21EE1002 HYBRID ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LT PC

3003
OBJECTIVES:
● To provide knowledge about different types of hybrid energy systems.
● To analyze the various electrical Generators used for the Wind Energy Conversion Systems
● To design the power converters used in SPV Systems.
● To analyze the various power converters used in hybrid energy systems and to understand the
importance of standalone and grid-connected operation in Hybrid renewable energy systems.
● To design the power converters used in SPV Systems
● To analyze the performance of the various hybrid energy systems

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Hybrid Energy Systems – Need for Hybrid Energy Systems – Solar-Wind-Fuel Cell Diesel, Wind-
Biomass-Diesel, Micro-Hydel-PV, Ocean and geyser energy -Classification of Hybrid Energy
systems – Importance of Hybrid Energy systems –Advantages and Disadvantages - Environmental
aspects of renewable energy -Impacts of renewable energy generation on the environment - Present
Indian and international energy scenario of conventional and RE sources - Ocean energy, Hydel
Energy – Wind Energy, Biomass energy, Hydrogen energy - Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cells:
Operating principles and characteristics.
UNIT - II ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR 9
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)

Review of reference theory fundamentals –Construction, Principle of operation and analysis:

Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG), Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) - Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG).
UNIT - III POWER CONVERTERS AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS 9
Power Converters for SPV Systems - Line commutated converters (inversion-mode)- Boost and
buck- boost converters- selection of inverter, battery sizing, array sizing - Analysis of SPV Systems
– Block diagram of the solar PV systems - Types of Solar PV systems: Stand-alone PV systems.
UNIT - IV ANALYSIS OF POWER CONVERTERS FOR HYBRID 9
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Introduction to Power Converters – Stand-alone Converters -AC-DC-AC converters: uncontrolled
rectifiers, PWM Inverters - Bi-Directional Converters - Grid-Interactive Inverters - Matrix converter
– Merits and Limitations.

UNIT - V CASE STUDIES FOR HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Hybrid Systems- Range and type of Hybrid systems – Performance Analysis – Cost Analysis – Case
studies of Diesel-PV, Wind-PV-Fuel-cell, Micro-hydel-PV, Biomass Diesel-Fuel-cell systems.

45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Analyze the impacts of hybrid energy technologies on the environment and demonstrate them
to harness electrical power.
2. Select a suitable Electrical machine for Wind Energy Conversion Systems and simulate
wind energy conversion system.
3. Design the power converters such as AC-DC, DC-DC, and AC-AC converters for SPV
systems.
4. Analyze the power converters such as AC-DC, DC-DC, and AC-AC converters for Hybrid
energy systems
5. Interpret the hybrid renewable energy system
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bahman Zohuri, ―Hybrid Energy Systems‖, Springer, First Edition, 2018.
2. S.M. Muyeen, ―Wind Energy Conversion Systems‖, Springer First Edition, 2012
3. Md. Rabiul Islam, Md. Rakibuzzaman Shah, Mohd Hasan Ali, "Emerging Power
Converters for Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles", CRC Press, First Edison, 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Ernst Joshua, Wind Energy Technology, PHI, India, 2018, 3rd Edition.
2. S.N.Bhadra, D. Kastha, & S. Banerjee ―Wind Electrical Systems‖, Oxford University Press,
7th Impression, 2005
3. Rashid.M. H ―Power electronics Hand book‖, Academic press, 4th Edition, 2018.
4. Rai. G.D, ―Non-conventional energy sources‖, Khanna publishers, 6th Edition, 2017.
5. Gray, L. Johnson, ―Wind energy system‖, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition, 2006.
WEB REFERENCES:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hybrid-energy-system
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/wind-energy-conversionsystem
ONLINE COURSES / RESOURCES:
1. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64317
 UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS
PART-A 2 marks
1. Discuss the role of renewable source. [BL1]
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Ex:wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power

2. List various renewable energy resources. [BL1]

Solar energy, Wind energy, Biomass, Geothermal energy, Ocean energy, Tidal PowerOcean
Wave Power, Ocean Thermal energy conversion
3. Discriminate spring and neap tides? [BL2]
The difference between spring and neap tides is that spring tides are much higher than
normal and neap tides are lower than normal. Spring tides occur because of the combinedeffects of
the sun and moon, whereas neap tides happen when the sun and the moon are atright angle.

4. Explain the principle of power generation using tides? [BL2]

Tide or wave is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. Tides occur due to the
attraction of sea water by the moon. Tides contain large amount of potential energy which is used
for power generation. When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood tide.When
water level is below the mean level it is called ebb tide.

5. Compose various ocean tidal energy conversion schemes available. [BL1]

Tidal energy – from gravitational fields of sun and moon Thermal energy (OTEC) – from
solar radiation Marine current – by thermal and salinity differences in addition to tidal effects.
Ocean waves – by winds blowing over the ocean surface. Salinity gradient.

6. List out the major factors influencing the amount of GHG emissions. [BL1]
Industrial revolutionsDeforestation Fluorinated gases such as hydro fluorocarbon, per
fluorocarbon, Sulphur hexafluoride Release of Carbon dioxide Depletion of fossil fuel.

7. What is greenhouse effect? [BL2]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) envelope present around the globe in the atmosphere behaves
similar to a glass pane and forms a big global green house. This tends to prevent the escape of heat
from earth, which leads to global warming. This phenomenon is known as greenhouse effect
8. What is mean by global warming? [BL2]
Global warming is the continuing rise in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere
and ocean’s surface due to greenhouse effect

9. What are the advantages of Renewable Energy source? [BL2]

Non-conventional sources are available in nature free of cost. They produce no or little
pollution. Thus by and large, they are environment friendly. They are inexhaustible They have a
low gestation period.
10. What are the limitations of Renewable Energy source? [BL2]
The energy available in dilute form from these sources. Though available freely in nature,
the cost of harnessing energy from a non-conventional source is generally high. Availability is
uncertain; the energy flow depends on various natural phenomena beyond human control.

11. What is meant by commercial energy? [BL2]

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial; energy. The secondary usable energy forms such as electricity, petrol, diesel, gas etc.,
are essential for commercial activities and are categorized as commercial energy resources. The
economy of the country depends on its ability to convert natural raw energy into commercial
energy

12. What is meant by non –commercial energy? [BL2]

The energy derived from nature and used directly without passing through a commercial
outlet is called anon-commercial sources. E.g., wood, animal dung cake, crop residue, etc.,

13. List the non-conventional energy sources. (Nov.2020) [BL2]

Non- conventional energy sources are Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Geothermal. ocean,
hydrogen and biomass.

14. What are the factors causing winds? [BL2]

Winds are caused from two main factors: Heating and cooling of the atmosphere which
generates convection currents. Heating is caused by the absorption of solar energy on the earth’s
surface and in the atmosphere. The rotation of the earth with respect to atmosphere, and its motion
around the sun.

15. What are the features of wind energy? [BL2]

The characteristics of wind energy are: •It is renewable source of energy •Like all forms of
solar energy, wind power systems are non-polluting, so it has no adverse influence on the
environment. Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport. •On a small scale, up to a few
kilowatt system, is less costly

16. Define energy efficiency. [BL2]

It is a measure of how efficiently an appliance, building, organization or country uses
energy. Being energy-efficient is the opposite of wasting energy. It simply means using less energy
to perform an action. An example of an energy-efficient device is the simple light bulb. Traditional
60W incandescent bulb wastes most of its energy in heat, but modern, energy-saving LED light
bulbs use far less energy to create the same amount of light – with 90% of the energy being used for
light.

17. List out the major factors influencing the amount of GHG emissions. [BL1]
• Industrial revolutions
• Deforestation
• Fluorinated gases such as hydro fluorocarbon, per fluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride
• Release of Carbon dioxide
• Depletion of fossil fuels
18. Give any two environmental aspect of electric energy conversion. [BL1]
• Increased atmospheric pollution
• Depletion of fossil fuels
• Reduction in sustainable development.

19. What is SOFC? State its limitations. [BL2]

A solid oxide fuel cell (or SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces
electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material;
the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte. Advantages of this class of fuel cells include high
efficiency, long-term stability, fuel flexibility, low emissions, and relatively low cost. The largest
disadvantage is the high operating temperature which results in longer start-up times and mechanical
and chemical compatibility issues.

20. List the limitations of Tidal energy. [BL1]

• Variations in tidal range cause the output to not uniformed throughout the day.
• Because of the variation of headwater throughout the day, the plants effectiveness is
slightly compromised.
• Maintenance of machinery is difficult when preformed underwater or at sea.
• Construction of a solid tidal dam is difficult with tide changes.
• The corrosives nature of seawater is proven to corrode untreated modern machinery.
• Tidal fences in order to mitigate fish migration would be difficult to construct and maintain.
• Generation posts are usually far away from collection stations, leading to high cost of
transmission lines.
• Tidal is a time-specific base load, meaning it cannot conform to peak demands.
21. Compose various ocean tidal energy conversion schemes available. [BL3]
• Tidal energy – from gravitational fields of sun and moon
• Thermal energy (OTEC) – from solar radiation
• Marine current – by thermal and salinity differences in addition to tidal effects.
• Ocean waves – by winds blowing over the ocean surface.
• Salinity gradient
22. Discuss about anaerobic digestion? And its advantages. [ BL2]
Anaerobic digestion is the natural breakdown of organic materials into methane and carbon
dioxide gas and fertilizer. This takes place naturally, or in an anaerobic digester. The process is used
for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce fuels. Much of the fermentation
used industrially to produce food and drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses anaerobic
digestion.
Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion
1. It is a net energy producing process which produces renewable energy in the form of
biogas.
2. It produces a liquid and a fibrous fertilizer.
3. It sanitizes the feedstock/ waste which is put through it, as long as the temperature is held
above a required temperature for a pre-defined time period.
4. It reduces odour below unprocessed waste odour levels.
5. It is much less likely to cause environmental pollution than spreading untreated organic
waste on land.
 6. The effect of the fertilizer is longer lasting than for untreated organic waste.

23. Discuss how to use hydrogen energy to generate electric power? [BL3]

Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel when burned with oxygen or used in a contained cell.
It often uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric
devices. Hydrogen gas is so light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure
form, H2. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen
(O2) to form water (H2O) and releases energy. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) The energy released
enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In an electrochemical cell, that energy can be used with relatively
high efficiency. If it simply is used for heat, the usual thermodynamics limits on the thermal
efficiency apply.

24. Summarize the factors influencing solar power extraction? [ BL2]

• Cable Thickness
• Temperature
• Shading
• Charge Controller and Solar Cell’s IV Characteristics
• Inverter Efficiency
• Battery Efficiency

25.Identify the limitation of solar power. [BL2]

The chief limitations of solar energy include an inability to generate power at night, an
inability to ramp up power production to meet demand, and the cost of solar panels. Transferring the
electricity from areas where solar is more efficient to other areas of the planet is also a problem.

26. Classify the types of fuel cell. [R]

• PEMFC, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
• DMFC, Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
• PAFC, Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
• AFC, Alkaline Fuel Cell
• MCFC, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
• SOFC, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
27. List the types of wind turbine and differentiate it [BL1]

S.No HAWT (Horizontal axis turbine) VAWT (Vertical axis turbine)

1. It is used for low power application and use It can accept wind from any direction
yaw control which is widely used. eliminating the need for yaw control.
2. Hawt capture more power than VAWT for The inspection and maintenance is
the same tower height and wind speed easy and cheap. 3 More costly than
VAWT.
3. The gear and generator are located at ground It is less noisy than VAWT It is noisy.
level which simplify the design of tower and
installation cost

28.What is green power? [BL2]

The green power is used to describe the sources of energy which are environmentally
friendly, non-polluting, and having a remedy to effects of pollution and global warming. These
sources are called renewable energy sources such as sun, wind, water, biomass, and waste.

29.What is Hydrogen energy? [BL2]

The hydrogen alone or mixed with natural gas is used in a combustion-based power
generation such as gas turbine for stationary power generation in standalone power plants or in a
fuel cell-based generation unit. Hydrogen is an optimum choice for fuel cell, which are efficient
energy conversion devices. HFI (HYDROGEN FUE CELL) is a cost-effective project to produce
fuel cell vehicles at low cost developed by George Bush in 2003 in US.

30.What are the contributions of GHG Emissions in renewable energy generation? [BL2]
The acceleration of GHG emissions indicates a mounting threat of runaway climate change,
with potentially disastrous human consequences. The utilization of Renewable energy sources
together with improvement of the energy end use efficiency can contribute to the reduction of
primary energy consumption, to the mitigation of GHG emissions and thereby to the prevention of
dangerous climate change.

PART-B & C (13-marks and 16-marks )

1. Explain the impact of renewable energy generation on environment in detail. [BL2]
2. How does environment get affected by the use of the renewable energy? and also discuss
GHG emissions from the various energy sources. [BL2]
3. Discuss the influence of different renewable energy sources with special reference to the
global warming context. [BL6]
4. Describe the consequences of greenhouse effect. [BL2]
5. Explain the working principle of various types of concentrating solar collectors with neat
sketch. [BL4]
6. Compare the power extraction aspects of solar PV system with wind energy system. [BL4]
7. Describe various types of wave energy conversion device and explain how to generate
electrical power from waves. [BL4]
8. Describe the principle of generation of Bio gas and mention the factors affecting its
generation. [BL2]
9. Explain the design and principle of operation of general Fuel cell and Fossil Fuel cell. [BL2]
10. Enumerate the prospects of ocean and biomass energy. [BL4]
11. What are the types of ocean thermal energy conversion power plants? Describe in detail the
Anderson OTEC cycle. [BL2]
12. What is Hydrogen energy? Explain the operation of Hydrogen energy system with a neat
schematic. [BL2]
13. Explain the following with neat schematic. i. Wind energy conversion system ii. Energy
from the Ocean. [BL2]
14. Explain in details about the Geothermal Energy sources. [BL2]
15. Compose the necessity of sustainable design and development for the prosper growth of
human life in the world. [BL6]
16. Examine the impact of environmental consequences of fossil fuel usage [BL5]
17. Criticize the energy planning issues aiming to bridge the gap between the energy demand and
supply situation in India [BL5]

UNIT - II ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR

WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)

PART A-2 marks

1. What is the application of reference theory? [BL2]

• Reference frame theory is used to eliminate Rotor Position Dependence Inductances and
Capacitances
• Transforms Nonlinear Systems to Linear Systems for Certain Cases
• Fundamental Tool for Rigorous Development of Equivalent Circuits
• Can Be Used to Make AC Quantities Become DC Quantities
• Used as a Framework for Most Controllers

2. Explain the principle of operation of induction generators? [BL2]

An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of AC electrical generator that

uses the principle of induction motors to produce power. Induction generators operate by
mechanically turning their rotor in generator mode, giving negative slip. In most cases, a regular
AC asynchronous motor is used as a generator, without any internal modifications.

3. Distinguish between induction generator and synchronous generator. [BL2]

S.No Synchronous generator Induction generator

1. In a synchronous generator, the waveform The output voltage frequency is
of generated voltage is synchronized with regulated by the power system to which
(directly corresponds to) the rotor speed. the induction generator is connected. If
The frequency of output can be given as f induction generator is supplying a
standalone load, the output frequency
 = N * P / 120 Hz. where N is speed of the will be slightly lower (by 2 or 3%) that
rotor in rpm and P is number of poles calculated from the formula
f = N*P / 120
2. Separate DC excitation system is required If an induction generator is meant to
in an alternator (synchronous generator). supply a standalone load, a capacitor
Induction generator takes reactive power bank needs to be connected to supply
from the power system for field excitation reactive power
3. Brushes are required in synchronous Construction of induction generator is
generator to supply DC voltage to the rotor less complicated as it does not require
for excitation. brushes and slip ring arrangement.

4. Show the merits of DFIG over SCIG for wind energy conversion? [BL2]

An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of AC electrical generator that

uses the principles of induction motors to produce power. Induction generators operate by
mechanically turning their rotor in generator mode, giving negative slip. It is of two types:
1. SCIG (Squirrel cage IG) 2. DFIG (Doubly fed IG)

The DFIG consists of a stator connected directly to grid and a rotor via slip rings is connected to
grid through four- quadrant ac-to-dc converter based on insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).
The merits of this system are:
(i) Reduced inverter cost, because inverter rating is typically 30% of total system
power.
(ii) Improved system efficiency.
(iii) Power-factor control can be implemented at lower cost.
(iv) It has a complete control of active and reactive power

5. Define Clarke transformation. [BL1]

The inverse transformation from the dq0 frame to the natural abc frame is called the Clarke
Transform, it is interesting to note that the 0-component above is the same as the zero sequence
component in the symmetrical components transform. For example, for voltages Ua, Ub and Uc,
the zero-sequence component for both the dq0 and symmetrical components transforms.
6. Define Park transformation [BL1]

The dq0 transform (often called the Park transform) is a space vector 35 transformation of
three-phase time-domain signals from a stationary phase coordinate system (ABC) to a rotating
coordinate system (dq0).
The transform applied to time-domain voltages in the natural frame (i.e. ua, ub and uc) is as
follows

Delta A is an initial phase shift of the voltage.

7. Why are induction generators preferred over dc generators in WECS. [BL2]

The system reliability will increase by elimination of the gear boxes and the power
electronic converters by using an IG. Also, the system efficiency will increase because the
losses in the gear box and powerelectronic converters are eliminated.

8. Compare the PMSG and IG used in WECS? [BL2]

For a sudden blow of wind, the torque to the generator is increased, this windleads to large
stresses on the wind turbine’s drive train. However, IG allows a small change of speed with the
change of torque goingto the generator and lower stresses/tear and wear of the drive train.As the
IG and the PMSG machine have similar Stator, the cost difference is mainly due to the rotor.
PMSG generators have higher efficiency so the higher material cost may be somewhat
compensated for the extra electricity generated. But the inductive power factor of the induction
generators requires capacitors for power factor correction and mayincreases the overall cost of the
IG.
Hence the advantage of IG and PMSG depends on the application and differ from case to case.
9. Show the merits of PMSG for WECS? [BL2]

IG and PMSG generators are both intended for fixed speed operations. When the PMSG
generator is connected to the grid, the speed is determined by the grid frequency and is constant.
So, if the torque to the generator is increased (sudden blow 36 of wind), the generator will produce
electromagnetic force to resist an increase in speed. So, a blow of wind leads to large stresses on the
wind turbine’s drive train.
However, IG allows a small change of speed with the change of torque going to the
generator and lower stresses/tear and wear of the drive train. As the IG and the PMSG machine
have similar Stator, the cost difference is mainly due to the rotor.
The PM’s cost is always going to be more than that of aluminum and one can see that
the cost of the induction generator is expected to be much lower than the PMSG generators for the
same power rating.
But PMSG generators have higher efficiency so the higher material cost may be
somewhat compensated for the extra electricity generated. Also, inductive power factor of the
induction generators requires capacitors for power factor correction and may increases the overall
cost of the IG.

10. Differentiate between synchronous generator and PMSG. [BL2]

A synchronous generator is essentially the same machine as a synchronous motor. The

magnetic field of the rotor is supplied by direct current or permanent magnets. If it is supplied by
permanent magnet, it is called PM SG. If the field is supplied by a dc supply it is called a synchronous
generator. Brushes are required in synchronous generator to supply DC voltage to the rotor(field)
for excitation. In both cases it is a synchronous generator because the waveform of generated voltage
is synchronized with (directly corresponds to) the rotor speed. The frequency of output can be given
as f = N * P / 120 Hz. where N is speed of the rotor in rpm and P is number of poles.

11. What is the principle of DFIG? [BL2]

The wind power captured by the turbine is converted into electric power by the IG and is
transferred to grid by stator and rotor windings. The control system gives the pitch angle command
and the voltage commands to control the power of the wind turbine, DC bus voltage and reactive
power or voltage at grid terminals. Bus voltage and reactive power or voltage at grid terminals.
When the rotor speed is greater than the rotating magnetic field from stator, the stator induces a
strong current in the rotor. The faster the rotor rotates, the more power will be transferred as an
electromagnetic force to the stator, and in turn converted to electricity which is fed to the electric
grid. With the DFIG, slip control is provided by the rotor and grid side converters. At high rotor
speeds, the slip power is recovered and delivered to the grid, resulting in high overall system
efficiency.

12. Differentiate between SCIG and DFIG. [BL2]

S.No (SCIGs) ( DFIGs)

1. Stator converter controlled The doubly fed induction induction generators
 induction generator (SCIG ) are are also called wound rotor induction
those which have a Full power generators (WRIGs), They are provided with
bidirectional (four- quadrant (AC- three phase winding on the rotor and on the
AC) PWM static converters as a stator. They may be supllied with energy at
soft interface between squirrel both rotor and stator terminals.
cage rotor induction generator and
power grid.

2. Four-quadrant PWM static They provides constant (or controlled)

converters may be of cascaded voltage Vs and frequency f1 power through
(indirect) type or of direct (matrix) the stator, while the rotor issupplied through
type allow variable speed a staticpower converter at variable voltage Vr
operation of the SCIG and frequency f. WRIG is adequate in
applications with limited speed control.
3. The cascaded AC–AC PWM For operation at the power grid,
converter provides for smooth synchronization is required. The whole
motor starting and then motoring synchronization process ISCONTROLLED
or generating to the power grid. by the static power converter without any
The standard synchronization special intervention by the prime mover’s
sequence isfully eliminated. governor.
Safe and soft connection and
disconnection to the power system
areinherently available.
4. Up to ±100% reactive power The WRIG was proven to be reliable for
exchange withthe power grid is delivering power at variable speed with
available, which eliminates the very fast decoupled active and reactive
external capacitor bank control in industry up to 400 MW/unit

13. List the different methods of generating synchronous electrical power. [BL1]
S.No Rotor Transmission Generator
1 Variable pitch Constant Fixed ratio gear AC Generator
Speed
2. Variable pitch Constant Two speed ratio gear AC Generator
Speed
3. Fixed pitch Constant Fixed ratio gear AC generator
speed
4. Fixed pitch Variable Fixed ratio gear AC generator /DC
speed Motor/AC generator
5. Fixed pitch Variable Fixed ratio gear DC generator/Rectifier
speed /DC Motor/AC generator
6. Fixed pitch Variable Fixed ratio gear DC generator/Rectifier
speed /Inverter
7. Fixed pitch Variable Fixed ratio gear Field Modulated
speed Regulator
 8. Fixed pitch Variable Variable ratio gear AC generator
speed

14. Name any four types of generators used in wind energy conversion systems. [BL1]
Induction generator, Permanent Magnet synchronous generator, Squirrel cage induction generator,
doubly
fed induction generator
15. What are the merits of squirrel cage induction generator for wind energy
conversion? [BL2]

• The low cost and low maintenance requirements of induction generators.

• Another advantage is that it can be on the ground, completely separate from the wind
machine. If there is a problem in the converter, it could be switched out of the circuit for
repair and the wind machine could continue to run at constant speed.
16. Define reference theory. [BL1]
The reference frame theory is a powerful tool for the analysis of electrical machines
and it helps in the design of sophisticated control techniques. By using the reference frame
theory, it is possible to transform the phase variable machine description to another
reference frame. Moreover, this theory reduces the complexity involved in the modelling of
electrical machines.
17. Why are induction generators preferred over DC generators in WECS? [BL2]
• Simple and robust construction.
• Can run independently.
• Inexpensive.
• Minimal maintenance.
• Inherent overload protection.
• At high speed, reduces size and weight of machine and filter components

PART B & C (13-marks and 16-marks)

1. Draw the schematic of Permanent Magnet Synchronous generator and explain the
construction and principle of operation in detail. Also discuss the characteristics and issues
briefly. [BL2]
2. Explain the principle of operation and constructional features of squirrel cage induction
generator with a neat diagram. Analyse the merits and demerits of the above. [BL4]
3. Explain construction, principle of working and characteristics of IG with neat sketches. [BL2]
4. Explain the principle of operation of DFIG used for renewable energy conversion. [BL2]
5. Explain machine capacity factor and capacity utilization factor. Explain the principle of
operation of double output induction generator system with neat diagram [BL4]
6. Draw the circuit model of self-excited induction generator and explain the methods used for
steady state analysis. [BL4]
7. Explain about DFIG based energy conversion system [BL2]
8. Explain construction, principle of working and characteristics of SCIG with neat sketches. [BL2]
9. Explain the analysis of Induction Generator used for Wind Energy Conversion System. [BL4]
10. Draw the circuit model of PMSG and explain the methods used for steady state analysis. [BL4]
UNIT - III
POWER CONVERTERS AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS
PART-A (2 marks)
1. Draw and label the block diagram of solar photovoltaic system. [BL2]
Generally there are two types of solar photovoltaic system :
(1) Autonomous solar photovoltaic system (or) Standalone solar photovoltaic system
(2) Grid connected photovoltaic system (a) with battery (b)without batter

2. Discuss the use of line commutated converters in PV system. Draw the schematic
diagram. [BL2]
The line commutated converter is a power conditioner. It is the key link between
the PV array and mains in the grid-connected PV system. It acts as an interface that
converts dc current produced by the solar cells into utility-grade ac current. The basic
diagram for a converter used for power flow control in a photovoltaic system is shown
below
3.Define inversion mode of operation in line commutated inverter. [BL1]

When the thyristor operate at a firing angle greater than 90 degree then its is called inversion
mode of operation in line commutated inverters. A typical grid-connected inverter may use a pulse-
width modulation (PWM) scheme and operate in the range of 2 kHz up to 20 kHz. The driver circuit
has to be changed to shift the firing angle from rectifier operation (0 < α < 90°) to inversion mode
of operation (90 < α < 180°).
4. Summarize the role of capacitor and the minimum value required forthe boost converter
[BL2]

The function of the capacitor C is toprovide the output current to the load when the diode D
is off. The minimum value of this filter capacitance that results in the voltage ripple.

5. Generalize the significance of buck boost converter? [BL2]

• The buck –boost converter operates on the principle of PWM technique uses a
transformer less topology to obtain the output voltage greater
i.e Boost (when D> 0.5) (or) lesser than the input voltage
i.e Buck (or) (when D< 0.5) or equal to the input (at D =0.5).
• The output voltage is negative with respect to the ground.
• The current supplied to the output is discontinuous. Hence a larger filter capacitor
C is used to limit the output voltage ripple.
• It acts as a power conditioner in utility grid-related application by acting as an
interface between ac networks and dc renewable energy sources such as fuel cells
and photovoltaic arrays.
6. Give the schematic diagram of buck boost converter. [BL2]

7. What is battery sizing? (or) Write about the aspects of battery sizing. [BL2]
The battery sizing requires 2 specifications:
1. The full capacity in Ah unit.
2. The usable depth of discharge recommended for that type of battery. eg.Lead acid
battery should not be cycled over their full capacity or else its life will be shortened.
3. The size of battery depend on the total usable capacity needed in Ah.The below formula
is based on a nominal calculation of 12V battery.

When the batteries are connected in series the voltage gets added but the total usable
capacity in Ah remains the same.
 8. Define array sizing. [BL1]
Sizing is about calculating the number of solar modules and battery needed to run the
required no. of appliances. The first step in sizing is to calculate the daily requirement of
electricity of each appliance.

The second step is to determine how much electricity can be produced by one module.

The third step in sizing is to reduce the daily requirement by deciding carefully which appliance
need to be run on solar electricity and for how long the y need to be used per day.

9. Show the weakness involved in sizing the solar arrays. [BL2]

The sizing of a solar photovoltaic system is complicated because the electricity generated
each day depend on the rating of the solar module and on the amount of sunlight reaching the module
through the day. For calculating the daily output of the solar module, we use peak hour per day. The
peak hour is equivalent to the no. of hours of sunlight at an irradiance of 1000W/m2.
The weakness in determining the average output of a module using maps of daily insolation
is that the map gives an approximate information based on daily insolation as an average over a 3-
month period. There is no indication of how long the electrical output can be got for one month
period.
Also, Setting the tilt angle of the module at same angle as the latitude of the site is not
optimum. The no. of cells in the module depends on the type of charge regulation to be used and the
local temperature. The table below shows the selection of solar module based on open circuit voltage
under standard test conditions (or) the no. of cells in the module.
10. Identify the factors to be considered for the selection of inverter and batteries for solar
energy conversion. [BL2]
The factors to be considered for the selection of batteries for solar energy conversion are :
i. Nominal Capacity in Ah
ii. Cost
iii. % Usable Cycle depth
iv. Life cycle of Battey (Cycles)
v. Relative value of money (or) cost of battery
vi. Usable Capacity in Ah
vii. Type of Rechargeable Battery : Low or high Antimony (or) Antimony free % of self-
discharge

The factors to be considered for the selection of inverter for solar energy conversion are
i. Type of operating voltage
ii. The maximum power point transfer (MPPT) voltage range.
iii. The solar PV string should be sized such that the inverter can operate within this range.
iv. The max. dc voltage of the solar PV string with no-load must not exceed an inverter
maximum DC voltage.
v. If 120/240 V single phase is used in residential application then the inverter would connect
to 240V ac. vi. Type of distribution used in case of 3phase. vii. Type of configuration (star
/delta) of load in case of commercial and industrial buildings.

11. What are the advantages of DC link inverter? [BL2]

▪ No increase in DC link voltage.

▪ Zero Voltage Condition
▪ PWM techniques can be employed
▪ Power devices of standard voltage rating can be used
12. Define term fill factor of solar cell. [BL1]

Fill factor is defined as the ratio of maximum output power to product of open
circuit voltage and short circuit. It is the measure of squareness of the I-V characteristics of
solar cell.
Fill Factor FF=Pm/Voc Isc
Pm = Maximum Output Power
Voc = Open Circuit Voltage
Isc = Short Circuit Current

13. What are the approaches needed to balance the cost of installation of batteries in solar
energy conversion [BL2]
There are two approaches to balance the cost of installation and maintenance:
(i) To minimize the installation cost, aim for high value of usable capacity in
Ah. However, the battery may have short life.
(ii) To minimize the maintenance cost, aim for high value of total usable capacity
over cycle life in Ah.

14. What are the advantages of Boost and Buck Converter? [BL2]
Advantages of Boost Converter
• High Output Voltage.
• Low Operating Duty Cycle
• Low Voltage on MOSFET.
Advantages of Buck Converter
• High Efficiency
• Low Thermal Dissipation
• Large Output Current.

15. Why loop compensation used in bulk converter? [BL2]

Loop Compensation used to allow the energy stored in inductor to be delivered to the output.
This continuous current is smoothed by output capacitor.

16. Define Depth of Discharge (DOD) [BL2]

The ampere hours removed from a fully charged battery expressed as a

percentage of its rated capacity at the applicable discharge rate.

17. Define the photo conversion efficiency of the PV cell. [BL1]

The photo conversion efficiency of the PV cell is defined as the following:

η= (electrical power output)/ (solar power impinging the cell)
Obviously, the higher the efficiency, the higher the output power we get under a given
illumination.
18. What are the different types of solar PV systems? [BL2]
The three types of solar power systems are Grid tied, Off grid, and Hybrid.
19. List the major components of solar PV system [BL1]
The four major components of a solar PV system are the
▪ Panels,
▪ Inverters,
▪ Racking
▪ Battery storage units,
20. Define Stand-alone PV system [BL2]
A simple stand -alone PV system is an automatic solar system that produces
electrical power to charge banks of batteries during the day for use at night when the suns
energy is unavailable. A stand-alone small scale PV system employs rechargeable batteries
to store the electrical energy supplied by a PV panels or array.

PART B & C (13-marks and 16-marks)

1.Explain the converters used for solar energy conversion. [BL2]
2. Explain with neat diagram the philosophy of operation of a solar source fed boost converter.
[BL2]
3. Describe how a three-phase line commutated converter is operated as an inverter. [BL4]
4. Explain the operation of line commutated converter under inversion mode with the help of a
neat circuit diagram and necessary waveforms. [BL4]
5. Consider a buck boost converter of input voltage Edc=14V. The duty cycle α=0.6 and the
switching frequency is 25kHZ. The inductance L=180μH and the filter capacitance C=220μF.
The average load current Io=1.5A. Compute the average output voltage and peak current of the
device. [BL3]
6. A single phase full bridge inverter has a resistive load of R=3Ω and the DC input voltage is
Edc=50V. Compute the RMS output voltage at the fundamental frequency, the output power, the
average and peak currents of each thyristor and peak reverse blocking voltage of each thyristor.
[BL2]
7. Analyse the principle of working of buck-boost converter with time ratio and current limit
control. Draw the circuit and necessary waveforms. [BL4]
8. Draw the block diagram of the solar PV system and explain the principle of operation in detail.
[BL2]
9. Draw the schematic diagram of Buck-Boost converter and explain the operation in detail. [BL2]
10.Briefly discuss the sizing of solar array in PV system? [BL4]
 UNIT - IV ANALYSIS OF POWER CONVERTERS FOR HYBRID
ENERGY SYSTEMS

PART-A (2 Marks)

1. Identify advantages and limitations of AC voltage controller. [BL2]

• The ac voltage controllers are used increasingly for soft-starting of induction motors, as
they have a number of advantages over the conventional starters, such as smooth acceleration
and deceleration, ease in implementation of current control, simple protection against single-
phasing or unbalanced operation, reduced maintenance and losses, absence of current inrush,
and so forth.
• Even for the fixedspeed industrial applications, the voltage controllers can be used to
provide a reduced stator voltage to an induction motor to improve its efficiency at light load
and result in energy saving.
• Operation at an optimum voltage reduces the motor flux, which, in turn, reduces the core
loss and the magnetizing component of the stator copper loss.
• Considerable savings in energy can be obtained in applications where a motor operates at
no load for a significant time, such as in drills, machine tools, woodworking machines,
reciprocating air-compressors, and so forth. The limitations of ac voltage controller is that it
operates at variable voltage under constant frequency.

2. What is meant by matrix converters? [BL2]

Matrix converter is capable of direct conversion from AC to AC by using bidirectional
fully controlled switches. The matrix converter arranges semiconductor switches into a matrix
configuration and controls them to convert an input AC voltage directly into the desired AC
voltage.

3. What are the limitations in the matrix converter? [BL2]

The main disadvantages of the matrix converters developed so far are

(i) Complexity in the circuit.
(ii) the inherent restriction of the voltage transfer ratio (0.866),
(iii) Complex control and protection strategy, and
(iv) Nonavailability of a fully controlled bidirectional high-frequency switch
integrated in a silicon chip.
(v) An ac filter is required to eliminate the ripples generated in the inverter
when the load is inductive

4. List the merits of matrix converter. [BL1]

The merits of matrix converter are:

• It provides a good alternative to the double-sided PWM voltage source rectifier- inverters
having the advantages of being a single-stage converter with only nine switches for
 three phases to three-phase conversion
• It has inherent bidirectional power flow capability, sinusoidal input and output
waveforms with moderate switching frequency, the possibility of compact design due to
the absence of dc link reactive components.
• It has controllable input power factor independent of the output load current.

5. Where is matrix converters used? [BL2]

• M phase to n phase conversion

• All silicon motor drives with capability of regeneration
• Grid interface for non-conventional energy sources
• Variable voltage, variable frequency power supplies.

6. What are the applications of AC voltage controller or ac chopper?[BL2]

i. Soft starting of induction motors

ii. Controls rms value of v or i in lighting control.
iii. Domestic and industrial heating iv. Speed control of fans, pumps, hoists.
v. Temperature control, vi. Capacitor switching in var compensation

7. What is a grid interactive inverter? State its significance. [BL2]

• It acts as an interface that converts dc current produced by the solar cells into utility grade
ac current.
• The inverters must produce good quality sine wave output, must follow the frequency and
voltage of the grid, and must extract maximum power from the solar cells with the help of
MPPT.
• The inverter input stage varies the input voltage until the maximum power point on the I-
V curve is found. • The inverter must monitor all the phases of the grid, and inverter output
must be controlled in terms of voltage and frequency variation.

8. List the different types of PWM Inverters [BL1]

• Single pulse PWM
• Multiple Pulse PWM
• Sinusoidal PWM
• Trapezoidal PWM
9. Define Bidirectional converter. [BL1]
A bidirectional converter is a type of power converter that is made up of a network of switches
that are modulated or switched in response to the direction of power flow. The flow of Power
transmission is possible in both directions where the DC voltage can be stepped up or down from
one side of the converter to the other.
10. What is the use of Inverter in Grid Connected PV system. [BL2]

Inverter acts as a interface that converts dc current produced by the solar all the phases of
the grid and inverter output must be controlled in terms of voltage and pulse width modulation.

11. List the types of inverters used to achieve AC power. [BL1]

• Line Commutated – Grid signal used to synchronize the inverter with the grid.
• Self-Commutated – Inverter intrinsic electronics lock the inverter signal with the grid.

12. What Factors to be considered for selection of Grid Interactive inverters [BL2]

The factors considered for selection of grid interactive inverters are

• Efficiency
• Safety
• Power Quality
• Electromagnetic Interference
• Lightning and Voltage impulse protection.

13. List the applications of Grid Interactive Inverter PV system? [BL1]

▪ Roof top application of Grid Connected PV system
▪ Utility large Scale PV System

14. Define grid integrated solar system. [BL1]

A grid-connected photovoltaic power system or grid-connected PV power system is
an electricity generating solar PV power system that is connected to the utility grid. A grid-
connected PV system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters, a power conditioning
unit and grid connection equipment.

15. What will happen if no load is connected to a solar PV system? [BL2]

At no load the solar cell will be operating in open circuit condition. If there is internal
shunting resistance it will slightly load the solar cell. This shunt resistance must be high enough
such that it will not cause an appreciable loss of the photo voltaic power. Open circuit condition
means that the there is no load connected to the cell. Under this condition the photo generated
electrical power will be dissipated in the cell causing some temperature rise compared to the
maximum operating power condition.

16. List out the issues to be addressed while integrating the solar PV systems with grid. [BL2]
• Islanding
• Variations in frequency
• Harmonics

17. What is islanding? [BL2]

Islanding is the condition in which a distributed generator continues to power a
 location even though power from the electric utility grid is no longer present. Islanding can be
dangerous to utility workers, who may not realize that a circuit is still powered, even though
there is no power from the electrical grid. For that reason, distributed generators must detect
islanding and immediately stop producing power; this is referred to as anti-islanding.

PART B & C (13-marks and 16-marks)

1. Write short notes on the grid interactive inverters [BL2]
2. Explain the following in detail: i. AC voltage controller ii. Voltage control in PWM
inverters [BL2]

3. Describe principle of operation of PWM inverter and describe how it is used for PV system [BL4]
4. Explain the working and operation of Matrix Converter. [BL4]
5. Enumerate the limitation of three phase AC voltage Controller. [BL4]
6. Explain the three-phase uncontrolled rectifier in detail for hybrid energy system? [BL4]
 UNIT - V CASE STUDIES FOR HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
PART-A (2 Marks)

1. Define hybrid systems? [BL1]

The combination of renewable energy system such as PV arrays or wind turbines, with
engine-driven generators and battery storage, is widely recognized as a viable alternative to
conventional remote area power supplies (RAPS). These systems are generally classified as
hybrid energy systems (HES). For eg. A Photovoltaic–diesel hybrid energy systems generate
ac electricity by combining a photovoltaic array with an inverter, which can operate alternately
or in parallel with a conventional engine-driven generator.
2.What is the need for hybrid energy systems. [BL2]
NEED FOR HYBRID SYSTEM
• Hybrid Systems are powered by sun and wind or any other renewable energy source to
meet the increasing power demand.
• Power electronics controllers manage multiple sources and monitor the status of the
system voltage, power and frequency based on the load requirement.
• During grid failure the alternative resources supply the power demand.
• In remote areas renewable energy sources such as PV can be added to power systems
using diesel and other fossil fuel powered generators to provide 24-53-hour power
economically and efficiently. Such systems are called ‘‘hybrid energy systems.

3. List out some of the hybrid systems used in industries. [BL1]

(i) Solar PV- Diesel Hybrid system

(ii) PV-Diesel Hybrid system
(iii) Wind-PV Hybrid system
(iv) Wind-Diesel Hybrid system

4. What are the advantages of Hybrid System? [BL2]

o Fuel Saving (50%)

o Lower Atmospheric Contamination
o Less maintenance
o Connection to other Power Supplies
o Silent System

5. What are the disadvantages of Hybrid System? [BL2]

• Special Environment like solar energy is not attainable if clouds drifting on the
sky. Solar panels become ineffective in case of no sunlight.
• Hybrid system depends on region and capacity. Due to atmospheric weather
condition the type of renewable energy may vary.
6. What are the types of Hybrid System? [BL2]
• Diesel-PV,
• Wind-PV-Fuel-cell
• Micro-hydel-PV
• Biomass Diesel-Fuel-cell systems.

7. What are the types of PV-diesel hybrid systems? [BL2]

Series hybrid energy systems

Switched hybrid energy systems
Parallel hybrid energy system

8. What are the advantages of PV-Diesel hybrid system? [BL2]

• The diesel generator can supply the load directly, therefore improving the system
efficiency and reducing the fuel consumption.
• No switching of ac power between different energy sources is required, which
simplifies the electrical output interface.
• The system load can be met in an optimal way.
• Efficiency is high.
• Fuel consumption is reduced.

9.List the advantages of series hybrid PV diesel system? [BL1]

o Engine driven generator can be sized to be optimally loaded while supplying

the load and charging the battery bank, until a battery SOC of 70-80% is
reached.
o No switching of AC power between different energy source is required, which
simplifies the different electrical source.
o Power supplies to the load is not interrupted when switching over to generator.
o Inverter can generate sine wave, modified square wave, square wave depending
upon the application.

10. List the disadvantages of series hybrid PV diesel system? [BL1]

o Inverter cannot operate in parallel with engine driven generator, therefore

inverter need to sized to supply the peak load system.
o Battery bank is cycled frequency, which shortens its lifetime.
o Large battery bank to limit the depth of discharge.
o Efficiency of system is low.
o Inverter failure results in complete loss of power to the load unless the load can
be supplied directly from diesel generator for emergency purpose.

11. List the advantages of switched hybrid PV diesel configuration. [BL1]

o Inverter can generate sine wave modified square wave, square wave depending
upon the application.
o Diesel generator can supply the load directly, therefore improving system
efficiency an reducing fuel consumption.
12. List the disadvantages of switched hybrid PV diesel system? [BL1]

o Power to the load is interrupted momentarily when the AC power sources are
transferred.
o Engine driven generator and inverter are designed to supply peak load, which
reduces the efficiency at part load operation.

13. List the advantages of Parallel hybrid PV diesel system? [BL1]

o Diesel generator efficiency can be maximized.

o Maintenance can be minimized.
o Reduction in rated capacity of diesel generator, battery bank, inverter and
renewable energy resources while supplying peak load.

14. List the disadvantages of Parallel hybrid PV diesel system? [BL1]

o Automatic control is essential for reliable operation of system.

o System operation to be less transparent to untrained user of the system.
o Inverter to be a true sine wave to synchronize secondary AC source.

15. What is meant by Wind Diesel Hybrid System. [BL2]

It is based on the combination of fossil fuel engine generators and wind turbines, with
ancillary equipment’s such as energy storage, power converter and control components to
generate electricity.

16. What are the major components of Biogas Solar thermal Hybrid System. [BL2]

o 300kg Cow dung daily

o 5Hp dual fuel engine
o Flat plate solar collector
o Insulation water storage tank connected to solar collector.

17. What is the use of Solar dryer in Solar Biomass Hybrid System? [BL2]

To maximize solar radiation which results in increase in temperature. The heated air
picks up the moisture from the product and goes out through the vent.

18. Define dryer efficiency in Biogas Solar thermal Hybrid System. [BL2]

Dryer efficiency sis defined as the ratio of energy used to evaporate the moisture from
the crop product to energy supplied to the dryer.

Efficiency η = Wλ/(IA+ cxm)

Where W= mass of water evaporated in Kg
λ = Latent heat of vapouization in MJ/kg
I =Total radiation of the dryer in MJ/m2
A = Solar Collection Area
c= Calorific value of biomass (MJ/kg)
m= mass of biomass used in kg
19. List the parts of Micro Hydel PV hybrid system? [BL2]

▪ Micro Hydro unit

▪ Solar Power System
▪ Solar Pump System.

20. What are the challenges faced in Wind Diesel hybrid system [BL2]

o High air density from cold air causes high power production due to turbine over
speeding. Hence rotor need to be governed.
o Distribution line is long and undersized,
o No active power compensation until software was installed on encoder board.

Part B & C (13-marks and 15-marks)

1. Explain the need of hybrid energy conversion system with neat sketch. [BL4]
2. Derive an expression for the total cost of a hybrid system and three from deduce a simple
condition for the feasibility of the system. [BL5]
3. Is wind energy an excellent supplement to the PV? If so, justify with a suitable case study.
[BL6]
4. Explain operating principle of PV Maximum Power Point Tracking in energy conversion.
[BL4]
5. Draw the block diagram of Hybrid renewable energy system with integration wind energy
system and solar PV system with neat sketch and explain the operation. [BL4]
6. Discuss the case study and issues involved in design of Wind PV Hybrid system? [BL6]
7. With neat block diagram explain Diesel-PV hybrid system and discuss its merits and
demerits. [BL4]
8. Discuss the case study of Micro Hydel PV hybrid system? [BL6]
9. Discuss the case study of Solar Biomass hybrid system? [BL6]
10. Discuss the case study of Biogas Solar thermal hybrid system? [BL6]
11. Discuss the case study of Biomass Diesel-Fuel-cell hybrid system?
12. Discuss the case study and issues involved in design of Wind PV Fuel Cell system? [BL6]