CHAPTER 6
Basic SQL
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Categories of Data Models
ER Model Relational
EER Model Model
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 5- 2
Basic SQL
◼ SQL language
◼ Considered one of the major reasons for the
commercial success of relational databases
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
SQL Data Definition
◼ Terminology:
◼ Table, row, and column used for relational model
terms relation, tuple, and attribute
◼ CREATE statement
◼ Main SQL command for data definition
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Schema and Catalog Concepts in
SQL (cont’d.)
CREATE SCHEMA
schemaname
[AUTHORIZATION
ownername];
◼ CREATE SCHEMA
COMPANY
AUTHORIZATION
‘Jsmith’;
◼ System schemas
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
The CREATE TABLE Command in SQL
◼ Specifying a new relation
◼ Provide name of table
◼ Specify attributes, their types and initial
constraints
◼ Can optionally specify schema:
◼ CREATE TABLE COMPANY.EMPLOYEE ...
OR
◼ CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE ...
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Attribute Data Types and Domains in
SQL
◼ Basic data types
◼ Numeric data types
◼ Integer numbers: INTEGER, INT, and SMALLINT
◼ Floating-point (real) numbers: FLOAT or REAL, and
DOUBLE PRECISION
◼ Character-string data types
◼ Fixed length: CHAR(n), CHARACTER(n)
◼ Varying length: VARCHAR(n), CHAR
VARYING(n), CHARACTER VARYING(n)
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COMPANY relational database
schema (model)
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SQL CREATE TABLE data definition
statements for defining EMPLOYEE table
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SQL CREATE TABLE data definition statements
for defining the COMPANY schema from Figure
5.7 (Fig. 6.1)
continued on next slide
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SQL CREATE TABLE data definition
statements for defining the COMPANY
schema from Figure 5.7 (Fig. 6.1)-continued
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Specifying Key and Referential
Integrity Constraints
◼ PRIMARY KEY clause
◼ Specifies one or more attributes that make up the
primary key of a relation
◼ Dnumber INT PRIMARY KEY;
◼ UNIQUE clause
◼ Specifies alternate (secondary) keys
(CANDIDATE keys).
◼ Dname VARCHAR(15) UNIQUE;
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Specifying Key and Referential
Integrity Constraints (cont’d.)
◼ FOREIGN KEY clause
◼ Default operation: reject update on violation
◼ Attach referential triggered action clause
◼ Options include SET NULL, CASCADE, and SET
DEFAULT
◼ Action taken by the DBMS for SET NULL or SET
DEFAULT is the same for both ON DELETE and ON
UPDATE
◼ CASCADE option suitable for “relationship” relations
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The SELECT-FROM-WHERE
Structure of Basic SQL Queries
◼ Basic form of the SELECT statement:
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Basic Retrieval Queries
Output:
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Basic Retrieval Queries
Output:
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Basic Retrieval Queries
Fname Lname Address
John Smith 731 Fondres, Houston, TX
Franklin Wong 638 Voss, Houston, TX
Output:
Ramesh Narayan 975 Fire Oak, Humble, TX
Joyce English 5631 Rice, Houston, TX
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Basic Retrieval Queries
Fname Lname Address
John Smith 731 Fondres, Houston, TX
Franklin Wong 638 Voss, Houston, TX
Output:
Ramesh Narayan 975 Fire Oak, Humble, TX
Joyce English 5631 Rice, Houston, TX
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Basic Retrieval Queries (Contd.)
Output:
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Basic Retrieval Queries (Contd.)
Output:
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Aliasing, and Renaming
◼ Aliases or tuple variables
◼ Declare alternative relation names E and S to refer
to the EMPLOYEE relation twice in a query:
Query 8. For each employee, retrieve the employee’s first and last name
and the first and last name of his or her immediate supervisor.
SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, S.Fname, S.Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, EMPLOYEE AS S
WHERE E.Super_ssn=S.Ssn;
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Substring Pattern Matching and
Arithmetic Operators
◼ LIKE comparison operator
◼ Used for string pattern matching
◼ % replaces an arbitrary number of zero or more
characters
◼ underscore (_) replaces a single character
◼ Examples:
◼ WHERE Address LIKE ‘%Houston,TX%’;
◼ WHERE Ssn LIKE ‘_ _ 1_ _ 8901’;
◼ BETWEEN comparison operator
WHERE(Salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000) AND Dno = 5;
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Basic Retrieval Queries
◼ Query: Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the
‘ProductX’ project is given a 10 percent raise.
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 6- 23
Basic Retrieval Queries
◼ Query: Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the
‘ProductX’ project is given a 10 percent raise.
SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, 1.1 * E.Salary AS Increased_sal
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, WORKS_ON AS W, PROJECT AS P
WHERE E.Ssn=W.Essn AND W.Pno=P.Pnumber AND
P.Pname=‘ProductX’;
Output
Fname Lname Increased_sal
John Smith 33000
Joyce English 27500
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Basic SQL Retrieval Query Block
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INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE
Statements in SQL
◼ Three commands used to modify the database:
◼ INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE
◼ INSERT typically inserts a tuple (row) in a relation
(table)
◼ UPDATE may update a number of tuples (rows) in
a relation (table) that satisfy the condition
◼ DELETE may also update a number of tuples
(rows) in a relation (table) that satisfy the
condition
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The INSERT Command
◼ Specify the relation name and a list of values for
the tuple. All values including nulls are supplied.
◼ The variation below inserts multiple tuples where
a new table is loaded values from the result of a
query.
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The DELETE Command
◼ Removes tuples from a relation
◼ Includes a WHERE clause to select the tuples to be
deleted. The number of tuples deleted will vary.
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UPDATE (contd.)
◼ Example: Change the location and controlling
department number of project number 10 to
'Bellaire' and 5, respectively
U5: UPDATE PROJECT
SET PLOCATION = 'Bellaire',
DNUM = 5
WHERE PNUMBER=10
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UPDATE (contd.)
◼ Example: Give all employees in the 'Research'
department a 10% raise in salary.
U6: UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET SALARY = SALARY *1.1
WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research')
◼ In this request, the modified SALARY value depends on
the original SALARY value in each tuple
◼ The reference to the SALARY attribute on the right of =
refers to the old SALARY value before modification
◼ The reference to the SALARY attribute on the left of =
refers to the new SALARY value after modification
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 6- 30
End of CHAPTER 6
Basic SQL
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
