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Organic Chemistry Unit8 FullRevision

This document provides a comprehensive revision of Organic Chemistry for Class 11, covering topics such as the tetravalence of carbon, structural representations, nomenclature, isomerism, reaction mechanisms, purification methods, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. Key concepts include hybridization, bond types, functional groups, and various analytical techniques. The content is structured into sections with varying levels of complexity, catering to different aspects of organic chemistry.

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25 views2 pages

Organic Chemistry Unit8 FullRevision

This document provides a comprehensive revision of Organic Chemistry for Class 11, covering topics such as the tetravalence of carbon, structural representations, nomenclature, isomerism, reaction mechanisms, purification methods, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. Key concepts include hybridization, bond types, functional groups, and various analytical techniques. The content is structured into sections with varying levels of complexity, catering to different aspects of organic chemistry.

Uploaded by

suryaramajeyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Organic Chemistry – Unit 8 Full Revision (Class 11)

8.1 General Introduction (■ Low)


• Vital force theory → rejected by Wöhler (urea synthesis).
• Early syntheses: Kolbe (acetic acid), Berthelot (methane).
• Carbon catenation and bonding with H, O, N, S, halogens.

8.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes (■■ Medium)


• Hybridisation: sp³ (CH4), sp² (C2H4), sp (C2H2).
• Bond length/strength order: sp < sp² < sp³.
• Electronegativity increases with s-character.
• π-bonds → planarity, restricted rotation, high reactivity.

8.3 Structural Representations (■■ Medium)


• Complete, condensed, bond-line formulas.
• 3D wedge-dash notation.
• Models: Framework, Ball-stick, Space-filling.

8.4 Classification of Organic Compounds (■ Low)


• Acyclic vs cyclic, aliphatic vs aromatic, heterocyclic.
• Functional groups and homologous series.

8.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (■ High)


• IUPAC rules: parent chain, prefixes, suffixes.
• Nomenclature of alkanes: straight & branched.
• Functional group priority order.
• Substituted benzene compounds (ortho/meta/para).

8.6 Isomerism (■ High)


• Structural isomerism: chain, position, functional, metamerism.
• Stereoisomerism: geometrical (cis-trans), optical basics.

8.7 Organic Reaction Mechanisms (■■ Very High)


• Fission of bonds: Homolytic (free radicals), Heterolytic (carbocations, carbanions).
• Substrate vs reagent: nucleophiles (Nu:) & electrophiles (E■).
• Electron movement with curved arrows.
• Electron displacement effects: Inductive, Resonance, Electromeric, Hyperconjugation.
• Types of reactions: substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement.

8.8 Purification of Organic Compounds (■ High)


• Sublimation.
• Crystallisation.
• Distillation: simple, fractional, steam.
• Differential extraction.
• Chromatography: adsorption & partition.

8.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds (■■


Medium-High)
• Detection of Carbon & Hydrogen: heating with CuO → CO■ (lime water), H■O (anhydrous
CuSO■).
• Detection of Nitrogen: Lassaigne’s test → Prussian blue with Fe²■/Fe³■.
• Detection of Sulphur: PbS black ppt with lead acetate.
• Detection of Halogens: AgX ppt (Cl white, Br cream, I yellow).
• Detection of Phosphorus: ammonium phosphomolybdate yellow ppt.

8.10 Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds (■ High)


• Estimation of C & H: combustion with CuO → CO■ + H■O collected in U-tubes.
• %C = (12 × mass of CO■) ÷ (44 × mass of compound) × 100.
• %H = (2 × mass of H■O) ÷ (18 × mass of compound) × 100.
• Estimation of Nitrogen: Dumas method (N■ at STP), Kjeldahl’s method (NH■ by titration).
• Estimation of Halogens: Carius method (AgX ppt).
• Estimation of Sulphur: Carius method (BaSO■ ppt).
• Estimation of Phosphorus: phosphoric acid → ammonium phosphomolybdate yellow ppt.

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