝒚 = (𝒙 + ) 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 + )
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝒙. 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 +
𝟐
𝒚 −𝟐=𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝒙 (𝒚 − 𝟐) − 𝟏𝟎(𝒚) + 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟔(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐) − 𝟑𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝟐 = 𝟎 (𝒚 − 𝟔)(𝒚 − 𝟒) = 𝟎
𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒚−𝟔=𝟎 𝒚−𝟒=𝟎
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
𝒙+𝒙−𝟔=𝟎
𝟏
𝒙+𝒙−𝟒=𝟎
(𝒚 − ) (𝒚 − ) = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒚 − = 𝟎; 𝒚− =𝟎 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟑) − 𝟗 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 =𝟎
𝒙+ = 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙+ 𝒙
= 𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-20

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟖 (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑
𝒙= 𝟐, 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 = ±√𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟐 = ±√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
Hence, the roots are 𝟐, 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟑 ± √𝟖 𝒙 = 𝟐 ± √𝟑
Alternative Method:
Hence, the roots are
6 -35 62 -35 6
𝟑 ± √𝟖 and 𝟐 ± √𝟑
2 0 12 -46 32 -6
6 -23 16 -3 0
3 0 18 -15 3
6 -5 1 0

𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝒙= ,
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
: 𝒙 = 𝟐, , 𝟑,
𝟐 𝟑

𝟑) Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree 𝟒) 𝑰𝒇𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎

with rational coefficients, having √𝟓 − √𝟑 as a and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑′ 𝒙 + 𝒒′ = 𝟎 have a common
root. root , show that it must be equal to;
Sol: (Alternative Method) 𝒑𝒒′ −𝒑′ 𝒒 𝒒−𝒒′
𝒒−𝒒′
or 𝒑′ −𝒑
𝒙 = √𝟓 + √𝟑
Squaring, Sol:
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = (√𝟓 + √𝟑) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑′ 𝒙 + 𝒒′ = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓 + 𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝜶
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟖 + 𝟐√𝟏𝟓 𝜶𝟐 + 𝒑𝜶 + 𝒒 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖 = 𝟐√𝟏𝟓 𝜶𝟐 + 𝒑′ 𝜶 + 𝒒′ = 𝟎
Again squaring, 𝜶𝟐 𝜶 𝟏
𝟐 𝒑 𝒒 𝟏 𝒑′
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖)𝟐 = (𝟐√𝟏𝟓)
𝒑′ 𝒒′ 𝟏 𝒑′
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟔𝟎
𝜶𝟐 𝜶 𝟏
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 = = ′
′ ′
𝒑𝒒 − 𝒑 𝒒 𝒒 − 𝒒 ′ 𝒑 −𝒑
𝜶𝟐 𝜶 𝜶
′ ′
= ′
(𝒐𝒓)
𝒑𝒒 − 𝒑 𝒒 𝒒 − 𝒒 𝒒 − 𝒒′
𝟏
= ′
𝒑 −𝒑
𝒑𝒒′ − 𝒒𝒑′ 𝒒 − 𝒒′
𝜶= (𝒐𝒓)𝜶 =
𝒒 − 𝒒′ 𝒑′ − 𝒑
𝟓)𝑰𝒇 𝟐 + 𝒊; and 𝟑 − √𝟐 are the roots of equation 𝟔)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒙𝟔 −
𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙 +
𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎.Find all roots. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎 , 𝐢𝐟 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊
Sol: and √𝟑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔.
Given roots are 𝟐 + 𝒊, 𝟑 − √𝟐 Sol:
Given roots are 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 and √𝟑
Other roots will be 𝟐 − 𝒊, 𝟑 + √𝟐, 𝜶, 𝜷 Other roots will be
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊, √𝟑, −√𝟑, 𝜶, 𝜷
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-21

-co-effi of 𝒙𝟓 -co-effi of 𝒙𝟓
∑𝟏 = ∑𝟏 =
co-effi of 𝒙𝟔 co-effi of 𝒙𝟔
𝟒 + 𝟔 + 𝜶 + 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟑
𝜶 + 𝜷 = 𝟑……………….. 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 + √𝟑 − √𝟑 + 𝜶 + 𝜷
constant =𝟑
∑𝟔 =
co-effi of 𝒙𝟔 𝟐+𝜶+𝜷=𝟑
𝜶 + 𝜷 = 𝟏---------------------------
(𝟐 + 𝒊)(𝟐 − 𝒊)(𝟑 − √𝟓)(𝟑 + √𝟐)𝜶𝜷 = −𝟏𝟒𝟎 constant
∑𝟔 =
(𝟒 + 𝟏)(𝟗 − 𝟐)𝜶𝜷 = −𝟏𝟒𝟎 co-effi of 𝒙𝟔
(𝟓)(𝟕)𝜶𝜷 = −𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝜶𝜷 = −𝟒 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊) (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊)(√𝟑) (−√𝟑) 𝜶𝜷
𝒙𝟐 − ( 𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒)(−𝟑)𝜶𝜷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 −𝟏𝟓𝜶𝜷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟒 𝜶𝜷 = −
𝟏𝟓
𝜶𝜷 = −𝟗
The roots are 𝒙𝟐 − ( 𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝒙 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝟐 + 𝒊, 𝟐 − 𝒊, 𝟑 − √𝟐, 𝟑 + √𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟒.
𝟏 ± √𝟑𝟕
𝒙=
𝟐
The roots are
𝟏 + √𝟑𝟕 𝟏 − √𝟑𝟕
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊, −𝟐𝒊, √𝟑, −√𝟑, ,
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕) 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 −
𝟏
𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 if one of its roots is twice the 𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 if it is known that
𝟑
sum of the other two roots. is a solution.
Sol:
Sol:
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎,
; 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝟐(𝜶 + 𝜷) 𝟏
co-effi of 𝒙𝟐 Given 𝟑 is a solution for the reciprocal
∑𝟏 = equation. Hence 3 is a solution.
co-effi of 𝒙𝟑

𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝟐(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝟐
𝟔 6 -5 -38 -5 6
𝟑𝜶 + 𝟑𝜷 = 𝟑 𝟏⁄𝟑 0 2 -1 -13 -6
𝜶+𝜷=𝟏 6 -3 -39 -18 0
The roots of p(x) :; 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝟐
3 0 18 45 18
∴ 𝒑(𝟐) = 𝟎
𝟐(𝟖) − 𝟔(𝟒) + 𝟑(𝟐) + 𝒌 = 𝟎 6 15 6 0
𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟔 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
−𝟐 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒌=𝟐
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 + ) = 𝟎
2 -6 3 2 𝟐
2 0 4 -4 -2 𝟏
2 -2 -1 0 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒙 = −
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 = , 𝟑, −𝟐, −
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − = 𝟎 Hence the roots are
𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-22

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 − ) − − = 𝟎 , 𝟑, −𝟐, −
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(𝒙 − ) =
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 √𝟑
𝒙− =±
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 √𝟑
𝒙= ±
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 ± √𝟑
𝒌 = 𝟐,
𝟐

9).Solve: (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟔 10).Solve:(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) +

jPh;T: 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟔 jPh;T:
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕) = 𝟏𝟔 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔) + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
(𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙) − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔) + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = 𝒚 vd;f 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
(𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟔) + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
(𝒚 + 𝟖)(𝒚 − 𝟕) = 𝟏𝟔
𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟓𝟔 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚 + 𝟑𝟖 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟗
(𝒚 − 𝟐) (𝒚 − ) = 𝟎
𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟒
𝟏𝟗
(𝒚 + 𝟗)(𝒚 − 𝟖) = 𝟎 𝒚−𝟐 =𝟎 𝒚− 𝟒 =𝟎
(𝒚 + 𝟗) = 𝟎 (𝒚 − 𝟖) = 𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − =𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 𝟐
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟗
(𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟗 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 (𝒙 + ) − − =𝟎
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 = ±√𝟏𝟕 𝒙 = −𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝟏 (𝒙 + ) = 𝟓
𝟐
𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟑 ± √𝟏𝟕 𝒙 + = ±√𝟓
𝟐
Solutions:
𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟑 𝟑 ± √𝟏𝟕. −𝟏±𝟐√𝟓
𝒙 = 𝟐
11). Solve: (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟒) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 Solutions:
−𝟏±𝟐√𝟓
Sol: 𝒙 = 𝟏, −𝟐, − 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟔) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 Do it yourself:
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 Solve the equation (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 −
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝒚 vd;f
(𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎)(𝒚 − 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 Solve the equation (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 −
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 + 𝟖𝟒𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟒 = 𝟎 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟐) − 𝟓 = 𝟎.
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
(𝒚 − 𝟓𝟔)(𝒚 − 𝟔) = 𝟎
𝒚 − 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎, (𝒙 − 𝟖)(𝒙 + 𝟕) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟖, 𝒙 = −𝟕
𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒙 = −𝟐
Solutions: 𝒙 = 𝟖, −𝟕, 𝟑, −𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-23

4.Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(Important 2 & 3 Marks)
𝝅
1)Find the principal value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 (−√𝟐) 2) Find the value of 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧(− 𝟔 ))
(2-Marks) (2-Marks)
−𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Sol: 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (−√𝟐) = −𝟒𝟓° (𝒐𝒓) − 𝟒 Sol: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧(− 𝟔 )) = − 𝟔 𝝐 (− 𝟐 , 𝟐 )

Do it yourself: Do it yourself:
Find the principal value of the following: 𝟓𝝅
𝟐 𝟏 Find the value of 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧( 𝟔 ))
𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ), 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (− 𝟐),
√𝟑 𝟑𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (−
𝟏
), 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (−√𝟑), 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝟐)
𝟏 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧( ))
√𝟐 𝟓

3) Find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(

𝟓𝝅
)) 4) Find the value of
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
(2-Marks) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟐) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (− 𝟐)) (2-Marks)
𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Sol: ∉ [− 𝟐 , 𝟐 ] Sol:
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (− )) =
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧( )) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛑 + )) 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
−𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 (− )) = − 𝝐 [− , ] 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
=∞

Do it yourself:
𝟐𝝅 Do it yourself:
Find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧( ))
𝟑 Find the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟏𝟐) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− 𝟏𝟐)
𝟓𝝅
Find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧( )) Exercise 4. 𝟒 −2
𝟔

𝝅 𝝅
5) Is 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 [𝒄𝒐𝒔 (− )] ≠ − true? Justify 6)For what value of x does
𝟔 𝟔
your answer. (2-Marks) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ? (2-Marks)
Sol:
Sol:
𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
− ∉ [−𝟎, 𝝅] 𝟎=𝟎
𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟎 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝝅 𝒙=𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(− ))
𝟔
𝝅 𝝅 Do it yourself:
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬( )) = Exercise 4. 𝟐 − 𝟕
𝟔 𝟔

𝝅 𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(− )) ≠ −
𝟔 𝟔

(Important 5- Marks)

1)Find the value of 𝟐) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝒇(𝒙)

𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) −𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐𝒙
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-24

Sol: Sol:
𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 | |≤ 𝟏, 𝒙≠𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
−𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅 + )) +𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅 + )) 𝟐𝒙
𝟑 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝟐|𝒙| ≤ 𝟎
( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅 + 𝜽) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅 − 𝜽) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)
𝝅 𝝅 (|𝒙| − 𝟏)𝟐 ≤ 𝟎
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅 − )) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅 − )) |𝒙| − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟑 𝟒
𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝒙 = {−𝟏, 𝟏}
−𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) +𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ))
𝟑 𝟒
𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟏𝟕𝝅
= + =
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐

3) Find the value of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏(−𝟏) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏(𝟏𝟐) + 𝟓); Find the domain of 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟏 |𝒙|−𝟐 𝟏−|𝒙|
+𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏(− 𝟐) 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( )
𝟑 𝟒

Sol: Sol:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟐) + +𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− 𝟐) |𝒙| − 𝟐
𝝅
−𝟏 ≤ ≤𝟏
= −𝟒𝟓° + 𝟔𝟎° − 𝟑𝟎° = −𝟏𝟓° (or) − 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
−𝟑 ≤ |𝒙| − 𝟐 ≤ 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 −𝟏 ≤ |𝒙| ≤ 𝟓
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏) +𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) + +𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− ) = −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 ∴ |𝒙| ≤ 𝟓
4) Find the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏(𝟏) +𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏(− √𝟐𝟑) + −𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓 ------------------------------(1)
𝟏−|𝒙|
−𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐) −𝟏 ≤ 𝟒 ≤ 𝟏
Sol: −𝟒 ≤ 𝟏 − |𝒙| ≤ 𝟒
√𝟑 −𝟑 ≤ |𝒙| ≤ 𝟓------------------------------(2)-
𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏) +𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− ) + −𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
𝟐 From (1) and; (2),
= 𝟒𝟓° + (−𝟔𝟎°) − (𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝟒𝟓°) = −𝟏𝟓𝟎° (or) Domain is −𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓
𝟓𝝅
−
𝟔
√𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏) +𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− ) + −𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
𝟐
𝟓𝝅 Do it yourself:
=−
𝟔 Exercise 4.3 -4(iii)>4(ii)

𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝝅 𝒙 𝟑
6).Solve: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙−𝟐) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙+𝟐) = 𝟒 7).Solve: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 {𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝟒)}
√𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝝅 Sol:
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )=
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝟒 𝒙 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 {𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( )}
𝝅 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟒
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 ] =
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 − (𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ( )) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 {𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )}
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟓
𝒙−𝟐+𝒙+𝟐 =𝟏
𝟏 𝟒
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 =
𝟏 − (𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝟐) √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟓
𝟏 𝟒√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟏𝟔(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝟗
𝒙=± 𝒙𝟐 =
√𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝟑
𝒙 = ±𝟒
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-25

𝟓
8). Solve: 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟏𝟐
=
𝝅 9). Solve: 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙)
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝟓 𝟏𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙)
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙)
𝟓 𝝅 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙)
𝟓 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝜽 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 =
𝟓 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
∴ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = ; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = 𝟎
+ 𝟐 =𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
𝟏𝟔𝟗 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅; 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 + , 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛
=𝟏 𝟒
𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 ⇒ 𝒙 = ±𝟏𝟑

10) If a1, a2, a3, ... an is an arithmetic progression with

common difference d, then prove that
𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )+
1 𝑎2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑎𝑛 −𝑎1
Do it yourself: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) +. . . + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )] = .
2 𝑎3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 1+𝑎1 𝑎𝑛
Exercise 4.5 – 10> 9> 5> 6> 8 𝒅 𝒅
Exercise 4.2 - 8 (ii)> 6(i) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+⋯
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒅
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )]
𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝟏
=
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝒏
𝒅 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐 = ⋯ = 𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
L.H.S:
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
+ ⋯ + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )]
𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧[𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒂𝟐 ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒂𝟏 )
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝟑 ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝟐 )
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒏 ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒏−𝟏 )]
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧[𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒂𝒏 ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝟏 )]
𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )]
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝒏
𝒂 −𝒂
=( 𝒏 𝟏 ) = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺
𝟏+𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝒏
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏𝟐)𝐈𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛 = −𝟏 𝝅
𝟏𝟑)𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) = ,
𝝅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎 < 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 < 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝟔𝒙𝟐 < 𝟏
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝜶; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒚 = 𝜷 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) =
𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 ; 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 𝟒
−𝟏
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 𝝅
∴ 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒛 = 𝝅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )=
𝟏 − (𝟐𝒙)(𝟑𝒙) 𝟒
𝝅 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒛 = 𝜶 + 𝜷 𝟓𝒙 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝅 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝟒
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒛) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-26

−𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟓𝒙
=𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐
−𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚 = −√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚 = √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = −𝟏
On squaring, 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟏 𝒙 = ; 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝟔
𝟏
∴𝒙=
𝟔

5. Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry-II

(Important 2 & 3 Marks)

𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬, 𝐟𝐨𝐜𝐢 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 2)Find the centre and radius of the circle
𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒(2-Marks) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 (2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
𝒙𝟐
- =𝟏
𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟔 𝟗 ÷ 𝟐,
Vertices;= (±𝒂, 𝟎) = (±𝟒, 𝟎) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Foci;= (±𝒄, 𝟎) = (±𝟓, 𝟎) 𝟑
𝒈 = − , 𝒇 = −𝟏
𝟐
Do it yourself: 𝟑
Centre;= (−𝒈, −𝒇) = (𝟐 , −𝟏)
Find the equation of directrix and length
𝟑
of latus rectum of the hyperbola Radius;= √𝒈𝟐 + 𝒇𝟐 − 𝒄 = 𝟐
𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 Do it yourself:
Exercise 5. 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖, 𝟐,
Example-5.6,5.4,5.12

3)The maximum and minimum distances 4)Show that latus rectum of the hyperbola
of the Earth from the Sun respectively are 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 is (3-Marks)
𝒂𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 km and 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 km. The 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒂

Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Sol: 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏

Find the distance from the Sun to the (𝒂𝒆)𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒆, 𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚 = ±
other focus. (3-Marks) 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂
𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Sol: 𝑨𝑺 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 , 𝐒𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑳 (𝒂𝒆, ) , 𝑳𝟏 (𝒂𝒆, − )
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐
𝒂 − 𝒄 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 Length of the latus rectum(𝑳𝑳𝟏 ) = 𝟐𝒃𝒂
Subtracting ,𝟐𝒄 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟓
Do it yourself: Do it yourself:
Example-5.39,5.35,5.34 Example-5.15
(Important 5-Marks)

2)Show that the line x − y + 4 = 0 is a tangent

1)Find the equation of the circle through
the points (1,0),(-1,0),and (0,1) to the ellipse x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12. Find the co-
Sol: ordinates of the point of contact.
Sol:
The equation of the circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒕𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-27

(𝟏, 𝟎) ⇒ 𝟏 + 𝟎 + 𝟐𝒈(𝟏) + 𝟐𝒇(𝟎) + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

𝟐𝒈 + 𝒄 = −𝟏 ⟶  + =𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
(−𝟏, 𝟎) ⇒ 𝟏 + 𝟎 + 𝟐𝒈(−𝟏) + 𝟐𝒇(𝟎) + 𝒄 /𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟒
𝟐
=𝟎 Line is 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
−𝟐𝒈 + 𝒄 = −𝟏 ⟶  𝒚=𝒙+𝟒
(𝟎, 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟎 + 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒈(𝟎) + 𝟐𝒇(𝟏) + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐𝒇 + 𝒄 = −𝟏 ⟶  /𝒎 = 𝟏; 𝒄 = 𝟒
(𝟏) + (𝟐) ⇒ 𝟐𝒄 = −𝟐 ⇒ 𝒄 = −𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Substitute 𝒄 = −𝟏 in (3) 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟒
𝟐𝒇 − 𝟏 = −𝟏 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟐𝒇 − 𝟏 = −𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 Hence, given line is a tangent to the ellipse.
𝒇=𝟎 𝟐
−𝒂𝟐 𝒎 𝒃
Substitute 𝒄 = −𝟏 in (1) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 = [ , ]
𝒄 𝒄
𝟏𝟐(𝟏) 𝟒
𝟐𝒈 − 𝟏 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝟐𝒈 = 𝟎 = [− ( 𝟒 ) , 𝟒]
/𝒈 = 𝟎 = (−𝟑, 𝟏)
The equation of the circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
Alternative Method:
The equation of the circle passes through
the points (1,0),(-1,0),and (0,1) ⇒which
form unit circle. That is,
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 (𝟎, 𝟎), 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 = 𝟏
The equation of the circle is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏

3)The bridges has a parabolic arch that is 10m 4)At a water fountain, water attains a
high in the centre and 30m wide at the bottom.
Find the height of the arch 6m from the centre, maximum height of 4m at horizontal distance
on either sides. of 0.5m from its origin. If the path of water is
a parabola, find the height of water at a
Sol: horizontal distance of 0.75m from the point of
origin.
Sol:

Equation of parabola is
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚 Equation of parabola is
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟏𝟓, −𝟏𝟎)
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚
𝟏𝟓𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(−𝟏𝟎) 𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟎. 𝟓, −𝟒)
𝟐𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎𝒂 (𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(−𝟒)
𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒂 = 𝟒𝟎 (𝟎.𝟓)𝟐
=𝒂
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒 [ ]𝒚 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒𝟎 𝒂=
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟔, −𝒚𝟏 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒 [ ]𝒚
𝟏𝟔
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, −𝒚𝟏 )
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-28

𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
= 𝒚𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟐 = −𝟒 [ ] (−𝒚𝟏 )
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
∴ 𝑯𝒊𝒆𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒚𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏
𝟒
⇒ 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝒎
𝟒
(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟐 × = 𝒚𝟏
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒎

;𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝟒 − 𝒚𝟏 ⇒ 𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟑𝒎

5) An engineer designs a satellite dish with 6)Parabolic cable of a 60m portion of the
parabolic cross section. The dish is 5m wide roadbed of a suspension bridge are
at the opening, and the focus is placed 1.2m positioned as shown. Vertical Cables are to
from the vertex (a)Position a coordinate be spaced every 6m along this portion of the
system with the origin at the vertex and the roadbed. Calculate the lengths of first two of
x-axis on the parabola’s axis of symmetry these vertical cables from the vertex.
and find an equation of the parabola. Sol:
(b)Find the depth of the satellite dish at the
vertex.
Sol:

Equation of parabola is
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌)
It passes 𝒗 (𝟎, 𝟑)
𝒂)𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝟑)
𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔(𝟑𝟎, 𝟏𝟔)
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟏. 𝟐) (𝟑𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑)
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝒙 𝟗𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟒𝒂
𝒃) (𝒙𝟏 , 𝟐. 𝟓) 𝟗𝟎𝟎
=𝒂
(𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟏. 𝟐)𝒙𝟏 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟒
(𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 𝟗𝟎𝟎
= 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 [ ] (𝒚 − 𝟑)
𝟒(𝟏. 𝟐) 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟒
𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 [ ] (𝒚 − 𝟑)
; 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒎. 𝟏𝟑
(𝒊)(𝟔, 𝒚𝟏 )
𝟗𝟎𝟎
7) Assume that water issuing from the end of a (𝟔)𝟐 = (𝒚𝟏 − 𝟑)
horizontal pipe, 7.5m above the ground, 𝟏𝟑
describes a parabolic path. The vertex of the 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟑
= 𝒚𝟏 − 𝟑
parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a 𝟗𝟎𝟎
position 2.5m below the line of the pipe, the flow 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏 − 𝟑
of water has curved outward 3m beyond the 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒎
vertical line through the end of the pipe. How far
beyond this vertical line will the water strike the (𝒊𝒊)(𝟏𝟐, 𝒚𝟐 )
ground? 𝟗𝟎𝟎
(𝟏𝟐)𝟐 = (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑)
𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟑
= 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑
𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝒎
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-29

Sol: 9) On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected

in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum
height of 4mts when it is 6 mts away from the
point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground
12 mts away from the starting point. Find the
angle of projection.
Sol:
Equation of parabola is
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚 𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟔, −𝟒)
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟑, −𝟐. 𝟓)
(𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(−𝟐. 𝟓)
𝟗 = 𝟏𝟎𝒂
𝟗
𝒂=
𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝟗
𝒙 = −𝟒 ( ) 𝒚
𝟏𝟎 (𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒂
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔(𝒙𝟏 , −𝟕. 𝟓) 𝟑𝟔
𝟗 = 𝟏𝟎𝒂
𝒙𝟐𝟏 = −𝟒 ( ) (−𝟕. 𝟓) 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝒙𝟏 = √𝟑 × 𝟗 𝒂=
𝟒
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑√𝟑 𝟗
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒 ( ) 𝒚
∴ water strike the ground=;𝟑√𝟑 𝒎 𝟒
8) A tunnel through a mountain for a 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟗𝒚
highway is to have an semi elliptical 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒘𝒓𝒕 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
opening. The total width of the highway is to 𝟐𝒙 = −𝟗
be 16m and the height at the edge of the road 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙
must be sufficient for a truck 4m high to =−
clear if the highest point of the opening is to 𝒅𝒙 𝟗
be 5m approximately. How wide must the ∴ 𝑨𝒕 (−𝟔, −𝟒);
𝟐(−𝟔)
opening be? 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = −
Sol: 𝟗
𝟒 𝟒
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟑, 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑)

10)Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is

in the shape of a hyperbola with equation
x2 y2
− = 1. The tower is 150m tall and
302 442
the distance from the top of the tower to the
The Equation of Ellipse is centre of the hyperbola is half the distance
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 from the base of the tower to the centre of the
𝒂𝟐
+ 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏, By given , 𝒃 = 𝟓
hyperbola. Find the diameter of the top and
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ = 𝟏, base of the tower.
𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝟓
𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟖, 𝟒)
𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝟓
𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟐
=𝟏−
𝒂 𝟐𝟓
𝟒𝟎
⇒𝒂=
𝟑
𝟒𝟎 𝟖𝟎
∴The required width, 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟐 ( 𝟑 ) = 𝟑 𝒎
= 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝒎
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-30

10) A rod of length 1.2 m moves with its ends

always touching the coordinate axes. The locus
of a point P on the rod, which is 0.3m from the
end in contact with x-axis an ellipse. Find the
eccentricity.
Sol:

Given, hyperbola equation is

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟐
∆𝑨𝑵𝑷|||∆𝑷𝑴𝑩 𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝟓𝟎)
𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟐
− =𝟏
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 ∆ 𝑨𝑵𝑷 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 ∆ 𝑷𝑴𝑩 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟐
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟏𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = = 𝟏 +
𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟐
Locus of a equation 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝟑𝟎
𝒙𝟏 = √(𝟒𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟓𝟎)𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝟒𝟒
(𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 (𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝒎
+ =𝟏 ; 𝟐𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐(𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟏)
(𝟎. 𝟗)𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟑)𝟐
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 𝑰𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
(𝟎. 𝟗)𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟑)𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒂𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟗)𝟐 − =𝟏
𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟐
𝒃𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟑)𝟐 𝟑𝟎
𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝟖 𝟐√𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = √𝟒𝟒𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
The eccentricity 𝒆 = √ = √𝟗 = 𝟒𝟒
𝒂𝟐 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝒎
Diameter 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝒎

Do it yourself:
Exercise 5.2-4(iv)(v), 8(v)(vi)
Example:5.19> 5.24> 5.23> 5.10

6.Applications of Vector Algebra

(Important 2 & 3 Marks)

1). Find the angle between the lines 𝟐)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
2x=3y=-z and 6x=-y=-4z (2-Marks) 𝒓 = (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂) and the
̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
plane. (2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
⃗⃗⃗𝒃. ⃗⃗⃗𝒏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( )
= = , = = , |⃗⃗⃗𝒃||⃗⃗⃗𝒏|
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 − 𝟒 ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 = (𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂), ⃗⃗⃗𝒏 = (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
̂),

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐√𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝒃 = ( , , −𝟏) , ⃗⃗⃗𝒅 = ( , −𝟏, − ) 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟒 𝟑
⃗⃗⃗𝒃. ⃗⃗⃗𝒅 = 𝟎, ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗𝒅 Do it yourself:
Exercise:6. 𝟗 − 𝟒, 𝟑,
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-31

The angle between the lines =𝟗𝟎° Example -6.47

Do it yourself:
Exercise:6. 𝟒 − 𝟓,
Example-6.29,6.30,6.28

3) Prove that [𝒂
⃗ − ⃗𝒃, ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 − 𝒄
⃗, 𝒄
⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ]=𝟎. 4) Prove that
(2-Marks) ⃗ + ⃗𝒃, ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 + 𝒄
[𝒂 ⃗, 𝒄⃗ +𝒂⃗ ] = 𝟐 [𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
⃗]
Sol: (3-Marks)
Sol:
⃗ − ⃗𝒃, ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 − 𝒄
[𝒂 ⃗,𝒄
⃗ −𝒂
⃗] ⃗ + ⃗𝒃, ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 + 𝒄
[𝒂 ⃗,𝒄⃗ +𝒂⃗]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
= [𝒂 ⃗]| 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏| ⃗ ,𝒃
= [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒄
⃗ ] |𝟎 𝟏 𝟏|
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
= [𝒂 ⃗
⃗ , 𝒃, 𝒄⃗ ](𝟎) = 𝟎 = [𝒂⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
⃗ ](2)
[𝒂 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ − 𝒃, 𝒃 − 𝒄
⃗,𝒄
⃗ −𝒂
⃗]=𝟎 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ + 𝒃, 𝒃 + 𝒄
[𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒄
⃗ +𝒂⃗ ] = 𝟐 [𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
⃗]
Do it yourself:
Example-6.18,6.17

5)𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 6)Show that the points(𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒), (−𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓)

⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 × 𝒄
𝟐
⃗ ,𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟖, 𝟏, 𝟒)are collinear. (3-Marks)
⃗ ×𝒃
[𝒂 ⃗,𝒄
⃗ ×𝒂 ⃗ ] = [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗] Sol:
(3-Marks)
Sol: 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
⃗ ×𝒃
[𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 × 𝒄 ⃗,𝒄
⃗ ×𝒂 ⃗]= ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
[𝒂 , 𝒃, 𝒄] = |−𝟏 𝟒 𝟓| = 𝟎
⃗ × ⃗𝒃). [(𝒃
(𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒄⃗ ) × ⃗⃗⃗
(𝒄 × 𝒂 ⃗ )] 𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
Given points are collinear
= (𝒂 ⃗
⃗ × 𝒃). [((𝒃 × 𝒄⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ). 𝒂
⃗ )𝒄⃗ − ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ). 𝒄
(𝒃 × 𝒄 ⃗ )𝒂
⃗]
𝟐
[𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 × 𝒄
⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗, 𝒄
⃗ ×𝒂
⃗ ] = [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒄
⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗]

̂, 𝟐𝒊̂ − 8) If 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
𝟕) 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 ̂, 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
̂ , 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝒋̂ +
̂ and 3𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂ are coplanar. ̂ are coplanar , find the value of m.
𝟒𝒌
(3-Marks) (3-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
[𝒂 ⃗
⃗ , 𝒃, 𝒄
⃗ ] = |𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 | = 𝟎 |𝟑 𝟐 𝟏| = 𝟎
𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒎 𝟒
Given vectors are coplanar. 𝒎 = −𝟑
Do it yourself:
Exercise 6. 𝟐 − 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎

𝟗)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝟏𝟎) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒔 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ , 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌̂ and 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
3𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌.
̂ Sol:
Sol: |𝒅𝟏 − 𝒅𝟐 |
2 −3 4 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 =
⃗ √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
[𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐] = |1 2 −1| = −7 𝟓
3 −1 2 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟐, 𝒄 = −𝟐, 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒅𝟐 =
𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-32

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅 =7 𝟏

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 =
Do it yourself: 𝟐
EXERCISE 6. 𝟑 − 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟖,

(Important 5 Marks)

𝟏)𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 𝟐)𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏

̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒊̂ − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒋̂
𝒂
̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒊̂ − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒋̂
𝒂 ̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒋̂
̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒋̂ 𝒃
𝒃 ̂ = 𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) 𝒌
̂→
̂ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜶 + 𝜷) →  ̂×𝒃
𝒂
̂. 𝒃
𝒂
̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 →  ̂ × 𝒃 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷)𝒌̂
𝒂 ̂
̂. 𝒃
𝒂
→ .
From  and 
From  and 
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

𝟑)𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 𝟒)𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒋̂
𝒂 ̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒋̂
𝒂
̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒋̂
𝒃 ̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒊̂ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒋̂
𝒃
̂. 𝒂
𝒃 ̂ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜶 − 𝜷) →  ̂×𝒂
𝒃 ̂ → .
̂ = 𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) 𝒌
̂ ̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 → 
𝒃. 𝒂 ̂
𝒃×𝒂 ̂ == (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷)𝒌̂
From  and  → .
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 From  and 
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Three points: Two points and one vector:

5) Find the vector and Cartesian form 6)Find the vector parametric,vector non-
of the equations of the plane passing parametric and cartesian form of the
through the points (3,6, – 2), equation of the plane passing through the
(– 1, – 2,6) and (6, 4, – 2) points (−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟐, 𝟐, −𝟏) and parallel
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
Sol: to the straight line; 𝟏 = 𝟐 = −𝟏
̂
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
𝒂 Sol:
⃗ = −𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒃 ̂ ⃗ = −𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂
𝒂
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-33

̂
⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
𝒄 ⃗𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂
Vector equation: ̂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
𝒄
̂)
⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔 − 𝒕)(𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
𝒓 ⃗ −𝒂
𝒃 ̂
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟎𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂)
+ 𝒔(−𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌 The parametric vector equation:
̂)
+ 𝒕(𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
Cartesian form: ⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ + 𝒔(𝒃 ⃗ ) + 𝒕𝒄
⃗
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
𝒙
| 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟎 ̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
⃗ = (−𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂) + 𝒔(𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒌
𝒓 ̂)
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝟏 The non-parametric form of vector
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟔 𝒛+𝟐
equation:
| −𝟒 −𝟖 𝟖 |=𝟎
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟎 (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ). ((𝒃 ⃗ )×𝒄 ⃗) = 𝟎
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
⃗ ⃗ )×𝒄
(𝒃 − 𝒂 ⃗ = |𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏|
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
̂
= 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌

̂) = 𝟑
⃗ . (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
𝒓
Cartesian equation:
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟑
Two points and one vector: 𝟖) Find parametric form of vector
7)Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of
equation, and Cartesian equations of the the plane passing through the points
plane passing through the points (2, 2, 1), (1, – 2, 3) and parallel to the
(𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟗, 𝟑, 𝟔) and perpendicular to straight line passing through the
the plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟗 points (2, 1, – 3) and (– 1,5, – 8)
Sol: Sol:
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒂 ̂
⃗𝒃 = 𝟗𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌̂ ⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒂 ̂
̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒄 ⃗𝒃 = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
̂
⃗ −𝒂
𝒃 ̂
⃗ = 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂
⃗ = −𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
𝒄
The parametric vector equation: ⃗ −𝒂
𝒃 ̂
⃗ = −𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
The parametric vector equation:
⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ + 𝒔(𝒃 ⃗ ) + 𝒕𝒄
⃗
⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ + 𝒔(𝒃 ⃗ ) + 𝒕𝒄
⃗
̂) + 𝒔(𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌
⃗ = (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒓 ̂)
̂)
+ 𝒕(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌 𝒓 ̂) + 𝒔(−𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
⃗ = (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂)
Cartesian equation: ̂)
+ 𝒕(−𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌

𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 Cartesian equation:
|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 |𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟏
| 𝟕 𝟏 𝟓 |=𝟎 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟏
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 | −𝟏 −𝟒 𝟐 |=𝟎
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 −𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓
𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔𝒛 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
One points and two vectors:
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-34

9)Find the non-parametric form of 10)Find the non-parametric form of

vector equation, and Cartesian vector equation, and Cartesian
equations of the plane passing through equations of the plane passing through
the point the point(𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔) and parallel to the
(𝟎, 𝟏, −𝟓) and parallel to the straight lines 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑
straight lines; 𝟐 = 𝟑 = 𝟏 and;
̂) + 𝒔(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒓̂ = (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂) and 𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏
̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂) = =
𝒓̂ = (𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟑

Sol: Sol:

⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒂 ̂
⃗ = 𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
𝒂 ̂
⃗𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝒌
̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒃 ̂
̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
𝒄
̂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
𝒄
The parametric vector equation: The non-parametric vector equation:
⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒃⃗ + 𝒔𝒄
⃗
̂ ̂) + 𝒔(𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ ). (𝒃 ⃗ ×𝒄⃗) = 𝟎
⃗ = (𝒋̂ − 𝟓) + 𝒕(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
𝒓
̂) 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
−𝒌 ⃗𝒃 × 𝒄⃗ = |𝟐 𝟑 𝟏|
The non-parametric vector equation:
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟑
= −𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟔𝒌 ̂
(𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ). (𝒃 ⃗) = 𝟎 ⃗ ×𝒄
𝒃 ⃗ = (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂)
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
⃗𝒃 × 𝒄 𝒓 ̂
⃗ . (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌) − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
⃗ = |𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 |
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 Cartesian equation:
⃗𝒃 × 𝒄 ̂ 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
⃗ = −𝟗𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ − 𝒌
⃗ . (−𝟗𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ − 𝒌
𝒓 ̂) − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
Cartesian equation:
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
| 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 12)Find the non-parametric form of
11)Find the parametric form of vector vector equation, and Cartesian
equation, and Cartesian equations of the equations of the plane passing through
plane containing the line 𝒓⃗ = (𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟒) and perpendicular
̂) + 𝒕(𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
𝟑𝒌 ̂) and perpendicular to to the plane 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏; and
̂) = 𝟖 𝒙+𝟕 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛
the plane 𝒓⃗. (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 parallel to the line 𝟑 = −𝟏 = 𝟏
Sol: Sol:
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
𝒂 ̂ ̂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
𝒂
⃗𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ ⃗𝒃 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌̂
𝒄 ̂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒄
The parametric vector equation: 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒃⃗ + 𝒔𝒄
⃗ ⃗𝒃 × 𝒄⃗ = |𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑|
̂) + 𝒔(𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
⃗ = (𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
𝒓 ̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
̂
+ 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌) = (−𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌 ̂)
Cartesian equation: The non-parametric vector equation:
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
| 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎 (𝒓 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ). (𝒃
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗) = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
̂) − 𝟗 = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌
𝒓
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑
Cartesian equation:
| 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟒 |=𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-35

𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑

𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 − 𝟗 = 𝟎

13) Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and cartesian equation of the plane
⃗ = ( 𝟔𝒊 − 𝒋 + ⃗𝒌) + 𝒔( −𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + ⃗𝒌) + 𝒕( −𝟓𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌
𝒓 ⃗)
Sol:

⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒔𝒃⃗ + 𝒕𝒄⃗
̂
⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒂
⃗ = −𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒃 ̂
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
𝒄 ̂ ⃗
⃗ = −𝟓𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌, 𝒃 × 𝒄 ⃗ = |−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏|
−𝟓 −𝟒 −𝟓
= −𝟐(𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌 ̂)
⃗ ×𝒄
𝒃 ⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌 ̂
The non-parametric form of vector equation:
(𝒓 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ). (𝒃
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗) = 𝟎

̂) − 𝟔 = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌
𝒓
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
Cartesian equation: | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟕𝒛 − 𝟔 = 𝟎

14) Prove by vector method that the 𝟏𝟓)𝑺𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬
𝒙−𝟑
=
𝒚−𝟑
,𝒛 −
perpendiculars (altitudes) from the vertices 𝒙−𝟔 𝒛−𝟏
𝟑 −𝟏
to the opposite sides of a triangle are 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐
= 𝟑
,𝒚 −𝟐 = 𝟎 intersect.
concurrent. Also find the point of intersection.
Sol: Sol:
In a ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛−𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 = 𝒂 𝑶𝑩 = ⃗𝒃, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑶𝑪 = 𝒄 ⃗ = =
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎
𝒙−𝟔 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟏
To prove 𝑪𝑭 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩 = =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
𝑨𝑫 ⊥ 𝑩𝑪 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) = (𝟑, 𝟑, 𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎 = (𝟔, 𝟐, 𝟏)
(𝒃𝟏 , 𝒃𝟐 , 𝒃𝟑 ) = (𝟑, −𝟏, 𝟎) (𝒅𝟏 , 𝒅𝟐 , 𝒅𝟑 )
= (𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟑)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
Condition | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | =
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
⃗ .𝒄
𝒂 ⃗ . ⃗𝒃 = 𝟎 → 
⃗ −𝒂 𝟎
𝑩𝑬 ⊥ 𝑪𝑨
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑩. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎
⃗ .𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ −𝒃⃗ .𝒄⃗ =𝟎 →
+ ⇒𝒂 ⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ .𝒄
⃗ −𝒃 ⃗ =𝟎⇒𝒄
⃗ . (𝒂 ⃗)=𝟎
⃗ −𝒃
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-36

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑨 𝑶𝑪 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
𝑩𝑨 ⊥ 𝑪𝑭 | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 |
Thus, the altitude are concurrent. 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎
= |𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎|
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
=𝟎
Given, lines are intersecting.
Point of intersection: 𝒛 = 𝟏 & 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐−𝟑
= , =
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏
𝒙−𝟑=𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟔,
∴ (𝟔, 𝟐, 𝟏)
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ 𝒃
𝟏𝟕)𝑰𝒇 𝒂 ̂, ⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟖)𝑰𝒇 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ +
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒃
̂ ; 𝒅
𝒌 ⃗ = 𝟐𝟏
̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ verify that ̂ ̂ ̂
𝟐𝒌, ⃗⃗𝒄 = −𝟏 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 verify that
𝒊) (𝒂⃗ × ⃗𝒃) × (𝒄⃗ × ⃗𝒅) = [𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃, ⃗𝒅]𝒄
⃗ − ⃗ × ⃗𝒃) × 𝒄
(𝒊) (𝒂 ⃗ = (𝒂
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ − (𝒃
⃗ )𝒃 ⃗ .𝒄
⃗ )𝒂
⃗
[𝒂 ⃗
⃗ , 𝒃, 𝒄 ⃗
⃗ ]𝒅 𝒊𝒊) (𝒂 ⃗
⃗ × 𝒃) × (𝒄 ⃗ × ⃗𝒅) = ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ × (𝒃
𝒊𝒊)𝒂 ⃗ ) = (𝒂
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ − (𝒂
⃗ )𝒃 ⃗ . ⃗𝒃 )𝒄
⃗
⃗ ,𝒃
[𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒅
⃗ ]𝒃
⃗ − [𝒃
⃗ ,𝒄 ⃗ ]𝒅
⃗,𝒅 ⃗
Sol:
Sol: 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌 ⃗ ×𝒃
(𝒂 ⃗ ) = |𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏|
(𝒂 ⃗
⃗ × 𝒃) = |𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝒊̂ − 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
= 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂ ⃗ ×𝒃
(𝒂 ⃗ )×𝒄 ⃗ = | 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕 𝟏|
(𝒄⃗ ×𝒅 ⃗ ) = |𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏| −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟓 𝟏 = −𝟏𝟗𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝟗𝒌 ̂ →
= 𝟖𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟔𝒌 ̂ (𝒂 ⃗ ) = −𝟏𝟏 & 𝒃. 𝒄
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ ⃗ = −𝟕
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌 ⃗ − (𝒃 ⃗ .𝒄 ̂ − 𝟑𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝟗𝒌 ̂
(𝒂 ⃗ )𝒃
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ )𝒂
⃗ = −𝟏𝟗𝟏
(𝒂⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗ ) × (𝒄 ⃗ ×𝒅 ⃗ ) = |𝟒 𝟒 𝟎| →
𝟖 −𝟐 −𝟔 From  and 
= −𝟐𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝟎𝒌 ̂ →
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 (𝒂⃗ × ⃗𝒃) × 𝒄 ⃗ = (𝒂 ⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ ) − (𝒂 ⃗ . ⃗𝒃)𝒄
⃗
[𝒂⃗ , ⃗𝒃 ⃗𝒅] = |𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟒| 𝒊𝒊)𝒂 ⃗
⃗ × (𝒃 × 𝒄 ⃗ ) = (𝒂 ⃗ .𝒄 ⃗
⃗ )𝒃 − (𝒂 ⃗
⃗ . 𝒃 )𝒄 ⃗
𝟐 𝟓 𝟏 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
= 𝟐𝟖 ⃗ × ⃗𝒄) = | 𝟑
(𝒃 𝟓 𝟐|
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
[𝒂⃗ ⃗𝒃 𝒄 ⃗ ] = |𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟒| = 𝟏𝟗𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟏𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂
𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
= 𝟏𝟐 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ × (𝒃
𝒂 ⃗) = | 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏|
𝑹𝑯𝑺 = [𝒂 ⃗ ⃗𝒃 ⃗𝒅]𝒄 ⃗ − [𝒂 ⃗ ⃗𝒃 𝒄 ⃗ ]𝒅⃗
𝟏𝟗 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏
= −𝟐𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝟎𝒌 ̂ → = −𝟏𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟕𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝟗𝒌 ̂ 
From  and  (𝒂 ⃗ ) = −𝟏𝟏 & (𝒂
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗
⃗ . 𝒃) = 𝟏𝟗
(𝒂⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗ ) × (𝒄 ⃗ ×𝒅 ⃗ ) = [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗ ,𝒅 ⃗ ]𝒄
⃗ − [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒄
⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗
⃗ ]𝒅
(𝒂 ⃗
⃗ )𝒃 − (𝒂
⃗ .𝒄 ⃗
⃗ . 𝒃)𝒄 ⃗ = −𝟏𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟕𝒋̂ −
Do it yourself:
From  and 
𝑰𝒇 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ 𝒃 ⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂, ⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂ ; ⃗ ×𝒄 ⃗ − (𝒂 ⃗ )𝒄
⃗ × (𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ ) = (𝒂 ⃗ .𝒄 ⃗ )𝒃 ⃗ .𝒃 ⃗
⃗𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏 ̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ verify that 𝒊) (𝒂 ⃗
⃗ × 𝒃) ×
⃗
⃗ × 𝒅) = [𝒂
(𝒄 ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ , 𝒃, 𝒅]𝒃 − [𝒃, 𝒄 ⃗ ⃗
⃗ , 𝒅]𝒅 ⃗

8. Differentials and Partial Derivatives

 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-37

𝒙+𝒚 𝑰𝒇 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, ) =
𝑰𝒇 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 +𝟕𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒛𝟒 −𝟕𝟓𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟒
√𝒙 + √𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒙+𝒚
Sol:𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = Sol:
√𝒙+√𝒚
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒆𝒘
∴ 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟕𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒛𝟒 − 𝟕𝟓𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟒
𝟏
𝒏= = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [ ]
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝟏 ∴ 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙 +𝒚 = 𝒇
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒏 = 𝟓
𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 = 𝒏𝒇
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏 𝒘 𝝏 𝒘 𝝏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮 [𝒙 + 𝒚 ] = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒙 (𝒆 ) + 𝒚 (𝒆 ) + 𝒛 (𝒆𝒘 )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 = 𝟓𝒆𝒘
𝒙 +𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝒆𝒘 [𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 ] = 𝟓𝒆𝒘
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝟓
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒚
Prove that 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) is homogeneous; 𝑰𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝒙 𝒙
what is the degree? Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝒈. 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙
𝒚
Sol:
𝒚 Sol:
𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝒇 𝒇 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝒙
𝒙 𝒚
𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝝏𝒇 𝟏 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒇𝒙 = = 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒙 𝒚
𝟏+( )
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒏𝒇 𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐
𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒈 𝟏 𝟏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙 (− 𝟐 )
𝒚 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚
𝒈 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝟏 + (𝒚)
𝒙
𝝏𝒈 𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 −𝒙
= 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) (𝟏) 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 ⁄𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 𝒚 𝝏 𝝏𝒇
= 𝒙𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = ( )
𝒙 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒚 𝝏 −𝒙
= −𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = ( 𝟐 )
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒈 𝒚
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 = −𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙)----------------------------- (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(−𝟏) − (−𝒙)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟎)
=
𝝏𝒈 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒚 ( ) (𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒚 ⁄𝒙 𝒙 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐 − −→ 
𝒙𝟐
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
= = 𝝏 𝝏𝒇
𝒚𝒙 𝒚 𝒇𝒚𝒙 = ( )
𝝏𝒈 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒚( ) = 𝒙 𝝏 𝒚
𝝏𝒚 𝒚 = ( 𝟐 )
𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒙-------------------------------------
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒈 =
+⇒𝒙 +𝒚 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝟐 − −→ 
(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-38

𝒚 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦  𝐚𝐧𝐝 
= −𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝒙
𝒙 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙
𝒚
= 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒙
𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒈
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒈
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟑𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝑰𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙 Let 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟒 𝟐 for (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 +𝒚
and 𝒈(𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟎.
Sol:
𝝏𝒇 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) (𝟑) − 𝟑𝒙(𝟎 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) (i)Show that 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
𝒇𝒙 = = (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎)
𝝏𝒙 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 along every line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙, 𝒎 ∈ ℝ.
𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒇𝒙 = k
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 (ii)Show that lim g ( x, y ) =
𝝏𝒇 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) (𝟎) − 𝟑𝒙(𝟏 + 𝟎)
( x , y ) →(0,0) 1+ k 2
𝒇𝒚 = = along every parabola 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 , 𝒌 ∈
𝝏𝒚 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
−𝟑𝒙 ℝ\{𝟎}.
𝒇𝒚 = Sol:
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 (i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝝏 𝝏𝒇 (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎)
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = ( ) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐
𝝏 −𝟑𝒙 (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎)
= [ ] 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 vd gpujpapl
𝝏𝒙 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝒎
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 (−𝟑) − (−𝟑𝒙)(𝟐(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)(𝟎 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
= (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒎𝟐
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟒 𝒙𝟑 𝒎
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)(−𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
= (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 )
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟒 𝒙𝒎
𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = − − − − − −−→  (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟑 𝟎
𝝏 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = =𝟎
𝒇𝒚𝒙 = [ ] 𝟎 + 𝒎𝟐
𝝏𝒚 (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
(𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎)
𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝟑
− − − −−→  (ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
(𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) (𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟒 +(𝒌𝒙𝟐 )𝟐

∴ 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙 𝒙𝟒 𝒌
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
(𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟒 (𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 )
𝒌
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) =
(𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐

Let 𝒛(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙𝒚), 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 , 𝒔, 𝒕 ∈ 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦), then
If(i)
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝜕2 𝑉 𝜕2 𝑉
ℝ. Find 𝝏𝒔 and 𝝏𝒕 at 𝒔 = 𝒕 = 𝟏. prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦2 = 0.
Sol: Sol:
𝝏𝒛 𝟏
= 𝒙. 𝟏+𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙𝒚) ; 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦)
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒛 𝟏 𝝏𝒛 𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝒙
= 𝟏+𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙𝒚) ; 𝝏𝒚
= 𝟏+𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-39

𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝜕𝑣
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝑒 𝑥 [cos 𝑦 − 0]
= 𝟐𝒕; = 𝟎 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 = 𝒆𝒕 𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒔 + [𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦]𝑒 𝑥
𝝏𝒕
= 𝝏𝒙 . 𝝏𝒕 + .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒕 =𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥
cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦]
𝟏 𝜕2𝑣
=[ 𝒙𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙𝒚)] (𝟐𝒕) = 𝑒 𝑥 [2 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦]
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝜕𝑥 2
𝒙𝟐 − −→ 
+[ ] 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝜕𝑣
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥(− sin 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒕
=[ + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒔𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝒕 )] (𝟐𝒕) − (𝑦 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦)]
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 = 𝑒 𝑥 [−𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦]
𝒕𝟒 𝜕2𝑣
+[ ] 𝑺𝒆𝒕 = 𝑒 𝑥 [−2 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝜕𝑦 2
𝒔=𝒕=𝟏 + 𝑦 sin 𝑦] − −→ 
𝝏𝒛 𝒆 𝟏 𝟏
=[ 𝟐
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒆)] + [ ]𝒆
𝝏𝒕 𝟏+𝒆 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝟑𝒆 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
= + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒆) +⇒ + =0
𝝏𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝒕𝟒 𝒆𝒕 𝝏𝒛 𝒆
= [𝟏+𝒕𝟒𝒔𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒕 ] ⇒ 𝒔 =𝒕=𝟏⇒ =
𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒔 𝟏+𝒆𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝒇 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒚) 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝑰𝒇 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = , (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) ≠
√𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘
(𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕; + + 𝟐 =𝟎 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 =
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
Sol: Sol:
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒘 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒚)
𝒘= = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝝏𝒘
√𝒙𝟐 ++ 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) (𝒚)
𝝏𝒘 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
− −𝟏
𝝏𝒙
= − (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) = 𝒚 + 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚)
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒘
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 = 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) (𝒙)
−
= − (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) 𝝏𝒚
𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚)
𝝏𝒘 𝟑
−
= (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 (𝒙) 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏 𝝏𝒘
𝝏𝒙 = ( )
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) 𝝏
= 𝒙[− (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 )
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝟐 = [𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚)]
−
𝟑 𝝏𝒙
− (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 (𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝒙(− 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒚))𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) (𝟏)
𝟐
𝝏 𝒘 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒘
= − = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒚)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝟓 𝟑 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) − −→ 
; |||𝒍𝒚 𝟐
𝝏 𝒘 𝝏 𝝏𝒘
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝟏 = ( )
= − 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝟓 𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 𝝏
= [𝒚 + 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚)]
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝟑𝒛𝟐 𝟏 𝝏𝒚
𝟐
= 𝟓
− 𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝒚(− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚)𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚)
𝝏𝒛
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒘
= 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒚)
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) − −→ 

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦  𝐚𝐧𝐝 
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-40

𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝟐 𝒘
+ + =
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
𝟑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )
= 𝟓
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏
− 𝟑[ 𝟑]
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒛 )𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑[ 𝟑] − 𝟑 [ 𝟑]
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐
+ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝏 𝒘 𝝏 𝒘 𝝏 𝒘
+ + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐

12.Discrete Mathematics
(Important 2 & 3 Marks)

1) Let * be defined on R by a*b=a+b+ab-7. 𝟐) Write the statements in words

Is* binary on R? (2-Marks) corresponding to ¬ 𝒑, 𝒑𝒗𝐪,where p is ‘It is
Cold’ and q is ‘It is raining’.(2-Marks)
Sol: Sol:
a+b,ab,-7are real numbers and their sum is ¬𝒑 : It is not Cold
also a real number. * is binary. 𝒑𝒗𝐪 : It is Cold or raining
Do it yourself: Exercise 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 − 𝟏, Example:12.12

3)Let 𝑨 = {𝒂 + √𝟓 𝒃: 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝒁}.Check 4) On Z, define ∗ 𝒃𝒚 (𝒎 ∗ 𝒏) =

whether the usual multiplication is a binary 𝒎𝒏 𝒏𝒎 : ∀ 𝒎, 𝒏𝝐𝒁. Is 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒏 𝐙? (2-Marks)
operation on A.(2-Marks) Sol:
Sol: When 𝒏 = −𝒑, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒑 > 𝟎 then 𝒎𝒏 = 𝒎−𝒑 = 𝒎𝟏𝒑
Let b𝒂 + √𝟓 𝒃, 𝒄 + √𝟓 𝒅 ∈ 𝑨 Now need not be in Z.
Using usual multiplication, Hence ∗ is not binary on Z.
(𝒂 + √𝟓 𝒃)(𝒄 + √𝟓 𝒅) = 𝒂𝒄 + 𝟓𝒃𝒅 + √𝟓(𝒃𝒄 + 𝒂𝒅) ∈ 𝑨
Hence, usual multiplication is a binary
operation on A.

5)Verify the associative property under 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

𝟔)𝑰𝒇𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] , 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅
the binary operation ∗ defined by 𝒂 ∗ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝒃 = 𝒂𝒃 , ∀ 𝒂, 𝒃𝝐𝑵 (2-Marks) 𝑨𝑽𝑩, 𝑨𝜦𝑩
Sol: 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Sol:𝑨𝑽𝑩 = [ ]𝑽[ ]=[ ]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
(𝒂 ∗ 𝒃) ∗ 𝒄 ≠ 𝒂 ∗ (𝒃 ∗ 𝒄) 𝑨𝜦𝑩 = [ ]𝜦[ ]=[ ]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
∗ is associative.
Do it yourself:
Exercise 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 − 𝟖
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-41

∧f;F xU F ,Ue;jhYk; F tuntz;Lk;;.

∨f;F xU T ,Ue;jhYk; T tuntz;Lk;.

𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒f;F T F f;F F ……….. kw;wjw;F T

𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 f;F T T f;F T nkYk; F F f;F T ……………. kw;wjw;F F

Example: Construct the truth table (pq)(~q)

P Q (𝒑 ∨ 𝒑) ∼𝒒 (𝒑 ∨ 𝒑) ∧ (∼ 𝒑)

T T T F F

T F T T T

F T T F F

F F F T F

1) Show that p → q  (~ p )  q

P q 𝑷⟶𝒒

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

P q ∼𝒑 (∼ 𝒑) ∨ 𝒒

T T F T

T F F F

F T T T

F F T T

p → q  (~ p )  q

2) Show that p  q  ( p → q )  ( q → p )

P q 𝑷⟷𝒒
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-42

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T

P q 𝑷⟶𝒒 𝒒⟶𝒑 (𝑷 ⟶ 𝒒) ∧ (𝒒 ⟶ 𝒑)

T T T T T

T F F T F

F T T F F

F F T T T

p q  (p → q)(q → p)

3) Show that pq→ p q is tautology.

(𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) 𝒑∨𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ⟶ 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒
P q

T T T T T

T F F T T

F T F T T

F F F F T

pq→ p q is tautology.

4) Show that 𝑞 → 𝑝 ≡ ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞

P q 𝑞→𝑝 ¬𝑝 ¬𝑞 ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞

T T T F F T

T F T F T T

F T F T F F

F F T T T T
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-43

5) Verify whether the compound statement (p  q )  [¬ (p  q ) ] is a tautology or

contradiction or contingency.

𝒑𝒒 (𝒑 ∨ 𝒒) ¬(𝒑 ∨ 𝒒) [(𝒑 𝒒) ∨ [¬(𝒑 ∨ 𝒒)]]

P q

T T T T F F

T F F T F F

F T F T F F

F F F F T F

(p  q )  [¬ (p  q ) ] is contradiction.

6) Show that ¬(p  q ) ≡ ( ¬p)  ( ¬q )

p q (𝒑 𝒒) ¬(𝒑 𝒒)

T T T F

T F F T

F T F T

F F F T

¬𝒑 ¬𝒒 (¬𝒑)(¬𝒒)
p q

T T F F F

T F F T T

F T T F T

F F T T T

7) Show that : ¬ (p → q)  p  ¬q

P q 𝑷⟶𝒒 ¬ (p → q)

T T T F
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-44

T F F T

F T T F

F F T F

P q ∼𝒒 p  ¬q

T T F T

T F T F

F T F T

F F T T

Do it yourself:

Exercise 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 − 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒

Example:𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟔

8) Show that pq→ p q is a tautology.

(𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) 𝒑∨𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ⟶ 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒
P q

T T T T T

T F F T T

F T F T T

F F F F T

pq→ p q is a tautology.

(Important 5- Marks)

1) Using truth table check whether the statement ¬(𝒑𝑽𝒒)𝑽(¬𝒑𝚲𝐪) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ¬𝒑 are logically
equivalent.

p q ¬𝐩 (𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) (¬𝐩 ∧ 𝐪) ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ∨ (¬𝐩 ∧ 𝐪)

T T F T F F F

T F F T F F F
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-45

F T T T F T T

F F T F T F T

 

From  and  ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ∨ (¬𝐩 ∧ 𝐪) ≡ ¬𝐩

𝟐) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒑 → (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∨ (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫) using truth table

p q r ¬𝐪 ¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫 𝒑 → (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫) ¬𝐩 ∨ (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫) ¬𝐩

T T T F T T T F
T T F F F F F F
T F T T T T T F
F T T F T T T T
F F T T T T T T
F T F F F T T T
T F F T T T T F
F F F T T T T T
 
From  and  𝒑 → (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∨ (¬𝐪 ∨ 𝐫)

Do it yourself:

Exercise 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 − 𝟕(𝒊𝒊𝒊) , Exercise 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏 − 𝟓, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎

Example:𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟗, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕

3) Verify (i) Closure property(ii) commutative property (iii) associative property (iii)
existence of identity (iv) existence of inverse for the following operation on the given
set. 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏 ∈ 𝒛
Sol:
i) 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏 is clearly integer ∴ 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛, ∀𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛 , ∗ is a binary
operation on Z.
ii) 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏
𝒏 ∗ 𝒎 = 𝒏 + 𝒎 − 𝒏𝒎
∴ 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒏 ∗ 𝒎 ∈ 𝒛, ∀𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛 , ∗ is commutative.
iii) (𝒎 ∗ 𝒏) ∗ 𝒑 = (𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏) ∗ 𝒑
= 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏 + 𝒑 − (𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏)𝒑
= 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝒑 − 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒎𝒑 − 𝒏𝒑 + 𝒎𝒏𝒑
(𝒎 ∗ 𝒏) ∗ 𝒑 = 𝒎 ∗ (𝒏 + 𝒑 − 𝒏𝒑)
= 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝒑 − 𝒎(𝒏 + 𝒑 − 𝒏𝒑)
= 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝒑 − 𝒏𝒑 − 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒎𝒑 + 𝒎𝒏𝒑
(𝒎 ∗ 𝒏) ∗ 𝒑 = 𝒎 ∗ (𝒏 ∗ 𝒑)∀ 𝒎, 𝒏, 𝒑 ∈ 𝒛 ,∗ is associative.
iv) let 𝒆 ∈ 𝒛
𝒂 ∗ 𝒆 = 𝒆 ∗ 𝒂 = 𝒂 ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝒛
𝒂 ∗ 𝒆 = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒂 + 𝒆 − 𝒂𝒆 = 𝒂
𝒆(𝟏 − 𝒂) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒆 = 𝟎
∴ 𝟎 ∈ 𝒛 hence, the existence of identity is assured.
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-46

v) Inverse m is n.
𝒎∗𝒏=𝒏∗𝒎=𝒆
𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒆 ⇒ 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒎
𝒏(𝟏 − 𝒎) = −𝒎 ⇒ 𝒏 = −
𝟏−𝒎
Hence, Inverse does not exist in Z.
𝟒)(𝒊)𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑨 𝒃𝒆 ℚ\{𝟏} Define ∗ on A by 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚. Is ∗ 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒏 𝑨 ? If so, examine
the commutative and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on A .(ii) 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑨 𝒃𝒆 ℚ\{𝟏} Define
∗ on A by 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚. Is ∗ 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒏 𝑨 ? If so, examine the existence of identity,
existence of inverse properties for the operation ∗ on A.

Sol:

(i) 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚, 𝑨 = ℚ\{𝟏}

𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑨, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒚 ≠ 𝟏
𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 is a rational.
𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 ≠ 𝟏;, 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 ∈ 𝑨, ∗ 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒏 𝑨
(ii) 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒚 ∗ 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝒚𝒙
∴ 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒚 ∗ 𝒙, ∀𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑨 , ∗ is commutative.
(iii) (𝒙 ∗ 𝒚) ∗ 𝒛 = 𝒙 ∗ (𝒚 ∗ 𝒛)
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛
∗ is associative.
(iv) ∴ 𝟎 ∈ 𝑨 is identity element.
𝒙 −𝒙
(v) 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒙 = (or) ,The inverse property is also satisfied.
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏−𝒙

5) Verify (i) Closure property (ii) associative property (iii) existence of identity (iv) existence
of inverse and (v) commutative property for the operation +𝟓 on 𝒁𝟓 using table
corresponding to addition modulo 5.

Sol: 𝒁𝟓 = {[𝟎], [𝟏], [𝟐], [𝟑], [𝟒]}

+𝟓 [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

[0] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
[1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [0]
[2] [2] [3] [4] [0] [1]
[3] [3] [4] [0] [1] [2]
[4] [4] [0] [1] [2] [3]
i) Elements of the table are in the elements of +𝟓, Closure property is true.
ii) From the table, +𝟓 is associative.
iii) From the table, the entries are symmetrical about the main diagonal. +𝟓 is
commutative.
iv) The identity element is [0]
v) The inverse of [0] is [0], that of [1] is [4], that of [2] is[3], that of [3] is [2], that of [4]
is [1]
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-47

6) Verify (i) Closure property (ii) associative property (iii) existence of identity (iv) existence
of inverse and (v) commutative property for the operation ×𝟏𝟏 on a subset 𝑨=
{𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟗} of the set of remainders {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}

Sol: 𝑨 = {[𝟏], [𝟑], [𝟒], [𝟓], [𝟗]}

𝑿𝟏𝟏 [1] [3] [4] [5] [9]

[1] [1] [3] [4] [5] [9]
[3] [3] [9] [1] [4] [5]
[4] [4] [1] [5] [9] [3]
[5] [5] [4] [9] [3] [1]
[9] [9] [5] [3] [1] [4]
i) Elements of the table are in the elements of A , Closure property is true.
ii) From the table, 𝑿𝟏𝟏 is associative.
iii) From the table, the entries are symmetrical about the main diagonal. 𝑿𝟏𝟏 is
commutative.
iv) The identity element is [1].
v) The inverse of [1] is [1], that of [3] is [4],that of [4] is [3], that of [5] is [9], that of [9]
is [5]
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-48

11.Probability distributions
(Important 5- Marks)
1)A random variable X has the following probability mass function.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) k 2k 6k 5k 6k 10k

Find (i) 𝐏(𝟐 < 𝐗 < 𝟔) (ii) 𝐏(𝟐 ≤ 𝐗 < 𝟓) (𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝐏(𝐗 ≤ 𝟒) (iv) 𝐏(𝟑 < 𝐗)
Sol:
∞

∑ 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝟏 , 𝐤 + 𝟐𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟓𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟏𝟎𝐤 = 𝟏
𝐱=∞
𝟑𝟎 𝐤 = 1 ,
𝟏
𝐤=
𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟕
(i) 𝐏(𝟐 < 𝐗 < 𝟔) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟓) = 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟓𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 =
𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟑
(ii) 𝐏(𝟐 ≤ 𝐗 < 𝟓) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) = 𝟐𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟓𝐤 =
𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟒
(iii)𝐏(𝐗 ≤ 𝟒) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟏) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) = 𝐤 + 𝟐𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟓𝐤 =
𝟑𝟎
𝟐𝟏
(iv) 𝐏(𝟑 < 𝐗) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟓) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟔) = 𝟓𝐤 + 𝟔𝐤 + 𝟏𝟎𝐤 =
𝟑𝟎

2) A random variable X has the following probability mass function.

X 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 𝐤𝟐 2𝐤 𝟐 𝟑𝐤 𝟐 2k 3k
Find (i) 𝐤 =? (ii) 𝐏(𝟐 ≤ 𝐗 < 𝟓) (iii) 𝐏(𝟑 < 𝐗)
Sol:
∞

(𝐢) ∑ 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝟏 , 𝐤𝟐 + 𝟐𝐤𝟐 + 𝟑𝐤𝟐 + 𝟐𝐤 + 𝟑𝐤 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝐤𝟐 + 𝟓𝐤 = 𝟏

𝐱=∞

𝟔𝐤 𝟐 + 𝟓𝐤 − 𝟏 = 𝟎,
𝟏
𝐤 = (or)-1 ,
𝟔
𝟏
𝐤=
𝟔

𝟏𝟕
(𝒊𝒊)𝐏(𝟐 ≤ 𝐗 < 𝟓) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) = 𝟐𝐤 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐤 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐤 =
𝟑𝟔
𝟓
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐏(𝟑 < 𝐗) = 𝐏(𝐗 > 𝟑) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟓) = 𝟐𝐤 + 𝟑𝐤 =
𝟔

Do it yourself:
Exercise 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝟒
Exercise 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑 − 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-49

𝟑) The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

𝟎, − ∞ < 𝐱 < −𝟏
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓, −𝟏≤𝐱<𝟎
𝟎. 𝟑𝟓, 𝟎≤𝐱<𝟏
𝐅(𝐱) =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎, 𝟏≤𝐱<𝟐
Find(i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝐏(𝐗 < 𝟏) (iii)𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟐)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓, 𝟐≤𝐱<𝟑
{ 𝟏, 𝟑≤𝐱<∞
Sol:
(i) The probability mass function
X -1 0 1 2 3
F(X) 0.15 0.35 0.60 0.85 1
P(X=x) 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.15
(ii) 𝐏(𝐗 < 𝟏) = 𝐏(𝐗 = −𝟏) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
(iii)𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟐) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎

4) The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

𝟎, −∞<𝐱<𝟎
𝟏
, 𝟎≤𝐱<𝟏
𝟐
𝟑
, 𝟏≤𝐱<𝟐
𝟓
𝐅(𝐱) = 𝟒 Find(i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝐏(𝐗 < 𝟑)
, 𝟐≤𝐱<𝟑
𝟓
𝟗
, 𝟑≤𝐱<𝟒
𝟏𝟎
{ 𝟏, 𝟒≤𝐱<∞
(iii)𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟐)
Sol:
(i) The probability mass function
X 0 1 2 3 4
F(X) 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 1
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
P(X=x) 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
(ii) 𝐏(𝐗 < 𝟑) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟎) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟏) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) =
𝟏𝟎
+ 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
(iii)𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟐) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) + 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒) =
𝟏𝟎
+ 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓
−𝒙

5) The probability density function of X is given by 𝒇(𝒙) = {

𝒌𝒆 𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
Find (i) the value of k (ii) the distribution function (iii) 𝑷(𝟑 < 𝑿) (iii)𝑷(𝟓 ≤ 𝑿)
(iv)𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝟒)
Sol:
−𝐱 −𝐱 ∞
∞ ∞ 𝟏
(i) f(x) is probability density function, ∫−∞ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝟏 , ∫𝟎 𝐤𝐞 𝟑 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟏 , 𝐤 [−𝟑𝐞 𝟑 ] , 𝐤 =
𝟑 𝟎

𝟎 ,𝐱 ≤ 𝟎
(ii) The distribution function ,𝐅(𝐱) = { −𝐱
𝟏−𝐞 𝟑 ,𝐱 > 𝟎
(iii) 𝐏(𝐗 < 𝟑) = 𝐅(𝟑) = 𝟏 − 𝐞−𝟏
−𝟓 −𝟓
(iv) 𝐏(𝟓 ≤ 𝐗) = 𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟓) = 𝟏 − 𝐅(𝟓) = 𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝐞 𝟑 ) = 𝐞 𝟑
−𝟒
(V) 𝐏(𝐗 ≤ 𝟒) = 𝐅(𝟒) = 𝟏 − 𝐞 𝟑
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-50

10.Ordinary Differential Equations

(Important 5- Marks)
1)The growth of a population is 2) A radioactive isotope has an initial mass
proportional to the number present. If the 200mg, which two years later is 50mg. Find the
population of a colony doubles in 50 years, expression for the amount of the isotope
in how many years will the population remaining at any time. what is its half-life?
become triple?
t(year) 0 2 ?
T 0 50 ?
x(mass) 200 150 100
𝒙 𝒙𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕
= 𝒌𝒙;
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒌𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎;
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎
𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎
𝒙𝟎 = 𝑪 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟎 ; 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟐𝒌
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟎 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝟓𝟎𝒌 𝒆𝟐𝒌 = =
𝒆𝟓𝟎𝒌 = 𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝟑
𝟓𝟎𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏 𝟒
𝟏
𝒌= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟓𝟎 𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟎 𝟒
𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟎 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝒕𝒌 𝟑 𝟐
𝒕𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏 𝟒
𝒕
𝒕 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝒆 𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕
𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 ( ) 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝟑 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ( )
3) In a murder investigation, a corpse was 𝟒
found by a detective at exactly 8 p.m. Being 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕
alert, the detective also measured the body 𝟑 𝟐
temperature and found it to be 70F. Two 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ( )
𝟒
hours later, the detective measured the 𝒕 𝟑 𝟏
body temperature again and found it to be 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
60F. If the room temperature is 50F, and 𝟏
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝟐
assuming that the body temperature of the 𝒕= 𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
person before was 98.6F,at what time did 𝟒

the murder occur? [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐. 𝟒𝟑) = 4) A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which
𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟗; 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟎. 𝟓) = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓] 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine runs in a
rate of 10 litres per minute. And each litre
? 8.P.M 10P.M contains 5grams of dissolved salt. The mixture
of tank is kept uniform by stirring. Brine runs
t ? 0 2 out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of
T 98.6 70 60 salt at any time t.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝑻 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒙
= 𝒌(𝑻 − 𝟓𝟎), ; 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒙
𝑻 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒅𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟕𝟎; ⟹ 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝒄𝒆−.𝟎𝟏𝒕
𝟕𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎𝑻 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕 ∵ 𝒄 = −𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 ∵ 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝒕
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-51

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟐; 𝑻 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝒕

𝟔𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝒆𝟐𝒌
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝒆𝟐𝒌
𝟏 6)A tank initially 50 litres of pure water,
𝒆𝟐𝒌 = Starting at time t=0 a brine containing with 2
𝟐
𝟏 grams of dissolved salt per litre flows into the
𝟐𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) tank at the rate 3 litres per minute . The
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 mixture is kept uniform by stirring and well-
𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) stirred mixture simultaneously flows out the
𝟐 𝟐
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 tank at the same rate. Find the amount of salt
𝒕 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
present in the tank at any time 𝒕 > 𝟎.
𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝒆𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝟖. 𝟔 𝒕 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑
= 𝒆𝟐 𝟐 =𝟔− , = − (𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝟓𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝟓𝟎
𝟑
∴ 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝒆−𝟓𝟎 𝒕
𝒕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒𝟖. 𝟔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟎
∵( ) = ∴ 𝑪 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆 𝟓𝟎
−𝟑𝒕
𝟐 𝟐𝟎
𝒕 𝟏 𝟒𝟖. 𝟔 −𝟑𝒕
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = (𝟏 − 𝒆 𝟓𝟎 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝟎
𝟒𝟖. 𝟔
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒕=𝟐 𝟐𝟎
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐)
𝒕 ≈ −𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 (𝒐𝒓) − 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔
The person was murdered at about;
𝟓. 𝟑𝟎 𝑷. 𝑴
5) The rate of increase in the number of 7) Find the population of a city at any time t,
bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is given that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the number present. Given proportional to the population at that instant
that the number triples in 5 hours, find and that in a period of 40 years the population
how many bacteria will be present after 10 increased from 300000 to 400000.
hours?
𝒕 0 5 10 t 0 40
𝒙 𝒙𝟎 𝟑𝒙 ?
x 3,00,000 4,00,000
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒌𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎 ∴ 𝒄 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝟎 = 𝒄(𝟏) 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟒𝟎𝒌
∴ 𝒄 = 𝒙𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝟒 = 𝟑𝒆𝟒𝟎𝒌
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟓; 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟎 ; 𝟒
𝒆𝟒𝟎𝒌 =
𝟑𝒙𝟎 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝟓𝒌 𝟑
𝟒
𝒆𝟓𝒌 = 𝟑 𝟒𝟎𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟒
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 𝑲= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟐 𝟒𝟎 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟎 (𝒆𝟓𝒌 ) 𝒕 𝟒
= 𝒙𝟎 (𝟑)𝟐 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝟒𝟎 𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟗𝒙𝟎 𝟒 𝒕
= 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ( )
𝟑 𝟒𝟎
8)The equation of electromotive force for 9) The engine of a motor boat moving at 10m/s
an electric circuit containing resistance is shut off. Given that the retardation at any
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-52

and self-inductance is 𝑬 = 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑳
𝒅𝒊 subsequent time equal to the velocity at that
𝒅𝒕 time, Find the velocity after 2vseconds of
where 𝑬 is the electromotive force is given
switching off the engine.
to the circuit, R the resistance and L, the
coefficient of induction. Find the current i T 0 2
at the time when 𝑬 = 𝟎 V 10 ?
𝒅𝒊
𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒕 = −𝒗
𝒅𝒊 𝑹𝒊 𝑬 𝒅𝒕
+ = 𝒗 = 𝑪𝒆−𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝑳 𝑳 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑹 𝑬
𝑹(𝒕) = ; 𝑸(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎
𝑳 𝑳
𝑹𝒕 ∴ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = 𝒆 𝑳 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒆−𝒕
𝑹𝒕 𝑬 𝑹𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒊𝒆 = ∫ 𝒆 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒄
𝑳 𝑳 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒆−𝟐
𝑹𝒕
𝑬 𝒆𝑳 11) Assume that the rate at which radioactive
= +𝒄 nuclei decay is proportional to the number of
𝑳 𝑹
𝑳 such nuclei that are present in a given sample.
𝑹𝒕 𝑬 𝑹𝒕 In a certain sample 10% of the original
𝒊𝒆 = 𝒆𝑳 +𝒄 number of radioactive nuclei have undergone
𝑳 𝑹
𝑬 𝑹𝒕 disintegration in a period of 100 years. What
𝒊 = + 𝑪𝒆 𝑳
𝑹 percentage of the original radioactive nuclei
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟎 remain after 1000 years?
−𝑹𝒕
𝒊 = 𝟎 + 𝑪𝒆 𝑳
−𝑹𝒕 T 0 1.5 1000
𝒊 = 𝑪𝒆 𝑳 X 𝒙𝟎 𝟗𝟎%𝒙𝟎 ?
10) Suppose a person deposits 10000 Indian 𝒅𝒙
rupees in a bank account at the rate of 5% = 𝒌𝒙
𝒅𝒕
per annum compounded continuously. 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒆𝒌𝒕
How much money will be in his bank 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎
account 18 m0nths later? 𝒙𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎
𝒙𝟎 = 𝑪
T 0 1.5 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕
X 10,000 ? 𝟗
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝟎
𝟗
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒕 ∴ 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 =
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎;
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎 𝒙(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
/𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 Percentage; = 𝒙(𝟎) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒕 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒙𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟓(𝟏.𝟓) 𝟏𝟎
= (𝒆𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟓
𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟏𝟎
= ( ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟖 %
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

12) Water at temperature 100C cools in 10 13) At 10.00 A.M a woman took a cup of hot
minutes to 80C in a room temperature of instant coffee from her microwave oven and
25C.Find (i)The temperature of water placed it on a nearby Kitchen counter to cool.
after 20minutes, (ii)The time when the At this instant the temperature of this coffee
temperature is 40C was 180F, and 10 minutes later it was
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-53

𝟏𝟏 160F.Assume that constant temperature of the

[𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟏; 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒]
𝟏𝟓 kitchen was 70F.(i)What was the temperature
of the coffee at 10.15 A.M ?(ii)The women likes
T 0 10 20 ?
to drink coffee when its temperature is
between 130F and 140F between what times
T 100 80 ? 40 should she have drunk the coffee?.
𝒅𝑻
∝ (𝑻 − 𝟐𝟓)
𝒅𝒕 t 0 10 15 ?
𝑻 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 T 130 160 ? 130-140
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝑪𝒆𝟎
∴ 𝑪 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝒕
∝ (𝑻 − 𝟕𝟎)
𝒅𝑻
𝑻 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝒅𝑻
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟖𝟎 = −𝒌(𝑻 − 𝟕𝟎)
𝒅𝒕
𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 𝑻 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝟓𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟏
𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝒄𝒆𝟎
𝟏𝟓 ∴ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝒌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐓 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝐞𝐤𝐭
𝟏𝟓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎
(𝒊)𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌
𝑻 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓𝒆𝟐𝟎𝒌 𝟗
𝟐
𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟕𝟓(𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒌 ) 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 =
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏(𝒊)𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓
= 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟕𝟓 ( ) 𝑻 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟏𝟓𝒌
𝟏𝟓
𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟑𝟑℃ 𝟑

(𝒊𝒊)𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎 = 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝟎(𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒌 )𝟐
𝟑
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓𝒆𝒌𝒕 𝟗 𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝟎 ( )
𝒆𝒌𝒕 = = 𝟏𝟏
𝟕𝟓 𝟓 𝑻 = 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒
𝟏 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟒
𝒌𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟓 𝑻 ≃ 𝟏𝟓𝟏℉
𝟏 (𝒊𝒊)𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝟔𝟎 𝟔
𝟏𝟓 = 𝒆𝒌𝒕 = =
= 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
14)A pot of boiling water at 100C is 𝟔
removed from a stove at time t=0 in the 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏𝟏)
kitchen. After 5 minutes, the water 𝑻=
𝟏𝟏
temperature has decreased to 80C,and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟗
another 5 minutes later it has dropped to 𝟏𝟎(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒)
65C.Determine the temperature of the =−
𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕
kitchen. 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟒𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕
T 0 5 10 𝟕𝟎 𝟕
𝒆𝒌𝒕 = =
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
T 100 82 65 𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒕
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻 𝒆 =
∝ (𝑻 − 𝑨), = −𝒌(𝑻 − 𝑨) 𝟕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟏
−𝒌𝒕
𝑻 − 𝑨 = 𝑪𝒆 , 𝒕 = 𝟎; 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 vdpy; 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟕 ) 𝟏𝟎(𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕)
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑨 = 𝑪𝒆° = 𝑪(𝟏) = 𝑪 𝟏𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟗 )
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-54

∴ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑨 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑴 between 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝑨𝑴 should she

𝒕 = 𝟓; 𝑻 = 𝟖𝟎 vdpy; 𝟔𝟓 − 𝑨 = 𝑪𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒌 have drunk the coffee
−𝟓𝒌 𝟐
𝟖𝟎 − 𝑨 𝟐
𝟔𝟓 − 𝑨 = 𝑪(𝒆 ) = 𝑪 ( )
𝑪
𝟐
𝟖𝟎 − 𝑨 𝟖𝟎 − 𝑨 𝟐
𝟔𝟓 − 𝑨 = ( ) =( )
𝑪 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑨
(𝟔𝟓 − 𝑨)(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑨) = (𝟖𝟎 − 𝑨)𝟐 ,
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎℃

7.Applications of Differential Calculus

(Important 5- Marks)
1)Find the angle between the curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝟐)Find the angle between the curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
and 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 and 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 at their points of intersection
(0,0) and (1,1)

𝟑 𝟗
Point of intersection is (𝟐 , 𝟒)
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚
𝒎𝟏 = ( ) 𝟑 𝟗 = 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 ( , ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧(𝟎, 𝟎) and; (𝟏, 𝟏).
𝟐𝟒
𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝟏 = | |
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
= 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝑨𝒕(𝟎, 𝟎), 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝟏 =
𝒅𝒚 𝟎
𝒎𝟐 = ( ) 𝟑 𝟗 = −𝟑 −𝟏 (∞)
𝝅
𝒅𝒙 ( , ) ∴ 𝜽𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐𝟒 𝟐
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = | |= 𝑨𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟏) 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟐; 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝟒 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐−𝟐 𝟑
∴ 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) ∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝟐 = | |=
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 + (𝟐)(𝟐)
𝟑
∴ 𝜽𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟒

𝟑)𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and; 𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐬𝐞 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 − 𝒅 intersect each other and hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 intersect
orthogonally.
orthogonally.
𝐀𝐭 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖
𝒅𝒚 𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝒙𝟎 𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒃𝒚𝟎 ÷ 𝟖, + = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒂 = ,𝒃 =
𝟎 𝟖 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒄𝒙
𝒄𝒙𝟎 𝟐 + 𝒅𝒚𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒅𝒚𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒
𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
Cuts orthogonally, ÷ 𝟒, − = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒄 = ,𝒅 = −
−𝒂𝒙𝟎 −𝒄𝒙𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 ⇒ ( )×( )=𝟏
𝒃𝒚𝟎 𝒅𝒚𝟎
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-55

⇒ 𝒂𝒄𝒙𝟎 𝟐 + 𝒃𝒅𝒚𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎 (𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and; 𝒙𝟐 +

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒂 − 𝒄)𝒙𝟎 𝟐 + (𝒃 − 𝒅)𝒚𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 − 𝒅 intersect each other
𝒂−𝒄 𝒃−𝒅
𝒂𝒄
=
𝒃𝒅
orthogonally)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟖−𝟐=𝟒+𝟐 ⇒𝟔 =𝟔
⇒ − = − Hence, Given curves cut orthogonally.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅

𝟓) Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a 6)A steel plant is capable of producing x
rate of 30 cubic meter per minute forming a tonnes per day of low-grade steel, where 𝒚 =
conical pile with a circular base whose height 𝟒𝟎−𝟓𝒙
. If the fixed market price of low-grade
and diameter of base are always equal. How 𝟏𝟎−𝒙
steel is half that of high-grade steel, then
fast is the height of the file increasing when
what should be optimal productions in low-
the pile is 10 m high?
grade steel and high-grade steel in order to
have maximum receipts.
𝐥𝐨𝐰 − 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = 𝒑
high-grade steel= 𝟐𝒑
𝟒𝟎−𝟓𝒙
𝑹 = 𝑷𝒙 + 𝟐𝒑𝒚 ⇒ 𝒑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒑 ( )
h 𝟏𝟎−𝒙
𝒅𝑹 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖𝟎
= 𝒑[ ]
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙)𝟐
r 𝒅𝟐 𝑹 𝟒𝟎
𝟐
=−
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙)𝟑
At time t, In a Cone Height -h,Raduis-r 𝒅𝑹
and Volume-V Given 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒓. = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 ± 𝟐√𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐√𝟓
= 𝟑𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝑹
𝒅𝒕 ; 𝒅𝒙𝟐 < 𝟎, 𝑹 will be maximum
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐√𝟓; 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝟓 − √𝟓.
𝟑
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒉 Do it yourself:
= 𝝅𝒉
𝒅𝒕 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 Exercise-10,8,1012,11,6,5
𝒅𝒉 𝟏 Example:7.62,7.63,7.65
= 𝟒 × 𝟑𝟎 ×
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅 Exercise-7.2-8,9
𝒅𝒉 𝟔
∴ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟓𝝅 ; Example-7.13,7.7

Trace the 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟏
𝒚 = − (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)
curve 𝒚= 𝒚= 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Diagram

Domain, Domain: Domain: 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: 𝑹

Range; 𝑹 − {𝟏} 𝑹 − {−𝟏, 𝟏} Range :𝑹
𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: 𝑹 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: 𝑹
Intercepts x – Intercept=0,3 x - Intercepts =0 x - Intercepts =2,1
y - Intercepts =0 y - Intercepts =0 y - Intercepts =−
𝟐
𝟑

Critical 𝒙=𝟏 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟏 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟏

Points
 12th Maths/100% Pass Material/CEO VPM/P-56

Local NO NO At 𝒙 = 𝟏, local
extrema maximum; 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎

At 𝒙 = −𝟏,local
𝟒
minimum, 𝒇(−𝟏) = − 𝟑
Concavity For (−∞, 𝟏), For(−𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, ∞), 𝒇′′ (𝒙) > 𝟎 For(−∞, 𝟎), 𝒇′′ (𝒙) > 𝟎
Concave up Concave up Concave up
For(−∞, −𝟏), (𝟎, 𝟏), 𝒇′′ (𝒙) <
For (𝟏, ∞), 𝟎 For(𝟎, ∞), 𝒇′′ (𝒙) < 𝟎
Concave down Concave down Concave down

Points of NO (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝟐
inflection (𝟎, − )
𝟑
Asymptotes 𝒙=𝟏 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟏 NO
Vertical asymptotes Vertical asymptotes
Trace the 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗
curve

Diagram

Domain Domain;:(−∞, ∞) Domain:(−∞, ∞)

Range 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: (−∞, ∞)
𝟐𝟓
𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: 𝒚 ≥ −
𝟒
Intercepts x - Intercept =−𝟐, 𝟑 x- Intercept=𝟑
y - Intercept=−𝟔 y - Intercept =−𝟗

Critical 𝟏 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐)

Points 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝒙 = ±√𝟐
Local For 𝒙 = 𝟏/𝟐 For 𝒙 = √𝟐, 𝒇′′ (𝒙) > 𝟎
extrema Local minimum Local minimum
𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝒇(√𝟐) = −𝟒√𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒇( ) = −
𝟐 𝟒 Local maximum
𝒙 = −√𝟐, 𝒇′′ (𝒙) < 𝟎
𝒇(√𝟐) = 𝟒√𝟐 − 𝟗
Concavity Concave up in 𝑹 𝐅𝒐𝒓 (𝟎, ∞) Concave up
For (−∞, 𝟎) Concave down

Points of NO (𝟎, −𝟗)

inflection
Points of NO NO
inflection