AMBULANCE DETECTION AND SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ALJESRAN J(211416205017)

ABINASH P(21141620500

A HARSHITH KUMAR (211416205904)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, POONAMALEE

ANNAUNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2025
 ANNAUNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “AMBULANCE DETECTION AND

SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL” is the bonafide work of ALJESRAN J
(211416205017, Developer, Module: Dynamic Proxy Management),
ABINASH P (211416205003, Developer, Module: A HARSHITH
KUMAR
(2111423205904) Web Server Load Balancing), , who carried out the project
work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. M. HELDA MERCY , M.E.,PH.D., Dr.BHUVANESHWARIM.E.,Ph.D.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Associate Professor

Department of Information Technology Department of Information

Technology Panimalar Engineering College Panimalar Engineering College

Poonamallee, Chennai -600 123 Poonamallee, Chennai -600 123

Submitted for the project and viva voce examination held on

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project of this magnitude and nature requires the kind cooperation and

support of many individuals for its successful completion. We wish to express

our sincere thanks to all those who contributed to the completion of this project.

We express our deep gratitude to our Honorable Secretary and

Correspondent, Dr. P. Chinnadurai, M.A., Ph.D., for his kind words and

enthusiastic motivation, which greatly inspired us.

We also extend our sincere thanks to our respected Directors , Mrs. C.

Vijaya Rajeshwari, Dr. C. Sakthi Kumar, M.E.,Ph.D., and Dr. Saranya

Sree Sakthi Kumar, B.E., M.B.A., Ph.D., for providing us with the necessary

facilities and a supportive environment to complete our project successfully.

Our heartfelt appreciation goes to our Principal, Dr. K. Mani, M.E.,

Ph.D., for his constant encouragement and valuable support throughout the

duration of the project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our Chief Academic

Officer, Dr. S. Prasanna Devi, for her continued support, valuable guidance,

and for fostering an academic environment that enabled us to carry out and

complete our project successfully.

We are also grateful to our Head of the Department, Dr. M. Helda

Mercy, M.E., Ph.D., Department of Information Technology, for her

unwavering support and for providing us with ample time and resources to

complete the project.

We express our deepest thanks to our project guide and staff in charge,

,Dr.BHUVANESHWARIM.E.,Ph.D Professor, Department of Information

Technology, for his insightful guidance, continuous feedback, and

encouragement throughout the course of our project.

We also extend our heartfelt thanks to our parents and friends for their

constant moral support and encouragement during the course of this project.

Last, but by no means least, we thank God Almighty for His abundant

grace and blessings, which enabled us to complete this project successfully and

on time.

.
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “AMBULANCE

DETECTION AND SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL” which is
being
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the course leading to the
award of the ‘Bachelor Of Technology in Information Technology’ in
Panimalar Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University- Chennaiis
the result of the project carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of
Dr.BHUVANESHWARIM.E.,Ph.D Professor in the department of
Information Technology. I further declare that I or any other person has not
previously submitted this project report to any other institution/university for
any other degree/ diploma or any other person.

Date:9/10/2025
Place:
Chennai

ALJESRAN
J ABINASH
P
A HARSHITH KUMAR

It is certified that this project has been prepared and submitted under my
guidance.
Date: 9\10\2025 Dr.BHUVANESHWARIM.E.,Ph.D

Place: Chennai (Professor /IT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 1
1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 1
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 2
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 3
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 7
2.1 FACE AGING WITH CONDITIONAL GENERATIVE
7
ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS
2.2 EVERYBODY DANCE NOW 8
2.3 LEARNING TO DISCOVER CROSS- DOMAIN
RELATIONS WITH GENERATIVE ADVERARIAL 8
NETWORKS
2.4 GAC-GAN: A GENERAL METHOD FOR
APPEARANCE-CONTROLLABLE HUMAN VIDEO MOTION 9
TRANSFER
2.5 COMPARISONS DRAWN 10
2.6 FEASIBILITY STUDY 12
3 SYSTEM DESIGN 16
3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 16
3.1.1 Block diagram for proposed system 16
 3.2 MODULE DESIGN 17
3.2.1 Detection of Person 17
3.2.2 Key point Generation 18
3.2.3 GAN Training 18
3.3 DIAGRAM FOR SYSTEM DESIGN 19
4 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 25
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 26
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 26
4.2.1 Introduction to Python 27
4.2.2 Python Libraries
4.2.3Introduction to Anaconda
4.3 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
28
4.3.1 Machine Learning
29
4.3.2 Supervised Learning
4.3.3Classification
4.3.4Regression
4.3.5Unsupervised Learning
4.3.6Clustering
5 IMPLEMENTATION 40
5.1 SAMPLE CODE 41
5.2 SAMPLE SCREEN SHOTS 71
6 TESTINGAND MAINTENANCE 72
6.1 SOFTWARE TESTING 72
6.1.1 Unit testing 73
6.1.2 Integration testing 77
6.1.3 System testing 80
6.1.4 Acceptance testing 82
6.1.5 Black box testing 83
6.1.6 White box testing 84
6.2 MAINTENANCE 84
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 86

7.1 CONCLUSION 86
 7.2 FUTURE WORKS 87
REFERENCES 88

ABSTRACT

Human pose estimation is a crucial problem in the field of Computer

Vision, especially as the world moves toward automation. With the

increasing use of surveillance cameras and smart sensors, capturing

activities in real time has become easier, but analyzing these movements is

challenging. Pose estimation involves predicting the positions of body joints

or key points from an image or video, which allows the system to

understand human or vehicle movements.

 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TITLE OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

6.1 Test Cases for Code 75

LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO TITLE OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

3.1 Proposed System Architecture Design 17

3.2 Use case diagram for proposed system 20
3.3 Activity diagram for proposed system 21
3.4 Sequence diagram for proposed system 22
3.5 Collaboration diagram for proposed system 24
4.1 Classification 31
4.2 Regression sample plot 35
4.3 Types of regression 35
4.4 Clustering 37
5.1 Sample Screenshot 1 70
5.2 Sample Screenshot 2 70
6.1 Black Box testing outline 83
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

In today’s world, computer vision plays a crucial role in developing automation

systems that enhance transportation efficiency and safety. One of the major
challenges faced in modern cities is providing a clear and fast route for
ambulances during emergencies. Delays caused by traffic congestion can cost
valuable lives. To address this problem, an intelligent system for Ambulance
Detection and Smart Traffic Control is introduced. The system uses computer
vision and sensors to identify ambulances through cameras installed on roads or
traffic signals. Once an ambulance is detected, the system automatically
changes the traffic signal to green in the ambulance’s path, ensuring a smooth
and uninterrupted journey. This requires advanced image processing techniques
to accurately detect ambulances even in low visibility, motion blur, or heavy
traffic conditions. With the integration of artificial intelligence, this automated
system helps manage real-time traffic efficiently, reduces human intervention,
and contributes to saving lives by minimizing response time.

1.2. NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Ambulance detection refers to the process of identifying and tracking an
ambulance in real time using computer vision and sensor-based technologies.
Vision-based systems use cameras as their primary input to analyze road traffic
and recognize emergency vehicles such as ambulances. This task is an essential
part of intelligent transportation systems and has gained significant research
attention in recent years. The importance of ambulance detection lies in its wide
range of applications, particularly in smart city infrastructure and automated
traffic control. By accurately detecting ambulances, the system can make
intelligent decisions such as changing traffic light signals to green along the
ambulance’s route, clearing the path, and ensuring faster emergency
response

1
times. Advanced learning-based algorithms, such as convolutional neural
networks (CNNs), are often used to process real-time video feeds and improve
accuracy under different lighting, motion, and congestion conditions. This
automation helps reduce human error, enhances traffic efficiency, and
ultimately saves lives by minimizing delays during emergencies.
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

A modern approach to ambulance detection in intelligent traffic systems is to

use image processing and deep learning techniques, rather than relying solely
on manual observation or traditional sensors. Conventional methods using
RFID tags or GPS devices can encounter limitations such as signal
interference, coverage gaps, or delays in data transmissioThe proposed system
processes live video surveillance in three main stages:

1. Vehicle detection – identifying moving vehicles from the video feed.

2. Ambulance recognition – distinguishing ambulances from other

vehicles using trained models and pattern recognition (for example,
identifying the “AMBULANCE” text or siren pattern).

3. Traffic signal control – automatically communicating with the

signal controller to turn the light green in the ambulance’s direction.

By integrating these stages into a single intelligent module, the system ensures
accurate and real-time ambulance detection, reducing traffic congestion and
helping emergency vehicles reach their destination faster.
1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Despite advances in computer vision and deep learning, pose estimation

remains a challenging problem, not only for humans but also for moving
vehicles such as ambulances in traffic scenarios. Some of the significant
challenges include:

● Variation in lighting conditions, such as night-time, glare, or shadows.

● Partial occlusions, for example, when an ambulance is behind

other vehicles.

● High variability in vehicle shapes and sizes, including

different ambulance types.

● High-speed movement, which may cause motion blur in

captured images.

● Loss of depth information, as most traffic cameras provide

2D projections of the road scene.

To address these challenges, deep learning–based methods such as

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) or Generative Adversarial
Networks (GANs) can be applied. These models are trained to detect
ambulances robustly under varying conditions, even when partially occluded or
moving at high speeds.

Recent research on human pose estimation provides valuable insights for

ambulance detection. Just like human pose estimation uses skeleton models to
represent body joints, vehicle pose estimation can represent ambulances with
key points such as lights, sirens, and vehicle corners. Large annotated datasets,
similar to Human3.6M and MPII for humans, can be developed for ambulance
images in different traffic scenarios.

Incorporating these models into a ROS (Robot Operating System)

framework allows real-time integration with traffic management systems.
Cameras capture the RGB or depth images of roads, the model estimates the 2D
or 3D pose of the ambulance, and the system triggers smart traffic signal
control to prioritize its path. This combination of pose estimation, deep
learning, and real-time traffic control forms the backbone of an intelligent
emergency response system, improving ambulance transit times and overall
traffic efficiency.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

System architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure,

behavior, and views of a system. For our project, the architecture illustrates
how different modules of the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control
System interact to ensure smooth emergency vehicle passage and real-time
traffic management.
An architecture description helps in reasoning about the structures and
behaviors of the system, ensuring efficiency and reliability.

The architecture diagram shows the relationship between different components

of the system. This diagram is crucial to understand the overall concept and
workflow of the system. In the diagram, principal functions are represented
as blocks, with lines indicating the flow of information between modules.

Proposed System Architecture Components

1. Traffic Camera Input

○ Cameras installed at traffic intersections capture real-time video

of the road.

○ These cameras act as visual sensors that continuously

monitor traffic flow and vehicle movement.

2. Video Preprocessing Module

○ Input videos are processed to remove noise, enhance visibility,

and normalize lighting conditions.

○ Frames are extracted for real-time analysis.

3. Ambulance Detection Module (Deep Learning)

○ Uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) or

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for vehicle
recognition.

○ Detects ambulances in the frame based on visual features

like sirens, lights, and vehicle shape.
 ○ Keypoints are identified for the ambulance's position, orientation,
and movement trajectory.

4. Pose Estimation & Motion Analysis

○ Determines the trajectory and speed of the ambulance

using keypoints.

○ Projects the detected vehicle position into 2D or 3D coordinates

for accurate mapping on the traffic network.

5. Smart Traffic Signal Controller

○ Receives real-time data about ambulance location and predicts

its path.

○ Automatically changes traffic signals to green along the

ambulance route while ensuring minimal disruption to other
vehicles.

6. Data Logging and Analytics

○ All detections and traffic adjustments are logged for

future analysis.

○ Helps in evaluating system efficiency and refining

ambulance detection models.

Proposed System Workflow

1. Traffic cameras continuously capture video feed.

2. Video frames are sent to the preprocessing module to enhance quality.

3. The ambulance detection module identifies any emergency

vehicle present in the frame.

4. The pose estimation module calculates the ambulance's trajectory.

5. The traffic signal controller receives the predicted route and

adjusts signals accordingly.

6. Real-time monitoring dashboard provides visualization and control

to traffic operators.

Advantages of the Proposed System

● Automated Detection: No need for RFID tags or GPS devices

on ambulances.

● Real-Time Operation: Immediate adjustment of traffic signals

reduces ambulance delay.

● Flexible and Scalable: Can be integrated into existing traffic

management systems.
 ● Deep Learning Efficiency: GAN-based detection improves
accuracy in low-light, occlusion, or high-speed scenarios.

● Data-Driven Optimization: Logged data enables

predictive improvements for emergency response
planning.

Fig 3.1 Proposed System Architecture Design

3.1. MODULE DESIGN

1. AMBULANCE DETECTION

3 PURPOSE: IDENTIFY AND LOCATE AMBULANCES IN THE TRAFFIC VIDEO FEED.

4 FUNCTIONALITY:
4.2 PROCESSES EACH FRAME CAPTURED BY TRAFFIC CAMERAS.

4.3 USES DEEP LEARNING MODELS (CNNS/GANS) TO DISTINGUISH AMBULANCES FROM OTHER
VEHICLES.

4.4 GENERATES BOUNDING BOXES AROUND DETECTED AMBULANCES FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS.

4.4.1 Detection of Person

Detecting an object is a primary task in computer vision. It involves
identifying the presence, location, and type of one or more objects in each
frame of a video. In this process, we feed the input as a live video stream, and it
is important to detect the ambulance or person in real time. Multiple objects can
be detected on the video, which can be processed using a Haar Cascade
classifier or a deep learning-based object detection model such as YOLO or
Faster R-CNN. A Haar Cascade is a classifier used to detect objects from the
input video, trained on thousands of positive and negative images to recognize
specific features.
Key point Generation
All prior detection systems repurpose classifiers or localizers to perform
object detection. They apply the model to an image at multiple locations and
scales, and high-scoring regions of the image are considered as detections. In
our proposed system, we use a more advanced approach. A single neural
network is applied to the full video frame or image captured by traffic cameras.
This network divides the image into regions and predicts bounding boxes and
probabilities for each detected object, such as ambulances, vehicles, or
pedestrians. These bounding boxes are weighted by the predicted probabilities
to ensure accurate detection.
4.4.2 GAN Training
A Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) consists of two main
components: the Generator and the Discriminator. Both modules work in
opposition to improve the generation of realistic data, which in our project
helps to refine human pose estimation and object detection in traffic
scenarios.
3.3. DIAGRAM FOR SYSTEM DESIGN
Design Engineering deals with the various UML [Unified Modeling
language] diagrams for the implementation of project. Design is a meaningful
engineering representation of a thing that is to be built. Software design is a
process through which the requirements are translated into representation of the
software. Design is the place where quality is rendered in software engineering.
Design is the means to accurately translate customer requirements into finished
product.
3.3.1 Use Case Diagram
Use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram created from a Use-
case analysis. The purpose of use case is to present overview of the
functionality provided by the system in terms of actors, their goals and any
dependencies between those use cases.

Fig 3.2Use case diagram for proposed system

3.3.2 Activity Diagram
Activity diagram are a loosely defined diagram to show workflows of
stepwise activities and actions, with support for choice, iteration and
concurrency. UML, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. UML activity
diagrams could potentially model the internal logic of a complex operation. In
many ways UML activity diagrams are the object-oriented equivalent of flow
charts and data flow diagrams (DFDs) from structural development.

Fig 3.3 Activity diagram for proposed system

3.3.3 Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram simply depicts interaction between objects in a sequential
order i.e. the order in which these interactions take place. We can also use the
terms event diagrams or event scenarios to refer to a sequence diagram.
Sequence diagrams describe how and in what order the objects in a system
function. These diagrams are widely used by businessmen and software
developers to document and understand requirements for new and existing
systems.

Fig. 3.4 Sequence diagram for proposed system

3.3.4 Collaboration Diagram
A collaboration diagram is required to identify how various objects make up the
entire system. They are used to understand the object architecture within a
system rather than the flow of a message in a sequence diagram. An object an
entity that has various attributes associated with it. It is a concept of
object-oriented programming. There are multiple objects present inside an
object-oriented system where each object can be associated with any other
object inside the system. Collaboration or communication diagrams are used to
explore the architecture of objects inside the system. The message flow between
the objects can be represented using a collaboration diagram.

CHAPTER 4
REQUIRMENTS SPECIFICATON
This chapter clearly depicts the software languages used in the system
design and the significance of it. The requirements specification is a technical
specification of requirements for the software products. Requirement
Specificationis a complete description of the behavior of a system to be
developed. It includes a set of use cases that describe all the interactions the
users will have with the software. It is the first step in the requirements analysis
process it lists the requirements of a particular software system including
functional, performance and security requirements. The requirements also
provide usage scenarios from a user, an operational and an administrative
perspective. The purpose of software requirements specification is to provide a
detailed overview of the software project, its parameters and goals. This
describes the project target audience and its user interface, hardware and
software requirements. It defines how the client, team and audience see the
project and its functionality.
Using this requirement, our application provides high service with
efficiently. Software requirements deal with defining software resource
requirements and pre-requisites that need to be installed on a server that provide
optimal functioning of an application. These requirements or pre-requisites are
generally not included in the software installation package and need to be
installed separately before the software is installed. The most common set of
requirements defined by any operating system or software application is the
physical computer resources, also known as hardware, hardware requirements
list is often accompanied by a hardware compatibility list (HCL), especially in
case of operating systems. An HCL lists tested, compatible, and sometimes
incompatible hardware devices for a particular operating system or application.
The following sub-sections discuss the various aspects of hardware
requirements.

4.1. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware requirements may serve as the basis for a contract for the
implementation of the system and should therefore be a complete and consistent
specification of the whole system. They are used by software engineers as the
starting point for the system design. It should what the system do and not how it
should be implemented. The minimum requirements to demonstrate the solution
are
• Processor : Intel i5 8th gen
• RAM :4 GB
• Internet Speed : 1 Mbps
• Hard Disk : 1 TB HDD
• IP Camera, NVR, PoE switch

The recommended requirements to demonstrate the solution are

• Processor : Intel i9 9th gen
• RAM :64 GB
• Internet Speed : 300 Mbps
• Hard Disk : 2 TB HDD+ 1 TB SSD
• IP Camera, NVR, PoE switch

4.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The software requirements document is the specification of the system. It
should include both a definition and a specification of requirements. It is a set
of
what the system should do rather than how it should do it. The software
requirements provide a basis for creating the software requirements
specification. It is useful in estimating cost, planning team activities,
performing tasks and tracking the teams and tracking the team’s progress
throughout the development activity.
● OS : Windows7 or Windows 10
● IDE : Anaconda navigator
● Language : Python 3.7 Version

4.2.1. Introduction to Python

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purposeprogramming
language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's
design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of
significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach
aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale
projects.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional
programming. Python is often described as a "batteries included" language due
to its comprehensive standard library.
Python interpreters are available for many operating systems. A global
community of programmers develops and maintains CPython, an open
source[33]reference implementation. A non-profit organization, the Python
Software Foundation, manages and directs resources for Python and CPython
development.
4.2.2 Python Libraries
Python's large standard library, commonly cited as one of its greatest
strengths, provides tools suited to many tasks. For Internet-facing applications,
many standard formats and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported. It
includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational
databases, generating pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with
arbitrary-precision decimals, manipulating regular expressions, and unit testing.
Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications, but most
modules are not. They are specified by their code, internal documentation, and
test suites (if supplied). However, because most of the standard library is
cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for
variant implementations.
4.2.3 Introduction to Anaconda
Anaconda Navigator is a desktop graphical user interface (GUI) included
in Anaconda® distribution that allows you to launch applications and easily
manage conda packages, environments, and channels without using
command-line commands. Navigator can search for packages on Anaconda
Cloud or in a local Anaconda Repository. It is available for Windows, macOS,
and Linux.
4.3. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
4.3.1. Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI). The goal of
machine learning generally is to understand the structure of data and fit that
data into models that can be understood and utilized by people. Although
machine learning is a field within computer science, it differs from traditional
computational approaches. In traditional computing, algorithms are sets of
explicitly programmed instructions used by computers to calculate or problem
solve. Machine learning algorithms instead allow for computers to train on data
inputs and use statistical analysis in order to output values that fall within a
specific range. Because of this, machine learning facilitates computers in
building models from sample data in order to automate decision-making
processes based on data inputs.
Any technology user today has benefitted from machine learning. Facial
recognition technology allows social media platforms to help users tag and
share photos of friends. Optical character recognition (OCR) technology
converts images of text into movable type. Recommendation engines, powered
by machine learning, suggest what movies or television shows to watch next
based on user preferences. Self-driving cars that rely on machine learning to
navigate may soon be available to consumers. Machine learning is a
continuously developing field. Because of this, there are some considerations to
keep in mind as you work with machine learning methodologies or analyze the
impact of machine learning processes.
Here in this thesis, we are providing basic info of the common machine
learning methods of supervised and unsupervised learning, and common
algorithmic approaches in machine learning, including the k-nearest neighbor
algorithm, decision tree learning, and deep learning.
4.3.2. Supervised Learning

Machine Learning:
Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence where systems learn
from data to make predictions or decisions without explicit programming.

Supervised Learning:
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where algorithms are
trained on labeled input-output data to learn the mapping function
Y=f(X)Y = f(X)Y=f(X), allowing prediction of outputs for new inputs. It
includes techniques like linear and logistic regression, multi-class
classification, decision trees, and support vector machines. Supervised
learning problems are divided into:

● Regression: Predicts numerical outputs.

● Classification: Predicts categorical outputs

 Unsupervised Learning:
Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where algorithms
analyze unlabeled data to identify patterns, structures, or relationships
within the data.

Classification

Classification is the process of assigning a data point or observation to one of a set

of predefined categories or classes based on its features. In machine learning,

this is achieved by training a model on a labeled dataset so that it can

predict the class of new, unseen data.

If you want, I can also write similarly concise definitions for

4.3.3. Regression
A regression problem is when the output variable is a real or continuous
value, such as “salary” or “weight”. Many different models can be used; the
simplest is the linear regression. It tries to fit data with the best hyper-plane
which goes through the points.

Fig 4.2 Regression sample plot

Fig 4.3 Types of Regression

4.3.4. Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning is where we only have input data (X) and no
corresponding output variables. The goal for unsupervised learning is to model
the underlying structure or distribution in the data in order to learn more about
the data. These are called unsupervised learning becauseunlike supervised
learning above there is no correct answer and there is no teacher. Algorithms
are left to their own devises to discover and present the interesting structure in
the data. Unsupervised learning problems can be further grouped into clustering
and association problems.
4.3.5. Clustering
It is basically a type of unsupervised learning method. An unsupervised
learning method is a method in which we draw references from datasets
consisting of input data without labelled responses. Generally, it is used as a
process to find meaningful structure, explanatory underlying processes,
generative features, and groupings inherent in a set of examples. Clustering is
the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such
that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the
same group and dissimilar to the data points in other groups. It is basically a
collection of objects on the basis of similarity and dissimilarity between
them.For example, the data points in the graph below clustered together can be
classified into one single group. We can distinguish the clusters, and we can
identify that there are 3 clusters in the below picture

Fig 4.4 Clustering

These data points are clustered by using the basic concept that the data
point lies within the given constraint from the cluster center. Various distance
methods and techniques are used for calculation of the outliers. Clustering is
very much important as it determines the intrinsic grouping among the
unlabeled data present. There are no criteria for a good clustering. It depends on
the user, what is the criteria they may use which satisfy their need. For instance,
we could be interested in finding representatives for homogeneous groups (data
reduction), in finding “natural clusters” and describe their unknown properties
(“natural” data types), in finding useful and suitable groupings (“useful” data
classes) or in finding unusual data objects (outlier detection). This algorithm
must make some assumptions which constitute the similarity of points and each
assumption make different and equally valid clusters.
4.3.6. Clustering Methods:
1. Density-Based Methods:
These methods consider the clusters as the dense region having some
similarity and different from the lower dense region of the space. These
methods have good accuracy and ability to merge two clusters. Example
DBSCAN
(Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise), OPTICS
(Ordering Points to Identify Clustering Structure) etc.
2. Hierarchical Based Methods:
The clusters formed in this method forms a tree type structure based on
the hierarchy. New clusters are formed using the previously formed one. It is
divided into two category
• Agglomerative (bottom up approach)
• Divisive (top down approach)
3. Partitioning Methods:
These methods partition the objects into k clusters and each partition
forms one cluster. This method is used to optimize an objective criterion
similarity function such as when the distance is a major parameter example
K-means, CLARANS (Clustering Large Applications based upon randomized
Search) etc.
 4. Grid-based Methods:

Clustering algorithms are used to analyze traffic patterns, identify congestion

zones, and track ambulances efficiently. In this method, the data space is
divided into finite cells forming a grid-like structure, allowing fast operations
that are mostly independent of the number of data points. Examples of
grid-based clustering methods include STING (Statistical Information Grid),
WaveCluster, and CLIQUE (Clustering In Quest).

Common clustering algorithms used in traffic and vehicle detection analysis are:

1. K-Means Clustering

○ Groups vehicles or detected objects into K clusters based on

spatial proximity.

○ Useful for identifying traffic hotspots or congestion zones.

2. Mean-Shift Clustering

○ Non-parametric clustering that identifies high-density areas

of vehicle positions.

○ Often used with a sliding window to track moving vehicles

or ambulances.

3. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise)

○ Groups nearby points together while marking outliers.

 ○ Ideal for detecting unusual events or isolated vehicles in traffic

CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

The implementation phase is the stage where the theoretical system design is
converted into a fully working system. This is the most critical stage, as it
demonstrates the functionality of the system and builds user confidence in its
effectiveness.

Each module of the system, such as ambulance detection, traffic signal control,
and video feed processing, is tested individually during development. Once
verified, these modules are integrated according to the project specifications,
and the system is tested as a whole in its operational environment.

The steps followed during implementation include:

1. Preparation of Executable System

○ The complete application is packaged into an executable form

and loaded onto a central server accessible to all users.

○ The server is connected to the network to enable real-

time monitoring and control of traffic signals.

2. Testing with Sample Data

○ Each component is tested using sample traffic videos and

simulated ambulance scenarios to ensure correct detection and
response.
3. Detection and Correction of Errors

○ Any internal errors, such as false detections or delayed

signal changes, are corrected.

4. System Testing to Meet User Requirements

○ The system is tested to ensure it satisfies all functional and

non-functional requirements, including timely ambulance detection
and automated traffic signal prioritization.

5. Feeding Real-Time Data

○ Real-time traffic data is fed into the system, and the system
is retested to ensure robust performance in live conditions.

6. User Feedback and Adjustments

○ Necessary adjustments are made according to user

feedback, improving interface usability, accuracy, and
response time.

7. Documentation and User Training

○ Complete system documentation is prepared, detailing the

components, operating procedures, and troubleshooting
steps.

○ Users are trained to operate the system efficiently, ensuring

smooth adoption.
 5.1 SAMPLE CODE
import cv2
import numpy as np
import time

# ==============================
# Load YOLO model (for vehicle/ambulance detection) #
==============================
weights_path = 'yolov3.weights' # pretrained YOLO weights
config_path = 'yolov3.cfg' # YOLO config file
names_path = 'coco.names' # class names

# Load class labels

with open(names_path, 'r') as f:
classes = [line.strip() for line in f.readlines()]

# Load YOLO
net = cv2.dnn.readNet(weights_path, config_path)
layer_names = net.getUnconnectedOutLayersNames()

# ==============================
# Smart Traffic Signal Controller
# ==============================
class TrafficSignal:
def init (self):
self.state = 'RED' # Initial
state self.last_change =
time.time()
 def change_state(self, new_state):
print(f"Traffic Light: {self.state} -> {new_state}")
self.state = new_state
self.last_change = time.time()

def auto_control(self, ambulance_detected):

# If ambulance detected, turn green, else normal cycle
if ambulance_detected and self.state != 'GREEN':
self.change_state('GREEN')
elif not ambulance_detected and time.time() - self.last_change > 10:
# cycle between RED and YELLOW
if self.state == 'GREEN':
self.change_state('YELLOW')
elif self.state == 'YELLOW':
self.change_state('RED')
else:
self.change_state('GREEN')

# ==============================
# Ambulance Detection Function
# ==============================
def detect_ambulance(frame):
height, width = frame.shape[:2]
blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(frame, 1/255.0, (416, 416), swapRB=True,
crop=False)
net.setInput(blob)
detections = net.forward(layer_names)
 ambulance_detected = False

for output in detections:

for detection in output:
scores = detection[5:]
class_id = np.argmax(scores)
confidence =
scores[class_id]

if confidence > 0.5:

label = classes[class_id]
if label.lower() == 'ambulance': # Ensure your model has 'ambulance'
class
ambulance_detected = True
# Bounding box
box = detection[0:4] * np.array([width, height, width, height])
(centerX, centerY, w, h) = box.astype('int')
x = int(centerX - w/2)
y = int(centerY - h/2)
cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x+int(w), y+int(h)), (0,0,255), 2)
cv2.putText(frame, 'AMBULANCE', (x, y-10),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.9, (0,0,255), 2)
return frame, ambulance_detected

# ==============================
# Main Video Loop
# ==============================
cap = cv2.VideoCapture('traffic_video.mp4') # Replace with camera feed if
needed
traffic_signal = TrafficSignal()
while cap.isOpened():
ret, frame = cap.read()
if not ret:
break

frame, ambulance_detected = detect_ambulance(frame)

traffic_signal.auto_control(ambulance_detected)

# Show traffic signal on frame

cv2.putText(frame, f"Traffic Light: {traffic_signal.state}", (20,50),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (255,255,255), 2)

cv2.imshow('Ambulance Detection & Traffic Control', frame)

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):

break

cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
5.2 SAMPLE SCREEN SHOTS

Fig. 5.1 Sample Screenshot 1

Fig. 5.2 Sample Screenshot 2

 CHAPTER 6
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

6.1. TESTING
Testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with
information about the quality of a product or system under evaluation. In the
context of the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system,
software testing provides an objective and independent assessment of the
system, helping stakeholders understand potential risks associated with its
deployment.
Type of Testing
There are two type of testing according their behaviors
1. Unconventional Testing
2. Conventional Testing

Unconventional Testing
Unconventional Testing is a verification process conducted by the
Software Quality Assurance (SQA) team. Unlike conventional testing, which
focuses on finding and correcting bugs, unconventional testing is a preventive
technique applied throughout the entire project development lifecycle. The
SQA team monitors and verifies project development activities to ensure that
the system meets all client requirements and quality standards.

Conventional Testing

Conventional Testing is the process of identifying bugs and validating that

the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system meets client
requirements. In this process, the testing team evaluates the developed
system, verifies its functionalities, and ensures that it aligns with the
specifications outlined by the client.

6.1.1 Unit Testing

Unit Testing is the most granular level of software testing, focusing on

individual functions or code modules within the Ambulance Detection and
Smart Traffic Control system. It is typically performed by the programmers
themselves, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal design and
implementation.

A unit is the smallest testable part of an application:

● In procedural programming, a unit may be an entire module or,

more commonly, an individual function or procedure.

● In object-oriented programming, a unit may be an interface such as

a class, or an individual method within the class.

Key Characteristics of Unit Testing:

● Unit tests verify that individual units of source code are fit for use
and behave as intended.

● Each test case should ideally be independent from the others.

● Tools such as method stubs, mock objects, fakes, and test harnesses
can be used to assist in testing a module in isolation.
 ● Unit tests are usually written and executed by developers during the
development process, sometimes supplemented by white-box testers.

● The testing can range from manual procedures to fully

automated processes integrated into the build system.

By implementing thorough unit testing, each module—whether it handles

ambulance detection, traffic signal control, or inter-module communication—is
validated individually, ensuring that the system’s foundation is robust before
moving on to integration and system-level testing.

Writing unit tests

Unit Testing is conducted to ensure that individual components of the

Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system work correctly.
Each module, such as ambulance detection, traffic signal control, or sensor
data processing, is tested independently before integration.

Best Practices for Unit Testing:

● Unit tests should be conveniently located:

○ For small projects, unit tests can be embedded within

the module itself.

○ For larger projects, tests should be kept in a dedicated /test

subdirectory or within the package directory.
 ● Making unit tests accessible provides:

○ Examples of module functionality for developers.

○ A way to build regression tests for future changes.

● In Python, unit tests can be run using the main routine.

● A test harness can manage common operations such as logging

status, analyzing output, and selecting and running tests. A test
harness may be GUI-driven, written in the same language as
the project, or implemented using scripts and makefiles.

Tasks

□ Unit Test Plan

o Prepare
o Review
o Rework
o Baseline

□ Unit Test

o Perform

□ Unit Test Cases/Scripts

 Test
Test Check Test case Steps to
Data / Expected Result
Case Item Objective Execute
Input
TC-00 1 Loading Enter Invalid Run theAny By using invalid URL, the
video and URL .ipynb other video could not be
Displayin script URL processed and output
g couldn’t be encoded
output

TC-00 2 Loading Enter validRun theAny valid By using valid URL, the video
video and URL .ipynb youtube was processed and output
Displayin script URL was properly encoded and
g displayed
output

Table 6.1 Test Cases for Code

6.1.2 Integration Testing

Integration Testing (also called Integration and Testing or "I&T") is the
phase in the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control project where
individual software modules are combined and tested as a cohesive group. It
follows unit testing and precedes system validation testing.

During integration testing, modules that have already passed unit testing—such as
ambulance detection, traffic signal control, sensor data processing, and inter-
module communication—are grouped into larger assemblies. Tests defined in
the integration test plan are applied to these assemblies to verify that the
integrated system functions correctly and is ready for full system testing.
 .

Steps in Integration Testing

Verify functional, performance, and reliability requirements for major design
components (assemblages).
Ensure that individual modules interact correctly through their interfaces using
black box testing techniques.
Simulate success and error cases with appropriate input parameters and data. Test
shared data areas and inter-process communication to confirm correct
information flow between modules.
Confirm that higher-level system behaviors, such as coordinated traffic control and
emergency vehicle routing, operate as intended.

Big Bang
.

The Big Bang integration testing approach involves coupling all or most of
the developed modules together to form the complete Ambulance Detection
and Smart Traffic Control system or a major portion of it, and then testing the
integrated system as a whole. This method allows the testing team to evaluate
the system’s overall behavior in a single step.

Top-Down Testing

The top-down testing approach is a software testing strategy in which testing

begins from the main (highest-level) modules and progresses down to the
sub-modules. In the context of the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic
Control system, this means starting with modules that manage overall traffic
flow and emergency response coordination before testing individual
components like sensor processing or image recognition.

Advantages:
Advantages of Bottom-Up Testing for Ambulance Detection and
Smart Traffic Control:

● Early detection of major flaws: If significant issues exist in the

higher-level modules (e.g., traffic coordination logic), they can be
identified and resolved once the lower-level modules are stable.

● Simplified test case representation: Once input/output functions

are integrated, creating and representing test cases becomes easier.

● Early skeletal program demonstration: Testing the lower-level

modules early allows for a functional skeleton of the system to be
demonstrated, which boosts team confidence and morale.

Bottom-Up Testing
The bottom-up testing approach is a software testing strategy where the
lowest-level modules—often utility or core processing modules such as
ambulance detection or sensor data processing—are tested and integrated first.
This ensures that the foundational components of the Ambulance Detection
and Smart Traffic Control system are verified early in the development
process
Advantages
Early detection of defects in critical low-level modules.
 Reduced dependency on stubs, since the core modules are tested first.
Confidence that the basic building blocks of ambulance detection, signal
control, and data processing work correctly.

6.1.3 System Testing

System Testing in the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control
project is the process of testing the behavior of the entire system as defined in
the Software Requirements Specification (SRS). Its primary focus is to ensure
that all customer requirements—functional, non-functional, technical, and
business-related—are fulfilled. System testing is performed after integration
testing, which focuses on detecting inconsistencies between integrated modules
or between modules and hardware.

Key aspects of system testing include:

● Verification of integrated software components: Ensuring that all modules

(ambulance detection, signal control, communication systems) work
correctly together.

● Detection of defects within the system as a whole: Identifying bugs not

only at module interfaces but also within the complete system
behavior.

● Validation against user expectations: Confirming that the system performs

as the end users (traffic management authorities and emergency
responders) expect in real-world scenarios.

● Testing of software design and architecture: Verifying that the system

architecture supports reliable ambulance detection and smart traffic
control.
 ● Functional and non-functional testing: Ensuring that requirements
like response time, accuracy, reliability, and scalability are met.

The system testing process typically includes:

● Creation of System Test Plan – outlining objectives, scope, and

test strategies.

● Development of System Test Cases – covering all functional

and non-functional aspects.

● **Selection/Creation o

Steps in System Testing

System Testing in the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control project
involves a structured approach to verify that the entire system functions as
intended and meets performance requirements. The steps in the system testing
process include:

● Creation of System Test Plan: Designing a comprehensive plan

outlining all testing activities and objectives.

● Creation of System Test Cases: Developing detailed test cases

covering all functionalities of ambulance detection, traffic signal
control, and
 communication modules.

● Selection / Creation of Test Data: Preparing test inputs that

simulate real-world traffic conditions and emergency scenarios.

● Software Test Automation (if required): Automating the execution of

test cases for efficiency and repea

6.1.4 Acceptance Testing

The final phase of testing in the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic
Control system is Validation Testing, which ensures that the software performs
exactly as expected by the end users. Unlike earlier stages conducted by
developers, validation testing is primarily carried out by the actual users of the
system—such as traffic management authorities or emergency
Alpha testing

Alpha testing for the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system
is conducted as simulated or controlled operational testing by potential users,
such as traffic management staff or emergency service personnel, or by an
independent test team at the developer’s site. This testing phase is performed
before beta testing and serves as an internal acceptance check to ensure that
the system meets initial functional requirements.

The main focus of alpha testing is to simulate real-world usage, performing

tasks and operations that a typical user would carry out, such as detecting
ambulances, controlling traffic signals, and monitoring communication
between system modules. Alpha testing is usually carried out in a controlled
lab environment rather than in actual traffic conditions. Once all scenarios
and techniques have been tested satisfactorily, and no major issues are found,
the alpha testing phase is considered complete, and the system is ready for the
beta testing stage.

Beta testing

Beta testing follows the alpha testing phase and serves as an external user
acceptance testing stage for the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic
Control system. During this phase, a functional version of the system, referred
to as the beta version, is released to a limited group of users outside the
development team. These users may include traffic control authorities,
emergency service operators, or selected test environments representing
real-world conditions.

The purpose of beta testing is to gather valuable feedback on the system’s

usability, performance, and reliability in actual operational settings. Any bugs,
technical issues, or inefficiencies reported during this stage are analyzed and
corrected before the system’s final deployment. In some cases, broader public
trials may be conducted to obtain diverse feedback and ensure system
robustness.

The overall compilation and validation of the project depend on user

satisfaction and the system’s ability to meet all predefined objectives.
Validation testing is performed in multiple forms, including performance
testing, functionality validation, and user feedback assessment, to confirm that
the system operates accurately, safely, and efficiently in real-time traffic
scenarios.

6.1.5 Black Box Testing

Black box testing, also known as behavioral testing, focuses on verifying the
functional requirements of the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic
Control system without considering its internal code structure. This method
ensures that the system behaves correctly and delivers the expected output for a
variety of input conditions.

In this testing approach, different real-world traffic and emergency scenarios

are simulated to evaluate how effectively the system detects ambulances,
changes traffic signals, and communicates

Initialization and termination errors.

In this project we conduct a thorough Black Box testing to ensure that the
output is obtained for all the input conditions.
 Fig 6.1 Black box testing outline
6.1.6 White Box Testing
White box testing, also known as glass box testing, is a software testing
technique that examines the internal logic, structure, and code implementation
of the Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system. This testing
method ensures that every internal component of the system performs
accurately and efficiently according to the design specifications.

Using white box testing, the software engineer can:

● Verify that all independent paths within each module (such as

ambulance detection, image processing, and signal control) are
executed at least once.

● Test all logical decisions in the system for both true and false
outcomes to ensure correct decision-making.

● Check loop operations within the traffic signal control algorithm

to confirm that they function properly under different traffic loads.

● Validate internal data structures like sensor data logs, image

frames, and communication messages to ensure their integrity and
correctness.

Common white box test design techniques used include:

 ● Control flow testing

● Branch testing

● Loop testing

● Condition testing

● Data flow testing

By applying these techniques, the system’s internal functionality is validated,

ensuring reliable and efficient performance during real-time traffic management
and ambulance detection operations.

6.2 MAINTENANCE
The main objective of the maintenance phase in the Ambulance
Detection and Smart Traffic Control system is to ensure that the system
functions continuously and efficiently without any technical issues or software
bugs. Since the project operates in a real-time environment, even minor faults
can affect its performance and reliability. Therefore, regular maintenance is
essential to keep the system updated and adaptable to environmental or
technological changes.

With rapid advancements in computer vision and artificial intelligence, the

system must be flexible enough to incorporate new algorithms, improve
detection accuracy, and integrate with upgraded hardware or smart city
infrastructure. The system is designed to allow the addition of new modules or
processes—such as improved ambulance recognition models or enhanced traffic
control strategies—without disturbing the existing functionality.

Maintenance ensures that performance, accuracy, and reliability remain

consistent over time, making the system robust and capable of adapting to
evolving traffic and emergency management needs.

Test Results
The screenshots and results presented in this section represent the
average output values obtained after multiple execution runs of the
Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control system. The system’s
communication process between different modules—such as cameras,
sensors, and traffic control units—is designed to be simple, efficient, and
clearly defined. Each component follows a specific data format and
communication sequence to ensure smooth coordination.

When an ambulance is detected, the image processing module sends data to

the central control unit, which then communicates with the respective
traffic signal controllers to adjust the lights in real time. This interaction
between system components occurs seamlessly, ensuring fast
decision-making with minimal delay. The results obtained confirm that the
communication structure and process sequence are reliable and optimized
for real-world traffic scenarios.

To detect intrusions
Both the traffic control units and signal controllers include sensors to monitor
vehicle movement and road conditions.
The internal network connects cameras, sensors, and control units for efficient
real-time data transfer.

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)-like modules are implemented to ensure

that all communication between control units is valid and authorized.

A Control and Review Protocol (CRP) runs periodically to check the integrity
of system processes and files.

The runtime verifiers continuously monitor the behavior of the system to

ensure proper functioning during live operations.

An Alert Processor (AP) validates all control commands and responses

between units to guarantee safe and consistent traffic signal operation.

These combined mechanisms ensure reliability, accuracy, and safety within the
Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control network.
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
7.1 CONCLUSION

In this project, we address the coordination challenge between multiple

components involved in ambulance detection and traffic control. To ensure
efficient and safe management, a trust-based decision mechanism is
proposed for real-time traffic signal control. When an ambulance is
detected by one of the system’s sensors or cameras, the control unit
collaborates with nearby traffic controllers to determine the most effective
route and signal sequence. The decision is made by aggregating responses
from different sensors and control nodes, each assigned a trust value based
on its reliability and accuracy.

If a particular node or sensor produces false or delayed data, its trust level
is reduced dynamically to prevent future inefficiencies. Conversely, reliable
and accurate components gain higher trust weights in the decision-making
process. The system continuously tunes its signal-control threshold using
adaptive learning techniques to balance traffic flow and emergency
priority. Through simulation and real-time testing, results show that this
mechanism significantly improves response time and minimizes delays
compared to traditional fixed-signal systems, ensuring that ambulances
reach their destination safely and promptly.

7.2. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In the proposed system, the communication and cooperation occur among
various interconnected components within the same traffic management
network. In this context, the traffic control units, sensors, and surveillance
cameras form a collaborative network where each component contributes to the
overall decision-making process. The detection of an ambulance by one unit
directly influences the behavior of other units, such as adjusting nearby traffic
lights or sending alerts to adjacent intersections. This cooperative interaction
ensures that all elements of the system work together seamlessly to provide a
continuous and clear route for the ambulance. Moreover, each decision made by
one component indirectly affects the efficiency and reliability of the entire
network, emphasizing the importance of coordinated and intelligent
collaboration within the smart traffic control system.
 REFERENCES

[1] Yun Fu, GuodongGuo, and Thomas S Huang, “Age synthesis and

estimation via faces: A survey,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and

Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1955–1976, 2010. [2] Xiangbo Shu,

Jinhui Tang, Hanjiang Lai, Luoqi Liu, and Shuicheng Yan, “Personalized age

progression with aging dictionary,” in Proceedings of International Conference

on Computer Vision, Santiago, Chile, 2015.

[3] Unsang Park, Yiying Tong, and Anil K Jain, “Ageinvariant face

recognition,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,

vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 947–954, 2010.

[4] Wei Wang, Zhen Cui, Yan Yan, Jiashi Feng, Shuicheng Yan, Xiangbo Shu,

and NicuSebe, “Recurrent face aging,” in Proceedings of Computer Vision and

Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, USA, 2016.

[5] Bernard Tiddeman, Michael Burt, and David Perrett, “Prototyping and

transforming facial textures for perception research,” IEEE Computer Graphics

and Applications, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 42–50, 2001.

[6] Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, SupasornSuwajanakorn, and Steven M Seitz,

“Illumination-aware age progression,” in Proceedings of Computer Vision and

Pattern Recognition, Columbus, USA, 2014.

[7] JinliSuo, Song-Chun Zhu, Shiguang Shan, and Xilin Chen, “A

compositional and dynamic model for face aging,” IEEE Transactions on

Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 385–401, 2010.

[8] Yusuke Tazoe, Hiroaki Gohara, AkinobuMaejima, and Shigeo Morishima,

“Facial aging simulator considering geometry and patch-tiled texture,” in

Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, USA, 2012.

[9] Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David

Warde-Farley, SherjilOzair, Aaron Courville, and YoshuaBengio, “Generative

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Systems, Montreal, Canada, 2015.

[10] Diederik P Kingma and Max Welling, “Auto-encoding variational bayes,”

in Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations, Banff,

Canada, 2014

APPENDIX
Conference Submission Details

Conference Organization Conference Submitte Paper

Sl.No Location
Name Name Date d date Status

1 Ambulance IEEE Chennai 12-14 6 October Under

Detection and International March 2025 Revei
smart traffic Conference ew
control on
Intelligent
Transportati
on Systems
and Smart
Mobility
(ICITSM
2025)

Proof:

Acknowledgment of Paper Submission

We are pleased to acknowledge that our research paper titled “Ambulance

detection and smart traffic control

Challenge: A Real world based

Ambulance detection and smart traffic control

successfully submitted to the following two conferences:

1. IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and

Computing Research (ICCICR

2025)
2. IEEE International Conference on Smart Applications and Data
Analytics (ICSADA 2025)

We sincerely thank our mentors, institution, and IEEE organizers for

providing us with the

opportunity to present our work.

---

Project Implementation Completed Status

I. Proposed System Architecture & Explanation

The Ambulance Detection and Smart Traffic Control System is designed to
prioritize emergency vehicles in traffic by detecting ambulances in real-time
and dynamically controlling traffic signals. The system consists of three main
layers:

1. User Interaction Layer:

● Provides a web-based interface for traffic authorities to monitor

live traffic and ambulance movement.

● Displays dashboards for traffic status, ambulance locations, and

signal control updates.

● Allows notifications for manual signal overrides when necessary.

2. Application Logic Layer:

● Implements ambulance detection using deep learning

algorithms (GAN/CNN) on live video feeds.

● Processes video frames to detect ambulances and calculate

their movement coordinates.

● Dynamically changes traffic signals to create a clear path for ambulances.

 3. Data Management Layer:

● Stores video feeds, detection logs, ambulance routes, and signal

control history.

● Maintains a secure database for real-time and historical traffic data.

● Provides APIs for analytics, reporting, and monitoring emergency
vehicle efficiency.

Explanation:
Traffic cameras capture video feeds of intersections. These feeds are
preprocessed to reduce noise and adjust lighting conditions. Deep learning
algorithms detect ambulances in each frame, generating key points for vehicle
location and orientation. GAN-based models generate synthetic frames to
improve detection under occlusion or low-light conditions. The application
logic dynamically updates traffic signals, ensuring a smooth path for
ambulances. All events are logged for visualization and analysis on a
centralized dashboard.

II. Module Name & Detailed Description

1. Ambulance Detection Module

● Detects ambulances using GAN/CNN-based object detection.

● Differentiates ambulances from other vehicles.
● Generates coordinates for tracking movement in real-time.

2. Traffic Signal Control Module

● Dynamically changes traffic lights based on detected ambulance location.

 ● Optimizes signal timing to reduce congestion while
prioritizing emergency routes.

3. Video Data Capture & Processing Module

● Captures video feeds from roadside cameras.

● Preprocesses frames with noise filtering, background subtraction,
and brightness adjustment.

● Processes frames through GAN/CNN to detect ambulances accurately.

4. Route Optimization & Analytics Module

● Calculates optimal ambulance routes using traffic and road data.

● Maintains logs of ambulance movement and signal changes.
● Generates analytical reports for efficiency and response times.

5. Dashboard & Notification Module

● Displays traffic status, ambulance locations, and signal updates

in real-time.

● Sends alerts for emergency situations.

● Provides charts, historical data, and notifications for decision-making.

III. Algorithm Name & Working Principles

Algorithm Used: GAN-Based Ambulance Detection &

Tracking Working Principles:

 1. Input Acquisition: Video frames are captured from traffic cameras.

2. Preprocessing: Noise filtering, lighting correction, and

background subtraction are applied.

3. Key Point Detection: Ambulance body and vehicle points are

identified for tracking.

4. GAN Processing:

○ Generator: Produces synthetic frames simulating

challenging traffic scenarios.

○ Discriminator: Distinguishes real ambulance frames

from generated frames to improve accuracy.

5. Traffic Signal Decision: Determines which signals to change to

prioritize ambulance movement.

6. Logging & Feedback: Stores detection events, signal changes,

and performance metrics for reporting.

IV. User Interface Screen for Each Module – Form Design

1. Ambulance Detection Screen

● Input Fields: Camera ID, Live Video Feed.

● Output: Real-time bounding box detection for ambulances.

2. Traffic Signal Control Screen

● Input Fields: Intersection ID, Ambulance Route.

 ● Buttons: Activate Priority Signal, Manual Override.

● Output: Real-time signal status visualization.

3. Route & Analytics Screen

● Input Fields: Ambulance ID, Start & End Location.

● Output: Optimized route, estimated travel time, traffic density.

4. Dashboard Screen

● Display: Live traffic map, ambulance location, signal changes.

● Buttons: Refresh, Generate Reports.

V. Expected Output Format with Form Design

Example Output 1: Real-Time Detection
● Ambulance ID: A101
● Location: Intersection 5
● Status: Detected (Bounding Box Highlighted)

Example Output 2: Traffic Signal Adjustment

● Intersection ID: I204
● Signal State: Green (for ambulance)
● Previous State: Red
 ● Duration: 30 seconds

Example Output 3: Analytics Report

● Average Response Time: 4.2 minutes
● Ambulance Pass Efficiency: 95%
● Traffic Delay Reduction: 20%