JUVENILE DELINQUENCY FROM THE LENS OF SOCIAL

WORKERS: A DESCRIPTIVE INQUIRY

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 42
Issue 9
Pages: 1283-1299
Document ID: 2025PEMJ4121
DOI: 10.70838/pemj.420905
Manuscript Accepted: 07-07-2025
 Psych Educ, 2025, 42(9): 1283-1299, Document ID:2025PEMJ4121, doi:10.70838/pemj.420905, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Juvenile Delinquency from the Lens of Social Workers: A Descriptive Inquiry

Rey Patric O. Jugos,* Nestor C. Nabe
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This qualitative-descriptive study explored the viewpoints and insights of social workers at Regional Rehabilitation
Center for youth in Region XII on what influences and drives juvenile delinquency. Four social workers who
specialize in Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) cases at the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY)
XII were chosen as key informants for the study using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews with open-
ended questions from a researcher-developed guide were used to gather data. The data was analysed using thematic
analysis. The results showed that a variety of life experiences, such as family instability, peer pressure, personal
struggles, poverty, and tolerance in the community, interact intricately contribute to juvenile delinquency as perceived
by social workers. The study emphasized the negative effects of unstable families and a lack of community support,
underscoring the necessity of all-encompassing rehabilitation strategies that give top priority to robust support
networks, psychosocial counselling, educational and recreational opportunities, and customized programs that address
underlying problems. Social worker insights highlighted the value of social workers as positive role models, the
necessity of more robust institutional services, ethical and professional case management, and a selfless approach to
rehabilitation. This study offers a roadmap for future research and practice to enhance prevention and rehabilitation
tactics for young offenders in South Cotabato.
Keywords: criminal justice, juvenile delinquency, descriptive study, thematic analysis, Philippines

Introduction
Rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile delinquents in regional centers face significant hurdles. Financial limitations, inadequate
facilities, and a shortage of trained social workers hinder effective intervention (Okah et al., 2024; Suryaningsi et al., 2022). While
social workers strive to provide advocacy and services (Patalinghug, 2021), an integrated approach addressing both individual needs
and environmental factors is crucial for multi-context interventions. Challenges are compounded by societal stigmatization, cultural
beliefs, and negative community attitudes (Okah et al., 2024), ultimately impacting the youth's empowerment and independence
(Suryaningsi et al., 2022). Increased funding, improved facilities, and enhanced professional training are vital for improving the success
of these rehabilitation programs.
Research in the Philippines indicates a need for better programs for juvenile delinquency (Borela, 2020) particularly ways to limit
negative factors that might lead juvenile to delinquency, and systematic improvement in family support (Ramillete et al., 2023;
Najamudin, 2024). There will be a rise in antisocial behaviour and crime, a decline in societal stability, and a reduction in opportunities
for many young people if we do not address the issue of juvenile delinquency by strengthening programs, reducing the impact of
harmful factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency, and strengthening a juvenile's network of family support. The pervasive
implications of juvenile delinquency for children, families, and communities make understanding the underlying causes of this
phenomenon very important. Previous research has identified many factors linked to delinquency, such as family problems, peer
pressure, social inequalities, and psychological issues. However, there is still no adequate overall picture of how these factors interact
in regard to individual cases of delinquency. Most studies investigating juvenile delinquency focus on narrowly defined interventions
or risk factors, without ensuring that we consider young offenders' overall experiences, as well as the best ways to prevent and
rehabilitate them. This study addresses these gaps by examining the life experiences of young offenders, reflecting on concepts from
social workers, and emphasizing community awareness and collaboration to develop more effective, comprehensive, and culturally
appropriate approaches for safeguarding communities against juvenile delinquency.
Research into juvenile delinquency demonstrates various non-simple factors at work. Study after study provides evidence of the
complex interrelationship among a number of variables and the influence that social inequality, gender norms, and individual
differences have (Bakhsh et al, 2024) and the need for culture specific resources and interventions.
Additionally, emotional volatility associated with adolescence and the possibility of family estrangement complicates matters further
(Kong et al., 2024). According to research, family conflict, dysfunction, and neglect are associated with a higher risk of delinquent
behaviour. In contrast, supportive ties with parents and well-functioning families safeguard against delinquent behaviour. Youth in
typical nuclear households had lower rates of delinquency than youth from other family types. Furthermore, research has shown that
family-based treatments, such as family therapy, can reduce recidivism (Aazami et al., 2023; Shek et al., 2022). Additionally,
behaviour may be greatly influenced by peer pressure, with negative peer pressure greatly raising a person's risk of crimes. In 2024,
Abhishek and Balamurugan.
Compounding the high presence of risk factors are aspects of poverty and unemployment, such as existing negative home conditions,
domestic violence, and online gaming addiction that are increasingly common in the Philippines (Ramillete et al., 2023). So, to really

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Research Article

deal with this risk, we need to take a broad approach to interventions that work at multiple levels, such as programs for individuals,
families, and communities, as well as mental health services.
While this research recognizes that actions alone, whether on the individual or society as a whole, cannot be fully understood in terms
of juvenile delinquency, it adds that some juvenile delinquents need a more complex approach to honor the web of nuance in
understanding juvenile delinquency and treatment that involves options are helpful at various levels (i.e., from individual counseling
to community-based programs). This study defines key terms. "Juvenile delinquency" broadly encompasses law violations by minors
under 18, though legal ages and specific offenses vary internationally. The more precise term – Children in Conflict with the Law
(CICL), aligns with international child rights conventions. The Republic Act No. 9344 and A.M. No. 02-1-18-SC govern CICL in the
Philippines, defining children as under 18 and emphasizing rehabilitation. While these national laws apply in South Cotabato, local
ordinances might provide further details.
This study directly addresses a significant research gap by focusing on juvenile delinquency in a single localized environment, namely
the community served by the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY) XII in South Cotabato, Philippines. While previous
research has looked at this issue in a broader societal context, none has specifically investigated the experiences of juvenile offenders
in a rehabilitation center. This location-specific feature of the planned research offers a strong framework for the Regional
Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY) XII, DSWD, local governments, and the community to leverage their respective activities.
Therefore, the urgency of this study relates less to studying juvenile delinquency and more towards studying juvenile rehabilitation
and potential recidivism in this specific geographical location (which also complicates potential failure of developing understanding
without localized data that could inform programming).
This study, in particular, considers the neglected perspectives of social workers from Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY)
XII, as well as their reflections on the factors that contributed to juvenile delinquency, their perceptions of the rehabilitation process,
and the social and psychological needs of Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL). By addressing this gap, this study seeks to make
a beneficial contribution to the creation of culturally relevant and community-based policies and practices, as well as to the acquisition
of knowledge in an area that is underexplored in the Philippine and worldwide context.
This study investigates the experiences of juvenile offenders and their rehabilitation process in the hope of deepening our understanding
of what led them to criminalization. This study adopts a descriptive inquiry technique and a qualitative research design that includes a
semi-structured, primarily open-ended interview with juvenile offenders residing in a rehabilitation center, providing rich, detailed
accounts of their life.
Research Questions
The study intended to answer three (3) key research questions:
1. What are the factors that led young people to commit crimes?
2. How are young people rehabilitated to prevent recidivism?
3. What insights can be derived from the experiences of juvenile offenders to inform community strategies to address juvenile
delinquency?
Methodology
Research Design
The research used a descriptive inquiry technique to better understand the children's life experiences that lead them to commit crimes
at the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY) XII in South Cotabato, Philippines. This is especially relevant in the social
work profession because it opens the door to investigating the numerous social, economic, and cultural variables that contribute to
adolescent delinquency. While the research study would also look at the youngsters, by focusing on the opinions of field workers
through in-depth interviews of social settings, it reveals the milieu of concerns affecting this group and their perspectives.
The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with the social workers, utilizing a semi-structured technique and an interview guide. A
semi-structured technique enabled the researcher to redirect questions for clarification and investigate additional concerns and themes
raised throughout the interviews. The audio recordings of the interview session were obtained after the participants gave their informed
consent. The researcher took thorough field notes on interactions, behaviors, and environmental circumstances, including markers of
adolescent delinquency. The researcher gathered and evaluated important materials on crime in South Cotabato.
Participants
In this study, a purposeful sample of four social workers was drawn from the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY) XII
in South Cotabato, Philippines. According to Creswell (2014), small sample sizes are ideal for qualitative research because they value
information richness and depth above sheer volume. Similarly, Crouch & McKenzie (2006) posits that small sample sizes allow for
more participant participation and in-depth interviews that focus on understanding specific conditions rather than generic tendencies.
To ensure that participants had considerable, in-depth expertise relevant to the research concerns, the selection criteria focused on

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locating social workers in South Cotabato with at least two years of direct experience working with Children in Conflict with the Law
(CICL).
In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, allowing participants to analyze their responses and investigate
any emerging patterns. The semi-structured interview guide, detailed field notes, and review of relevant documents all contributed to
a full understanding of the social workers' experiences and perspectives. The usage of audio recording and member verification greatly
improved the data's dependability and validity.
The thematic analysis approach, which includes iterative coding and theme refining, produced a strong collection of recurrent themes
on the mediating causes of criminal behavior, philosophical perspectives on rehabilitation, and important lessons for community
assistance. Importantly, data saturation was attained during the study. Although no particularly innovative themes or disclosures were
discovered in the data obtained from the four subjects, more interviews may have revealed a few small distinctions or nuances. The
themes that persisted across the four interviews demonstrated the breadth and depth of the information gathered. This saturation point
showed that, even with the small sample size, it was adequate to capture the important viewpoints and experiences pertinent to the
study's goals.
Despite the abundance of data and the accomplishment of saturation, the small sample size has constraints. The results may not be
applicable to all social workers in South Cotabato or other locations. The viewpoints offered are restricted to the experiences of four
people, thus caution should be taken when applying these findings to larger groups. Future study with a bigger, more varied sample
size may give more insights and improve the generalizability of the findings. However, the level of understanding gained from this
intentional sample provides significant, context-specific insights that can guide targeted treatments and policy suggestions for
adolescent delinquency in South Cotabato. The emphasis on in-depth comprehension, gained by data saturation within this deliberate
sample, surpasses the limits of the small sample size in this case.
Instrument
The primary data collection instrument utilized in this study was a semi-structured interview guide. The semi-structured interview
guide was designed to elicit detailed information from social workers at RRCY XII in South Cotabato. To create the semi-structured
interview guide, the researcher reviewed relevant literature on adolescent delinquency, descriptive inquiry, and the context of South
Cotabato.
In regard to validity and reliability, the author had four validators validate the interview guide: two (2) faculty members of the Master
of Science in Criminal Justice Professionals School (MSCJ PS faculty), the Research Director from University of Mindanao, and one
external validator who has formal education and knowledge of criminal justice education. Each validator approved the ethics, and
artistry utilized to determine the validity of research questions. In addition to the interview guide, the research will refer to important
documents on juvenile delinquency in South Cotabato. Each document will be thoroughly studied and critically analysed in order to
identify themes and patterns in the papers and the court system, as well as the core causes of juvenile delinquency.
Procedure
The primary method of data gathering is through in-depth interviews with selected social workers. The collected data will be analysed
using thematic coding to identify overall themes of repetition related to (1) the mediating factors involved in delinquent behavior, (2)
philosophical approaches to rehabilitation, and (3) takeaways that can be shared to help understand and support these young offenders
in the community.
The following processes were included in the thematic analysis of the data: becoming acquainted with the data, creating preliminary
codes, looking for themes, evaluating themes, defining and labelling themes, and summarizing the findings. The researcher spent a
significant amount of time with the participants, used triangulation, and used member checking to validate the data, giving participants
a chance to examine the researcher's conclusions.
This qualitative study exhibits trustworthiness through methodological strengths, including prolonged engagement, triangulation
(interviews, field notes, documents), and member checking to ensure credibility. Transferability is constrained by the study's focus on
South Cotabato's RRCY XII and small sample size, however, smaller samples are considered adequate for phenomenological research
(Porter, 1994), and it is generally understood that there is an inverse relationship between the amount of data and the number of
participants on qualitative work (Morse, 1998). While detailed field notes and audio recordings support dependability, a more rigorous
audit trail of the analysis is needed. Member checking contributes to confirmability, but reflexive analysis addressing researcher bias
and an external audit would further enhance objectivity. Overall, the study demonstrates considerable trustworthiness, but limitations
in transferability and opportunities to enhance dependability and confirmability should be acknowledged for future research.
Ethical Considerations
This study followed ethical principles of research as prescribed by the university’s research ethics committee (UMERC protocol 2020-
199). The following were among the ethical considerations: ensuring that participation was voluntary and free from coercion or
penalties; outlining the time commitment and emphasizing the importance of honest responses; obtaining informed consent from the

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participants and the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth, Region XII; guaranteeing data confidentiality, which protected the
participants' anonymity from coworkers and RRCY staff; and acknowledging that there were no significant socioeconomic,
psychological, or physical risks associated with the research.
Results and Discussion
This section of the study will offer a descriptive investigation into the causes of juvenile delinquency, emphasizing the life events that
prompted children to commit crimes, as well as rehabilitation techniques to help young offenders avoid committing crimes in the
future. Additionally, the study will analyze the important knowledge social workers have acquired regarding the rehabilitation of
juvenile offenders.
Table 1. Key Informant’s
Pseudonym Age Gender No. of years in
service
IDI-P1-MSW 27 Male 7
IDI-P2-FSW 31 Male 6
IDI-P3-MSW 27 Female 6
IDI-P4-FSW 47 Female 14

The participants in this study are a diverse group of social workers with varying levels of experience and educational backgrounds.
There are four participants in total, two male and two female. The age range of the participants is from 27 to 47, with an average age
of 33. The participants have between 6 and 14 years of experience in the social work field.
Factors That Led Young People to Commit Crimes
Table 2 presents a detailed analysis of the themes and significant statements that emerged during the In-Depth Interviews (IDI),
highlighting life experience that led children to commit crimes.
Table 2. Major Themes and Significant Statements on the Factors that Led Children to Commit Crimes
Themes Significant Statements
Children Bereft Some parents spoil or don't discipline children, even saying ‘do what you want’, which make them think
of Family Care they can do whatever they want. (IDI-P3-MSW)
are Vulnerable Children separated from both parents are left without any guidance or discipline; when they go out, they
to Criminal Influence lose that supervision. (IDI-P2-FSW)
Children witnessing parents fighting physically at home later replicated that behavior when outside the
house. (IDI-P4-FSW)
Siblings are not providing them with love and support because they're dealing with their own lives. (IDI-
P4-FSW)
Seeing family members normalize watching pornography, led to a sense of curiosity to act out those
behaviors. (IDI-P4-FSW)
Peer Influence Being exposed to criminal experiences described as normal by peers; this normalization made it easier to
as Catalyst for commit similar acts, viewed as acceptable or even expected. (IDI-P4-FSW)
Criminal Behavior Children are more susceptible to negative influences, like peer pressure or fear of being left out." (IDI-P3-
MSW)
Some commit robbery because of desire to have money and treat his friends in the mall. (IDI-P4-FSW)
Some are drinking because friends told them to, and just to fit in they do what the group wants, eventually
committing offenses incited by friends. (IDI-P1-MSW)
Being minor, they’re not yet fully aware of the consequences of committing crimes; still in the stage of
Personal Issues exploring, doing crimes out of curiosity." (IDI-P2-FSW)
Triggers Propensity Some claim self-defense, especially in murder cases; others say it wasn't intentional. (IDI-P3-MSW)
for Crime Based on psychological evaluation prior to admission, majority have impulsive behavior and cannot firmly
decide what’s right or recognize the effect of their acts. (IDI-P1-MSW)
Some children are smart enough to know that if they will commit crimes, they can get away with it; also
know that the DSWD will handle it, and won't have to go to jail. (IDI-P3-MSW)
One witnessed a brother killed, and felt the need to 'do something different' to cope with the fear; leading
Poverty is a Primary him to commit a similar act of violence. (IDI-P4-FSW)
Driver of Crime Main reason why Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) commit crimes is poverty. (IDI-P2-FSW)
All CICL clients admitted they needed money as the motive for crime. (IDI-P4-FSW)
When they are under the influence of alcohol, use of illegal drugs, they neither recall what they said nor
Community what happened to them. (IDI-P1-MSW)
Tolerance It's a trend now that a lot of young persons are influenced by negative content in technology. (IDI-P1-MSW)
Encourages Criminal When the community isn't strict, children might perceive this as a signal that these crimes are acceptable
Tendencies and can be committed." (IDI-P2-FSW).

Several recurrent themes emerged from in-depth interviews with participants, providing insight into the intricate causes of adolescent
criminality. These themes consistently emerged as key influences shaping the life experiences that led these children to engage in
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criminal activity. The themes that emerged were: Children Bereft of Family Care are Vulnerable to Criminal Influence, Personal Issues
Triggers Propensity for Crime, Poverty is a Primary Driver of Crime, and Community Tolerance Encourages Criminal Tendencies.
Children Bereft of Family Care are Vulnerable to Criminal Influence
Children who are denied continuous, nurturing family care are far more susceptible to being influenced by criminals. A complicated
environment that greatly raises the risk of criminal conduct is created when children are exposed to trauma, instability, bad parenting,
insufficient monitoring, violence, and broken support networks due to unstable family structures. Children who are not placed in
permanent family care are particularly vulnerable, according to a social worker who specializes in Children in Conflict with the Law
(CICL). She points out that trauma, foster care instability, abuse, and neglect can cause emotional dysregulation, increased
suggestibility, and worsened behavioral issues, all of which increase the likelihood of criminal involvement.
Research strongly supports the link between family instability and juvenile delinquency. In a study conducted by Colvin et al., (2020),
it showed that increased justice system involvement among children in out-of-home care due to trauma and situational factors and
prolonged parental absence leads to deviance (Colvin et al., 2020). Children from single-parent families face higher risks due to social
and economic constraints (Varga, 2021), and conflictual family dynamics are associated with delinquency (Kulik, 2023). Lack of
family support increases the risk of institutionalization, highlighting the need for family-based care and early intervention (Yousafzai,
2020). Parental neglect, aggression, and dysfunctional family relationships significantly predict children's violent behavior (Peovska,
2022), while group-based offending, residential care, and family violence, often accompanied by substance abuse and mental health
issues, are significant settings for criminal behavior (Baidawi & Ball, 2022).
One participant noted that some parents.
"Spoil or don't discipline their children, even saying ‘do what you want,’ leading children to believe they can do whatever they want"
(IDI-P3-MSW).
This observation is consistent with research indicating that a permissive parenting style fosters a lack of boundaries and accountability
(Agbaria & Mahamid, 2023).
Another participant observed that
“Children separated from both parents are left without any guidance or discipline; when they go out, they lose that supervision” (IDI-
P2-FSW).
This is consistent with studies that demonstrate that children who are not under the care of their parents are more vulnerable to
exploitation, abuse, and neglect, and that their wellbeing is frequently not sufficiently observed (World Health Organization, 2024). In
fact, the absence of parental supervision highlights a serious issue that affects millions of children around the world who are either
separated from their parents or living in institutions, formal or informal care homes, or both. The greater number of children at risk of
separation as a result of illness, armed conflict, loss, disability, and social disintegration is also reflected in the vulnerability seen. Thus,
children in non-parental care or without parental care are at a markedly higher risk, as Hussein (2023) points out.
Peer Influence as catalyst for Criminal behavior
Juvenile delinquency is greatly influenced by peers through a number of interrelated factors. Peer influence has a significant impact
on delinquent behavior. When young people observe their peers’ committing crimes without penalties, it becomes normal or even
acceptable. Without solid familial support or excellent role models, the need to fit in might override their better judgement, leading to
unsafe decisions. When combined with the pressure to pursue money, prestige, or acceptance, it is simple to see why some people
resort to criminal measures to achieve their goals. These circumstances combine to form a perfect storm, increasing the likelihood of
criminal behavior.
In the study conducted by Yusuf et al. (2021); Kuah & Zhooriyati (2023); Brewer et al. (2020); and Bandzeladze & Arutiunov (2020)
have shown that peer pressure has a significant role in teen crime. Antisocial peer attitudes and concepts that normalize conflict and
transgression outperform peer pressure alone. This emphasizes the importance of comprehensive preventive measures that take into
account both individual qualities and the social environment, notably the role of moral disengagement and antisocial cognition in
desensitization to criminal behavior.
This is evident in participants' observations. For example, one participant noted that
"Being exposed to criminal behaviors normalized by peers makes it easier for individuals to commit acts, as these behaviors become
viewed as acceptable or even expected” (IDI-P4-FSW).
According to research conducted by Thomas & McCuddy in 2020, those who are less likely to commit crimes are vulnerable to peer
pressure, which varies depending on the type of crime and the degree of felt guilt. Peer norm violations, particularly when there are
tight regulations, can be triggered by even mild cues (Engel, 2023). Group involvement normalizes and makes antisocial behavior
acceptable, especially when it comes to collective decision-making, due to shifting perceived norms rather than a fear of consequences
(Behnk et al., 2022). Additionally, another participant noted that
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"Some are drinking because friends told them to, and just to fit in they do what the group wants, eventually committing offenses incited
by friends (IDI-P1-MSW)."
These results demonstrate how a combination of peer pressure, societal acceptance, and individual aspirations frequently leads to
crime. Teens are more likely to cross the line when they feel pressured to fit in or when disobeying the rules is rewarded. However,
unstable family life, a lack of supervision, and financial difficulties exacerbate the situation, thus it is not simply about negative impacts
like outside circumstances (Desembriyanti et al., 2024). Young people may be pushed towards misbehavior by everything from
poisonous friendships to family disputes to academic difficulties (Sun & Yan, 2024).
Personal Issues Triggers Propensity for Crime
According to a social worker who works with children in conflict with the law (CICL) cases, personal problems, especially adverse
childhood experiences (ACEs) like abuse and neglect, have a big influence on juvenile criminality. These ACEs produce impulsivity,
anger, and poor social skills, which in turn increase risk-taking behaviours and criminal participation because they disrupt emotional
and cognitive development. While avoidant features may offer some protection, psychopathic tendencies (impulsivity and lack of
empathy) and other intrinsic personality factors enhance this risk.
Research such as those of (Masui, 2023) strongly links adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to increased risk of serious offending,
mediated by psychopathic traits and aggression. Different personality profiles correlate with delinquency risk, with challenging traits
increasing and avoidant traits potentially decreasing risk (Tharshini et al., 2021).
Participant stated that
Being minor, they’re not yet fully aware of the consequences of committing crimes; still in the stage of exploring, doing crimes out of
curiosity." (IDI-P2-FSW).
This result is in line with studies that demonstrate the value of restraint and curiosity in identifying illegal or deviant behavior. Beyond
the impacts of self-control, studies have shown that curiosity predicts involvement in a crime/deviance index and has a substantial
correlation with self-control (Arneklev, 2023 & Anjila et al., 2025).
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that curiosity predicts participation in more severe types of criminal and deviant behavior.
Furthermore, as Alazzawi (2024) points out, “a lack of awareness and perception brought on by youth results in the absence of the
moral component of the crime, absolving the perpetrator of criminal responsibility.”
Another participant's statement,
"Some claim self-defense, especially in murder cases; others say it wasn't intentional (IDI-P3-MSW),"
Juvenile homicide motives are complex, influenced by social norms and perceptions of self-defense, particularly regarding racial and
societal expectations (Lee, 2022). Young murderers often cite strong emotions like fear and rage, along with self-empowerment
(Gabaldon, 2021), highlighting contradictory motivations ranging from genuine self-defense to unintentional acts.
Poverty is a Primary Driver of Crime
Poverty is a major contributing factor to criminal conduct. This is especially true for children who are struggling to pay for basic needs
like food, shelter, and healthcare. If these requirements are not satisfied, children may grow desperate and turn to criminal activity,
such as drug peddling or theft, to live. Since poverty usually leads to social marginalization, a lack of resources, and exposure to high-
crime situations, it can be difficult to escape.
Poverty is a major factor in criminal behavior in a variety of cultural situations, according to research. According to studies, this
relationship works differently in China, where the best indicator of violent crime is absolute poverty rather than income disparity (Dong
et al., 2020). Data from Indonesia shows that poverty and wealth inequality both contribute to higher crime rates, especially when
looking at differences in necessary non-food spending (Sugiharti et al., 2023). In Bekasi City, where extreme economic disparity
directly contributes to criminal activity, this link is more evident than anywhere else (Chantiqa, 2024). These findings are supported
by the statements of participants in this study.
Participant 1 states that
"Poverty is the primary reason why Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) commit crimes" (IDI-P1-MSW).
Participant 4 further emphasizes this link, revealing that
"All CICL clients admitted to needing money as their motive for committing crimes"(IDI-P4-FSW).
Poverty forces impoverished children into crime for survival, creating a cycle of desperation and further criminal justice involvement.
However, while economic motivations are prevalent in crime, their importance varies by crime type and drug use; for example,
cybercrime is often driven by intrinsic rewards, not financial gain (The Psychology of Cybercrime: Understanding Motivations to Craft

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Effective Prevention Strategies - Cybersecurity Education Initiative, 2025). Other factors contributing to crime alongside poverty
include income inequality, unemployment, lack of education, and family dysfunction, particularly in societies with high income
inequality (Sugiharti et al., 2023; Sringa, 2023).
Community Tolerance Encourages Criminal Tendencies
The notion that criminal tendencies, especially in children, are encouraged by community tolerance is a complicated topic with many
underlying causes. Although it is not the only factor, a community's perspective on crime can have an impact on a child's behavior.
Children may be more inclined to participate in criminal behaviour if they are reared in environments where crime is tolerated or there
are insufficient social structures and support networks. Causes include feelings of pessimism, a lack of strong role models, and an
increased sensitivity to peer pressure. It's essential to note, however, that many children reared in these types of environments do not
go on to commit crimes. Access to resources, family dynamics, and personal characteristics all have a significant influence.
In the study conducted by Desembriyanti et al., in 2024, it strongly supports the significant impact of environmental factors on
children's criminal behavior, including exposure to negative social environments, parental supervision, and family economic
circumstances. Children's perceptions of parental tolerance for violence predict peer-influenced aggression, especially in boys (Walter,
2017). Furthermore, subcultures like the punk community, attracting vulnerable youth, and substance abuse, impairing judgment and
memory, contribute to criminal activity (Millennia et al., 2020).
Participant stated that
“When they are under the influence of alcohol, use of illegal drugs, they neither recall what they said nor what happened to them”
(IDI-P1-MSW).
This intricate relationship is highlighted by recent studies. For example, Sviatschi (2022), indicated that exposure to illegal labor
markets during childhood significantly increases the risk of future drug-related incarceration, often involving the acquisition of relevant
skills. Juvenile offenders frequently cite substance abuse and violent family backgrounds as contributing factors to their delinquent
behavior (Abhishek & Balamurugan, 2024). The rise in teen drug abuse, particularly in India, where over 90% of users are under 25,
is linked to increased crime and violence (Russian Law Journal, 2025). While substance abuse is associated with crime, it's crucial to
recognize that it's often one factor among many, including problematic family dynamics, contributing to adolescent criminal behavior
(Saladino et al., 2021).
The participant's statement that
"When the community isn't strict, children might perceive this as a signal that these crimes are acceptable and can be committed"
(IDI-P2-FSW) highlights the importance of community norms and social control in preventing delinquency. This is supported by
research, which demonstrates that Positive male intergenerational relationships and strong community ties foster informal social
control, reducing crime and child maltreatment (Warner & Berg, 2020; Melton, 2022). Bilsky et al. (2020), also mentioned that
delinquents' personal values and attitudes towards legal norms are strongly correlated, highlighting the influence of community norms.
Rehabilitation Strategies to Avoid Recidivism
Table 3 presents a detailed analysis of the themes and significant statements that emerged during the In-Depth Interviews (IDI),
highlighting Rehabilitation Strategies for Young Violators to Not Commit Crimes Again
Table 3. Major Themes and Significant Statements on the Rehabilitation Strategies to Avoid Recidivism
Themes Significant Statements
A Strong Support System We prioritize their health with regular medical and dental exams. Doctors and nurses educate them
Expedites Reintegration on health topics daily"(IDI-P2-FSW).
A dedicated rehabilitation center supports and guides the child until reintegration into their
community” (IDI-P3-MSW),
Each child needs a customized rehabilitation program; interventions need to adapt to each child's
needs"(IDI-P2-FSW).
Consistent rule and policy enforcement in a structured environment can teach children a sense of self-
control and responsibility” (IDI-P3-MSW),
Children who actively participate in the rehabilitation program are recommended for court case
dismissal if they’re ready for integration"(IDI-P1-MSW).
Social workers constantly communicate with the children, address their concerns, and connect them
with their families when needed "(IDI-P4-FSW).
Rehabilitation relies on social workers for case management and individual support. They coordinate
services and meet children's needs"(IDI-P2-FSW).
Children find solace in our counseling sessions; they open up, share their struggles like missing their
Psychosocial Support and families & expressing remorse"(IDI-P4-FSW).
Counseling Brings Healing Be a father, brother, and family to them so that they can really see the support"(IDI-P1-MSW).
Education and Recreation Their mindset is shaped by psychologists, social workers, house parents, and health professionals'

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Becomes a Path to counseling and group work sessions. These help them process, cope, and learn life skills” (IDI-P3-
Rehabilitation MSW),
Through counseling and sessions, their outlook on life is changed and positive thinking is encouraged.
Negative thinking becomes positive"(IDI-P4-FSW).
Counseling services include individual and group therapy. These sessions help kids cope, process,
and build self-esteem. "(IDI-P2-FSW).
We teach them life skills through tasks. Few of these kids have learned to clean, cook, or maintain
personal hygiene; they learn independence and responsibility from these tasks"(IDI-P2-FSW).
When they engage activities like gardening, skills training, and handicrafts, it helps prevent conflict
and unrest” (IDI-P3-MSW),
Children are encouraged to socialize, play basketball, volleyball, chess, music, and art to cope with
their emotional pain"(IDI-P4-FSW).

A Strong Support System Expedites Reintegration

A solid support network is necessary to assist young people who have committed crimes in getting back on track. Their friends, family,
and the community can all provide this support. They can get advice and be shown that there is a better way from mentors who have
experienced similar difficulties. Programs that provide job assistance, counselling, and training equip them with the skills they need to
thrive. However, we must also address the root reasons of these young people's criminal behavior, which include poverty and a lack
of chances.
In line with studies showing how important it is for a successful reintegration. Strong family support has been directly associated with
lower reoffending rates and better social reintegration outcomes, according to studies (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
2020). The discovery that family visits during incarceration enhance support after release, promoting a more seamless reintegration
into society and improved employment opportunities, lends additional credence to this. Additionally, the study of Gana et al (2023),
asserts that the material, emotional, and financial assistance of their families has a favorable effect on the readjustment and social
functioning of teenage ex-offenders’ child until their reintegration into society (IDI-P3-MSW).
Specifically Stated that
“A dedicated rehabilitation center supports and guides the child until reintegration into them community” (IDI-P3-MSW).
Participants consistently emphasize the need for individualized rehabilitation programs that adapt to each child's unique needs (IDI-
P2-FSW); Specifically stated
“Each child needs a customized rehabilitation program; interventions need to adapt to each child's needs” (IDI-P2-FSW).
This is consistent with research of Ramakulukusha et al. (2022) and Kennedy et al. (2020) which shows that the best approach is to
create customized programs that meet particular needs while accounting for personal experiences, the surroundings, and family
circumstances.
Psychosocial Support and Counseling Brings Healing
Counselling and support programs that offer a secure, controlled environment for development are the first steps towards effective
rehabilitation for juvenile offenders. These programs assist young people in analyzing their behavior critically, comprehending their
reasons, and creating more constructive coping mechanisms, such as conflict resolution and emotional control. Such programs do
more than just lower the number of repeat offences; they provide young people the tools they need to start again by enhancing their
communication skills and sense of self-worth while treating underlying psychiatric issues. In the end, this all-encompassing strategy
turns ex-offenders into contributing members of society by encouraging personal accountability and establishing avenues for
meaningful community reintegration.
According to research conducted by Molinedo-Quílez (2020), instead of concentrating only on punishment, successful rehabilitation
necessitates a comprehensive strategy that addresses underlying problems including peer pressure, mental health challenges, and family
issues. Addressing the root causes of delinquent behavior requires tailored programs that meet individual needs and work towards
community reintegration (Saadati & Saadati, 2023). Programs for early intervention are beneficial. and guidance can stop the situation
from getting worse and leading to major legal problems (Baker et al., 2022).
The participant statements provide compelling evidence for the impact of counseling on young offenders:
One participant stated
"Children find solace in our counseling sessions; they open up, share their struggles like missing their families & expressing
remorse"(IDI-P4-FSW).
The aforementioned demonstrates the secure and encouraging setting that counselling offers, enabling young people to communicate
their weaknesses and start the healing process.

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The same participant also noted,

"Through counseling and sessions, their outlook on life is changed and positive thinking is encouraged.Negative thinking becomes
positive" (IDI-P4-FSW).
This emphasizes the transformative power of counseling in helping young people develop a more optimistic outlook and build
resilience.
Education and Recreation Becomes a Path to Rehabilitation
Young people with legal troubles benefit greatly from educational opportunities and engaging activities to promote successful
reintegration and prevent future offenses. Acquiring new skills and a quality education increases employability and improves life
prospects, fostering confidence and reducing the likelihood of future mistakes. Furthermore, hobbies and recreational activities, such
as sports, promote physical activity, build teamwork skills, and provide positive social interaction, helping to avoid negative influences
and build supportive relationships.
This extends to incarcerated individuals; educational programs, including job training, enhance skills and confidence, aiding
reintegration and reducing recidivism (Phoglad, 2024; Gheorghieva, 2024). However, concerns remain that such programs could
inadvertently encourage negative behaviors or create a positive perception of prison life (Higgins, 2021), necessitating individualized
programs focusing on emotional management and interpersonal skills to maximize positive outcomes (Gheorghieva, 2024). I found
that skills training and education are important for helping children develop and grow.
One participant shared,
"Children are offered skills training with TESDA, schools, and other stakeholders. Rug, bag, and parol (Christmas lantern) making,
gardening, and hydroponics are examples" (IDI-P2-FSW).
The participant's observation that children acquire valuable skills through training programs (rug making, gardening, etc.) aligns with
research demonstrating the positive impact of vocational education and training (VET) on rehabilitation and reintegration Hassan &
Muhammad, 2021 (). These studies show that VET enhances self-esteem, facilitates positive societal transitions, and reduces
reoffending rates by equipping young offenders with marketable skills.
Furthermore, the provision of education and engaging activities improves well-being and life prospects, enhancing cognitive function,
social skills, and overall well-being, and contributing to successful reintegration and reduced recidivism (Jagannathan et al., 2021;
Mohammad, 2021; Gheorghieva, 2024; Phoglad, 2024). This holistic approach, shifting from punitive measures to recovery and a
better future, also fosters a sense of accomplishment and self-worth crucial for successful rehabilitation.
One participant noted,
"They feel accomplished and purposeful when they make money from these activities; this sense of accomplishment gives them self-
worth and helps them overcome stigma" (IDI-P3- MSW).
This demonstrates how making money off of their abilities boosts their confidence and fights against negative emotions. This
demonstrates the value of interventions that emphasize personal growth and empowerment, like peer mentorship programs and formal
educational environments, in addressing the psychological difficulties that young offenders encounter and promoting their resilience
and sense of self.
Insights from the Social Workers on the Rehabilitation of Juvenile Delinquents
Table 4 presents a detailed analysis of the themes and significant statements that emerged during the In-Depth Interviews (IDI),
highlighting Insights from Social Workers on the Rehabilitation of Juvenile Delinquents.
I had in-depth conversations with social workers who work with young people who had fallen into legal issues. Their insights revealed
some important things about helping these young people get back on track. Here are the main ideas that came up: Social Workers Can
Inspire and Become Positive Role Models, Institutional Services Need to be Strengthened, Professional and Ethical Case Management
is Essential, and Embrace an Altruistic Regard for Juvenile Delinquents
Table 4. Major Themes and Significant Statements on the Insights from Social Workers on the Rehabilitation of Juvenile
Delinquents
Themes Significant Statements
Workers Can Inspire When we talk about their potential and brighter future, they cry. It shows the power of hope and the importance
and Become Positive of believing in change"(IDI-P4-FSW).
Role Models Impact of the government’s program is much greater children feel that the help comes from a genuine place of
care and compassion. (IDI-P2-FSW).
One, whom I consider a younger brother, calls me 'Kuya.' I believe my influence inspired their curiosity about
my work as a social worker "(IDI-P1-MSW).
Seeing the dedication and compassion of the social workers, psychologists, and other professionals, inspire
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them to work towards positive change (IDI-P3- MSW).

As a social worker, we are inspiring them that they can still be a good person in the future"(IDI-P4-FSW).
Coordination is crucial, especially in rehabilitation. No coordination with your coworker or psychologist in
Institutional Services rehab means no help for the child who has psychological trauma "(IDI-P1-MSW).
Need to be Communities need to be aware of what is happening in families in their community and seek assistance from
Strengthened Municipal Social Welfare Development Office and Barangay Council "(IDI-P4-FSW).
The LGU should promote youth sports, educational lectures, and community engagement programs (IDI-P3-
MSW).
Philippine legal system is too slow and must be improved; sometimes the court is unaware of Republic Act
9344 "(IDI-P1-MSW).
We hold peace conferences where the child has the opportunity to share their story, explain the circumstances
surrounding their crime, and express remorse. (IDI-P2-FSW
It's crucial to set boundaries and avoid emotional involvement while remaining firm but compassionate.
Professional and Weakness may be exploited (IDI-P3- MSW).
Ethical Case An improved case management approach will provide more targeted interventions to help each child overcome
Management is their challenges and make positive change (IDI-P2-FSW).
Essential Practice stress-debriefing when having counseling sessions with the children; talk to psychologists "(IDI-P1-
MSW).
Our situation is difficult when cases are transferred and the sentence is served; must learn controlled
emotional involvement with clients "(IDI-P1-MSW).
Focused and comprehensive case management helps social workers understand each child's complex situation
(IDI-P2-FSW)
Embrace an Altruistic Realized not to judge these children prematurely; important to understand children’s story, motivation, and
Regard for Juvenile factors that led to their choices (IDI-P3- MSW).
Delinquents Helping them has taught me that social workers are vital to society because we are rehabilitating criminals and
inspiring them to change (IDI-P4-FSW).
Maybe besides the pay, social workers must have passion or a desire to help others "(IDI-P1-MSW).
Working with children in conflict with the law (CICL) requires a lot of patience and a strong personality (IDI-
P3- MSW).
I love case management, especially for children in conflict with the law; I have worked in community
programs, but center work is more rewarding (IDI-P2-FSW).

Social Workers Can Inspire and Become Positive Role Models

Social workers have an important role in the rehabilitation of young people who have broken the law, acting as good role models,
especially for those who lack such influences. By providing guidance and support, social workers empower these youth to make
positive life choices, fostering hope and belief in their potential for positive change. Their dedication, compassion, and unwavering
belief in the youth's capacity for transformation are essential for successful rehabilitation.
Research indicates that social workers help children avoid trouble and connect with beneficial programs (Patalinghug, 2021), providing
guidance and encouragement to facilitate positive change (Achmad, 2024). Group activities further enhance self-awareness, social
skills, and responsibility (Bagaskara et al., 2022). However, challenges persist, including program awareness, funding limitations, and
gang involvement (Saadati & Saadati, 2023). Despite these obstacles, social workers remain dedicated, acting as mentors and advocates
for these children (Patalinghug, 2021).
This dedication is shown by what people who work with these kids have said. One participant shared,
"When we talk about their potential and brighter future, they cry. It shows the power of hope and the importance of believing in
change"(IDI-P4-FSW).
This shows how important hope is for helping these kids change. This aligns with research of Bulatao in 2023 that shows children in
conflict with the law maintain hope through positivity, faith, and social support (Bulatao, 2023).
One participant said,
"One, whom I consider a younger brother, calls me 'Kuya.' I believe my influence inspired their curiosity about my work as a social
worker"(IDI-P1-MSW).
This shows how social workers can be like good examples for young offender. This demonstrates how social workers assist young
offenders in developing the belief that they are capable of changing and becoming decent individuals. Social workers also support
young offenders by advising, motivating, and advocating for them. They concentrate on what's best for the children and assist young
offenders in enrolling in programs that can benefit them (Achmad, 2024).
Social workers in youth programs view their work as helping people, despite the fact that it is difficult (Patalinghug, 2021). Young
offenders can learn a lot about themselves, how to get along with others, and how to be responsible through group activities (Alsayed,
2020).

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Institutional Services Need to be Strengthened

The urgent need to strengthen institutional services for juvenile delinquents necessitates a multi-pronged approach. Improved inter-
agency coordination and expedited legal processes are critical, alongside increased community awareness and enhanced resources.
Effective rehabilitation and prevention require significant investment in staff training, community-based programs, and comprehensive
services addressing education, vocational training, therapeutic care (including trauma-informed approaches and counseling), family
and community involvement, and healthcare (including emotional and physical health, substance addiction therapy, and trauma care).
Finally, a supportive work environment and professional development opportunities for employees are critical to the success of these
enhanced institutional services.
Recent study shows that urgent changes are needed in programs for juvenile delinquents, notably combining trauma-informed treatment
to address the considerable impact of trauma on these young people (Firdouse, 2024). Effective, individualized programs are essential
for reducing repeat offenses and successful reintegration, especially targeting issues such as substance abuse (Ponce & Cailing, 2025).
This is also shown by what some people working with these young offenders have said.
"Coordination is crucial, especially in rehabilitation. No coordination with your coworker or psychologist in rehab means no help for
the child who has psychological trauma." (IDI-P1-MSW).
This demonstrates that if social workers and psychologists do not collaborate, children who have undergone trauma will not receive
the care they require. Additionally, research conducted by Stucky (2021); Tackett et al. (2021), demonstrates that children who have
endured trauma do better when various healthcare experts combine to help them. For children to receive the best care, it is crucial that
social workers, psychologists, and other experts collaborate. It is much more difficult to assist these kids in their healing without this
collaboration.
One participant said,
"Communities need to be aware of what is happening in families in their community and seek assistance from the Municipal Social
Welfare Development Office and Barangay Council "(IDI-P4-FSW).
The aforementioned demonstrates how important it is for the community to understand and support suffering families. According to
research, helping struggling families requires a strong sense of community awareness and participation. Collaboration between the
government, parents, and community organisations is necessary for effective support (Lud-ayen et al., 2024; Patalinghug, 2021).
Despite obstacles such resource constraints and non-cooperation from children, innovative approaches—including technology—are
being investigated (Lud-ayen et al., 2024). In the end, social workers and the families they assist require more cooperation and resources
(Patalinghug, 2021).
Professional and Ethical Case Management is Essential
Social workers who assist children who are in legal trouble must strike a balance between compassionate care and professional ethics.
They lay the groundwork for successful intervention by upholding proper limits and placing each child's needs at the center of justice
and dignity. Systematic enhancements, such expedited case management procedures, and deliberate self-care behaviors for
practitioners are both necessary for long-term effectiveness. Only by emphasizing both personal resilience and systemic assistance can
social workers help juvenile offenders achieve long-lasting, significant results.
According to research conducted by Patalinghug (2021); Seyed & Saadati, (2023); and Odo et al. (2022), social workers must priorities
equality, honor, and the child's best interests. This necessitates adaptability and a person-centred approach (Patalinghug, 2021), as well
as the capacity to overcome the hurdles of assisting vulnerable kids while meeting professional commitments (Odo et al., 2022). A
comprehensive rehabilitation strategy should include education, skill development, mental health care, family support, and community
participation (Seyed & Saadati, 2023). Social workers must use caution while working with children since they may attempt to exploit
them. One social worker said,
"It's crucial to set boundaries and avoid emotional involvement while remaining firm but compassionate. Weakness may be exploited."
(IDI-P3- MSW).
When working with juvenile offenders, social workers must maintain professional boundaries since emotional engagement might be
abused (IDI-P3-MSW). This is especially difficult when a situation is changing. The need for social workers to strike a balance
between compassion and firm boundaries, encouraging self-control and constructive behaviors while attending to mental health needs
and fostering healthy family dynamics, is highlighted by the shift towards restorative practices in juvenile rehabilitation (Galleposo et
al., 2023; Scott Hoffman et al., 2021).
One social worker said,
"An improved case management approach will provide more targeted interventions to help each child overcomes their challenges and
make positive change." IDI-P2-FSW).

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For children in legal trouble to get effective help, specialized, research-based treatments that take into account their particular needs
are needed. The need of this strategy is shown by recent research: Hoagwood & Kelleher (2020) point out how the pandemic has made
problems like poverty and mental health issues worse, necessitating all-encompassing remedies. Families, schools, and communities
must all be included in a comprehensive approach. For example, Patil & Singh (2023) relate physical and psychological well-being to
good nutrition. The necessity of prompt, tailored support networks is further emphasized by their study, which highlights the
importance of early action in averting long-term effects.
Embrace an Altruistic Regard for Juvenile Delinquents
For adolescent criminals to be successfully rehabilitated, a restorative justice and altruistic approach is necessary. By reorienting the
focus from punitive measures to developmental support—offering counselling, chances for skill development, and psychological
interventions—social workers act as catalysts for positive change. This paradigm acknowledges that addressing the underlying causes
of delinquency and equipping young people with self-regulation skills leads to long-lasting behavioral transformation. Professionals
pave the ground for significant change by fusing evidence-based procedures with empathy and endurance. In the end, this investment
in human potential has two advantages: it breaks recidivism cycles using therapeutic rather than criminal methods and equips youth to
become contributing members of the community.
The need of early intervention is shown by an increasing number of studies showing how negative childhood experiences pave the
road for delinquency (Gomis-Pomares & Villanueva, 2020). Social workers are essential change agents in behavioral change, which
necessitates sophisticated methods that take into consideration relationship settings and individual situations (Feryn et al., 2022).
Recent research disproves older theories by demonstrating that self-control, which was once thought to be fixed after childhood, is still
flexible and may be developed as a deterrent to recidivism (Piquero & Rocque, 2020). Taken together, these observations highlight
the need for sustained rehabilitation to address the developmental potential for change as well as the underlying reasons of delinquent
behavior (Gomis-Pomares & Villanueva, 2020; Piquero & Rocque, 2020; Villeneuve et al., 2019).
One participant noted,
"Realized not to judge these children prematurely; important to understand children’s story, motivation, and factors that led to their
choices" (IDI-P3- MSW).
This highlights the need to look beyond surface issues and recognize the complexities of each child's situation. reinforcing the
importance of compassion and consistency. Supporting this, research shows it's important to understand why kids get into trouble.
Often, they (Reil et al., 2022). Many factors contribute, such as lack of support, school problems, peer influence, and emotional
difficulties (Smith & Paddock, 2024).
Participants also talk about the important job of social workers and the enthusiasm necessary. One participant stated,
"Helping them has taught me that social workers are vital to society because we are rehabilitating criminals and inspiring them to
change"(IDI-P4-FSW).
The significant impact of social workers on rehabilitation is emphasized, highlighting the importance of a genuine desire to help. This
aligns with research showing that genuine concern and a strong work ethic, independent of compensation, are key motivators for social
workers (Pathak & Srivastava, 2020; Tétreault et al., 2020).
Conclusion
A thorough, policy-integrated approach is needed to effectively prevent juvenile criminal behavior and ensure successful rehabilitation.
The study identifies a number of crucial problems that need systemic change and quick action. One of the most important intervention
strategies for insecure care settings is to strengthen family support networks. Accessible parental education programs to enhance
caregiving skills, family counselling services to address marital dynamics, and community-based networks that support good
supervision practices are all examples of evidence-based strategies. These tiers of care give families the means to provide constant
direction while establishing solid emotional groundwork for young people's growth. Legislators must simultaneously fund community
involvement projects and organized mentorship programs that break up networks of delinquent peers. These dual-focused treatments
have been found to successfully combat the normalization of criminal behavior in teenage social circles by rerouting kids towards
prosocial peer influences and fostering protective parental bonds at the same time.
The findings further highlight the significance of trauma-informed strategies in rehabilitation programs. Existing policies must
incorporate specialized therapy techniques that address psychological factors and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that lead to
delinquent behavior. Increased access to basic needs and vocational training programs are two examples of poverty reduction strategies
that are equally vital because economic hardship is still a key contributing factor to adolescent crime. These efforts should be bolstered
by community-based preventative programs that promote positive role models and prosocial opportunities for children who are at risk,
while simultaneously attempting to alter cultural perceptions by discouraging the acceptance of criminal behavior. For juvenile
offenders to be successfully rehabilitated, a thorough, multifaceted strategy that takes into account both systemic and individual
requirements is needed. Strong support systems, individualized treatment programs that address the underlying reasons of delinquent

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behavior, life skills training, and educational/recreational activities are all components of the most effective therapies. Trained
professionals must carry out these programs in controlled settings that strike a balance between therapeutic assistance and
accountability. Strengthening institutional capacity through enhanced interagency collaboration, expedited legal procedures in line
with juvenile justice principles, and moral case management techniques is equally important. In the end, effective and long-lasting
rehabilitation relies on practitioners who can blend real compassion with evidence-based rigor, fostering an environment where
practice, policy, and individual involvement all work together to change people's lives and communities. In the end, the study urges a
paradigm change away from punitive approaches and towards a development-focused approach that tackles structural vulnerabilities
and equips young people to contribute to society.
The results and limitations of this study point to a number of important directions for further investigation in order to improve the
effectiveness of interventions and expand our knowledge of adolescent delinquency. The long-term paths of young people exposed to
the major risk factors found in this study—such as widespread peer pressure, unresolved personal issues (such as impulsivity and
traumatic childhood experiences), ingrained poverty, extreme family instability, and a culture that tolerates crime—must be followed,
first and foremost, by longitudinal research. Such studies would assess the longevity of rehabilitative results and clarify the causative
mechanisms by which these variables both cause and maintain criminal behavior across the developmental lifetime. This longitudinal
approach is necessary to get beyond the fixed picture that the small, cross-sectional sample of this study offers and determine if
treatments such as skills training or psychological counselling result in long-term decreases in recidivism or only give temporary relief.
Second, research should use rigorous comparison procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of various rehabilitation strategies. Though
their relative efficacy has not been experimentally confirmed, the current study emphasizes the perceived usefulness of multifaceted
tactics (strong support networks, counselling, and educational/recreational activities). Future studies must use standardized recidivism
metrics and well-being indicators to compare various approaches in a methodical manner, such as family-involved reintegration models
versus institutional programs, cognitive-behavioral therapy versus trauma-informed counselling, or vocational training versus
academic education. In order to optimise resource allocation and program design, quantitative and mixed-methods designs might
determine which combinations of interventions are more successful for particular offender profiles (such as those motivated by poverty
vs peer influence).
Third, in order to supplement the social worker viewpoints that predominate in this study, qualitative research into the actual
experiences of young offenders and their families is essential. Nuanced cultural, emotional, and environmental aspects of delinquency
and rehabilitation that may be missed by quantitative metrics might be revealed through in-depth anthropological interaction or
narrative interviews with CICL and their careers. Such understandings are essential for creating context-specific, culturally sensitive
interventions in a variety of Philippine contexts, especially for marginalized populations like urban impoverished adolescents or
indigenous communities. In order to ensure fidelity to localized needs while upholding rehabilitation standards, research should also
give priority to co-designing and assessing customized interventions that are suited to individual risk profiles (e.g., programs addressing
ACEs for youth exposed to trauma or economic empowerment for offenders driven by poverty).
Finally, research on community-based programs aimed at inadequate social control systems and the normalization of crime is essential.
There is no data on initiatives to change these norms, despite the study's identification of community tolerance as a major facilitator of
delinquency. Future research should examine how restorative justice circles, youth involvement initiatives, and campaigns encouraging
community vigilance affect the acceptability of crime and the power of informal social control. Their involvement in comprehensive
crime prevention might become clearer if their interactions with more extensive structural reforms, such as reducing poverty or
improving the legal system, were assessed. In order to produce actionable evidence to improve rehabilitation paradigms, guide policy,
and promote the sustainable, equitable rehabilitation of juvenile offenders in line with SDG 16, these studies priorities longitudinal
analysis, comparative effectiveness testing, and qualitative inquiry with a cultural foundation.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Rey Patric O. Jugos
Santo Niño College Foundation, Inc. – Philippines
Nestor C. Nabe, PhD
University of Mindanao
Davao City – Philippines

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