Hec English NK Academy Notes
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NK ACADEMY NOTES
VERBAL REASONING FOR HEC TEST 2025
HEC Test Preparation for the Students of FATA and
Balochistan
New Session: Starts from October 10th
Coverage: 100% coverage of Mathematics and Verbal Reasoning portions
Online Classes: Taken by Nasrullah
Daily Classes: Regular classes to keep you on track
Daily Practice MCQs: Provided to help you practice and improve
24/7 WhatsApp Availability: Get help whenever you need it
100% Guarantee Preparation: Comprehensive preparation to help you
succeed
Complete Notes: Mathematics, Verbal Reasoning, and all categories notes
provided.
90+ Topics: Covered in Mathematics portion
FOR RECORDED LECTURES AVAILABLE
CONTACT NK ACDEMY
QUANTITATIVE AND VERBAL REASONING
NOTES AVAILABLE
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FOR COMPLETE PREPARATION
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ANALOGY
definition:
A relationship of similarity between two or more things that are not identical
but share common characteristics or features.
Types of Analogies:
1. Literal Analogy 4. Relational Analogy
2. Figurative Analogy 5. Proportional Analogy
3. Functional Analogy
1. LITERAL ANALOGY:
A comparison between two things that are similar in a literal or obvious way,
often based on a shared characteristic, function, or relationship.
EXAMPLES:
Q1. A car is to a road as a boat is to a _______.
A) Lake C) Sea
B) River D) Mountain
Ans: C) Sea
Q2. A doctor is to a hospital as a teacher is to a _______.
A) Office C) Library
B) School D) Laboratory
Ans: School
Q3. A book is to a library as a painting is to a _______.
A) Studio C) Museum
B) Gallery D) Theater
Ans: Gallery
Q4. A chef is to a kitchen as a engineer is to a _______.
A) Office C) Laboratory
B) Workshop D) Studio
Ans: Workshop
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Q5. A flower is to a garden as a fish is to an _______.
A) Ocean C) River
B) Lake D) Aquarium
Ans: D) Aquarium
Q6. A musician is to a concert as a actor is to a _______.
A) Play C) Theater
B) Movie D) Studio
Ans: C) Theater
Q7. A bike is to a road as a skateboard is to a _______.
A) Sidewalk C) Rink
B) Park D) Trail
Ans: A) Sidewalk
Q8. A computer is to an office as a calculator is to a _______.
A) Classroom C) Workshop
B) Laboratory D) Library
Ans: A) Classroom
Q9. A painter is to a brush as a writer is to a _______.
A) Pen C) Keyboard
B) Pencil D) Paper
Ans: A) Pen
Q10. A car is to a garage as a boat is to a _______.
A) Dock C) Harbor
B) Marina D) Shipyard
Ans: A) Dock
Q11. A doctor is to a patient as a teacher is to a _______.
A) Student C) Learner
B) Pupil D) Colleague
Ans: A) Student
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Q12. A book is to a reader as a movie is to a _______.
A) Viewer C) Audience
B) Watcher D) Critic
Ans: A) Viewer
Q13. A chef is to a recipe as a engineer is to a _______.
A) Blueprint C) Schematic
B) Diagram D) Manual
Ans: A) Blueprint
Q14. A flower is to a pot as a fish is to an _______.
A) Aquarium C) Bowl
B) Tank D) Cage
Ans: A) Aquarium
Q15. A musician is to an instrument as a actor is to a _______.
A) Script C) Role
B) Character D) Costume
Ans: Character
Q16. A bike is to a helmet as a car is to a _______.
A) Seatbelt C) Safety glass
B) Airbag D) GPS
Ans: A) Seatbelt
Q17. A computer is to a software as a phone is to an _______.
A) App C) Operating system
B) Program D) Network
Ans: A) App
Q18. A painter is to a canvas as a writer is to a _______.
A) Paper C) Computer screen
B) Notebook D) Desk
Ans: A) Paper
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Q19. A car is to a road map as a hiker is to a _______.
A) Trail map C) GPS device
B) Compass D) Guidebook
Ans: A) Trail map
Q20. A doctor is to a medical journal as a teacher is to an _______.
A) Educational magazine C) Textbook
B) Academic journal D) Encyclopedia
Ans: Academic journal
Q21. A neurosurgeon is to a brain as a software engineer is to a _______.
A) Computer program C) Database
B) Algorithm D) Network architecture
Ans: A) Computer program
Q22. A botanist is to a greenhouse as an astronomer is to a _______.
A) Observatory C) Planetarium
B) Laboratory D) Telescope
Ans: A) Observatory
Q23. A novelist is to a manuscript as a filmmaker is to a _______.
A) Screenplay C) Film reel
B) Storyboard D) Editing suite
Ans: A) Screenplay
Q24. A chemist is to a laboratory as a physicist is to a _______.
A) Research facility C) Observatory
B) Experimentation chamber D) Workshop
Ans: Experimentation chamber
Q25. A linguist is to a language as an anthropologist is to a _______.
A) Culture C) Community
B) Society D) Civilization
Ans: A) Culture
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Q26. A mathematician is to a proof as a scientist is to a _______.
A) Hypothesis C) Experiment
B) Theory D) Conclusion
Ans: Theory
Q27. A historian is to a archive as a curator is to a _______.
A) Museum C) Collection
B) Gallery D) Exhibition
Ans: A) Museum
Q28. A philosopher is to a treatise as an economist is to a _______.
A) Model C) Report
B) Theory D) Analysis
Ans: C) Report
Q29. A biologist is to a microscope as an engineer is to a _______.
A) Blueprint C) Simulator
B) Calculator D) Workstation
Ans: C) Simulator
Q30. A geologist is to a rock formation as a meteorologist is to a _______.
A) Weather pattern C) Storm system
B) Climate zone D) Atmospheric condition
Ans: A) Weather pattern
2. Figurative Analogy:
A comparison between two things that are not alike in a
literal sense, but share a common characteristic, quality, or relationship, often using
metaphors, similes, or other literary devices to highlight the connection.
EXAMPLES:
Q1. A city is to a jungle as a computer is to a _______.
A) Machine C) Network
B) Brain D) Virus
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Ans: Brain
Q2. A teacher is to a student as a conductor is to an _______.
A) Orchestra C) Audience
B) Instrument D) Composer
Ans: A) Orchestra
Q3. A river is to a landscape as a storyline is to a _______.
A) Book C) Plot
B) Character D) Narrative
Ans: D) Narrative
Q4. A painter is to a canvas as a writer is to a _______.
A) Paper C) Imagination
B) Pen D) Story
Ans: C) Imagination
Q5. A musician is to a symphony as a chef is to a _______.
A) Recipe C) Dish
B) Ingredient D) Menu
Ans: C) Dish
Q6. A architect is to a building as a novelist is to a _______.
A) Character C) Story
B) Plot D) World
Ans: D) World
Q7. A doctor is to a patient as a mechanic is to a _______.
A) Car C) Tool
B) Engine D) Garage
Ans: A) Car
Q8. A poet is to words as a composer is to _______.
A) Notes C) Melodies
B) Instruments D) Harmonies
Ans: A) Notes
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Q9. A map is to a journey as a blueprint is to a _______.
A) Building C) Design
B) Construction D) Project
Ans: A) Building
Q10. A gardener is to a garden as a programmer is to a _______.
A) Code C) Algorithm
B) Software D) Computer
Ans: Software
Q11. A camera is to a photographer as a brush is to a _______.
A) Painter C) Canvas
B) Artist D) Studio
Ans: A) Painter
Q12. A recipe is to a chef as a script is to a _______.
A) Actor C) Play
B) Director D) Theater
Ans: A) Actor
Q13. A musician is to an instrument as a writer is to a _______.
A) Pen C) Imagination
B) Paper D) Language
Ans: D) Language
Q14. A city is to a map as a story is to a _______.
A) Plot C) Theme
B) Character D) Outline
Ans: D) Outline
Q15. A painter is to colors as a musician is to _______.
A) Notes C) Melodies
B) Instruments D) Harmonies
Ans: A) Notes
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Q16. A doctor is to medicine as a teacher is to _______.
A) Education C) Students
B) Knowledge D) Curriculum
Ans: A) Education
Q17. A river is to water as a road is to _______.
A) Traffic C) Travelers
B) Vehicles D) Transportation
Ans: D) Transportation
Q18. A book is to an author as a song is to a _______.
A) Composer C) Singer
B) Lyricist D) Musician
Ans: A) Composer
Q19. A city is to skyscrapers as a forest is to _______.
A) Trees C) Rivers
B) Animals D) Mountains
Ans: A) Trees
Q20. A musician is to a concert as a chef is to a _______.
A) Restaurant C) Recipe
B) Kitchen D) Menu
Ans: A) Restaurant
3. Functional Analogy:
A comparison between two things that are different in nature but serve
the same purpose or function.
EXAMPLES:
Q1. A heart is to a human as a pump is to a _______.
A) Building C) Car
B) Machine D) Bicycle
Ans: Machine
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Q2. A wing is to a bird as a sail is to a _______.
A) Boat C) Submarine
B) Ship D) Airplane
Ans: A) Boat
Q3. A lens is to a camera as a prism is to a _______.
A) Telescope C) Spectrometer
B) Microscope D) Binoculars
Ans: C) Spectrometer
Q4. A keyboard is to a computer as a typewriter is to a _______.
A) Writer C) Desk
B) Office D) Paper
Ans: A) Writer
Q5. A propeller is to a plane as a wheel is to a _______.
A) Car C) Train
B) Bike D) Boat
Ans: A) Car
Q6. A microphone is to a singer as a megaphone is to a _______.
A) Speaker C) Audience
B) Listener D) Announcer
Ans: A) Speaker
Q7. A parachute is to a skydiver as a seatbelt is to a _______.
A) Driver C) Car
B) Passenger D) Road
Ans: A) Driver
Q8. A compass is to a navigator as a map is to a _______.
A) Traveler C) Tourist
B) Explorer D) Hiker
Ans: A) Traveler
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Q9. A turbine is to a power plant as a wheel is to a _______.
A) Car C) Train
B) Bike D) Mill
Ans: D) Mill
Q10. A laser is to a surgeon as a scalpel is to a _______.
A) Doctor C) Patient
B) Nurse D) Hospital
Ans: A) Doctor
Q11. A battery is to a flashlight as a fuel tank is to a _______.
A) Car C) Plane
B) Bike D) Boat
Ans: A) Car
Q12. A telescope is to an astronomer as a microscope is to a _______.
A) Biologist C) Physicist
B) Chemist D) Geologist
Ans: A) Biologist
Q13. A generator is to a power grid as a pump is to a _______.
A) Water supply C) Irrigation system
B) Plumbing system D) Drainage system
Ans: A) Water supply
Q14. A radar is to air traffic control as a sonar is to a _______.
A) Submarine C) Boat
B) Ship D) Harbor
Ans: A) Submarine
Q15. A thermostat is to a heating system as a governor is to an _______.
A) Engine C) Turbine
B) Motor D) Generator
Ans: A) Engine
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Q16. A spring is to a watch as a battery is to a _______.
A) Flashlight C) Toy
B) Radio D) Computer
Ans: A) Flashlight
Q17. A antenna is to a radio as a lens is to a _______.
A) Camera C) Microscope
B) Telescope D) Binoculars
Ans: A) Camera
Q18. A turbine is to a windmill as a wheel is to a _______.
A) Car C) Train
B) Bike D) Mill
Ans: D) Mill
Q19. A diode is to an electric circuit as a valve is to a _______.
A) Plumbing system C) Pneumatic system
B) Hydraulic system D) Water supply
Ans: A) Plumbing system
Q20. A gyroscope is to a navigation system as a balance wheel is to a _______.
A) Watch C) Compass
B) Clock D) GPS
Ans: A) Watch
4. Relational Analogy:
A comparison between two relationships that are similar in nature,
often involving a cause-and-effect, part-to-whole, or means-to-end relationship.
EXAMPLES:
Q1. A finger is to a hand as a toe is to a _______.
A) Foot C) Ankle
B) Leg D) Knee
Ans: A) Foot
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Q2. A leaf is to a tree as a branch is to a _______.
A) Trunk C) Stem
B) Root D) Twig
Ans: C) Stem
Q3. A painter is to a brush as a writer is to a _______.
A) Pen C) Desk
B) Paper D) Chair
Ans: A) Pen
Q4. A student is to a teacher as an apprentice is to a _______.
A) Mentor C) Supervisor
B) Colleague D) Employer
Ans: A) Mentor
Q5. A car is to a road as a boat is to a _______.
A) Lake C) Sea
B) River D) Ocean
Ans: C) Sea
Q6. A doctor is to a patient as a lawyer is to a _______.
A) Client C) Jury
B) Judge D) Witness
Ans: A) Client
Q7. A book is to an author as a song is to a _______.
A) Composer C) Singer
B) Lyricist D) Musician
Ans: A) Composer
Q8. A city is to a map as a body is to an _______.
A) Organ C) Cell
B) Tissue D) X-ray
Ans: D) X-ray
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Q9. A teacher is to a classroom as a conductor is to an _______.
A) Orchestra C) Audience
B) Instrument D) Concert hall
Ans: A) Orchestra
Q10. A computer is to a keyboard as a typewriter is to a _______.
A) Pen C) Paper
B) Pencil D) Ribbon
Ans: D) Ribbon
Q11. A bike is to a road as a skates are to a _______.
A) Rink C) Trail
B) Park D) Sidewalk
Ans: A) Rink
Q12. A phone is to a caller as a mailbox is to a _______.
A) Letter C) Postcard
B) Package D) Sender
Ans: D) Sender
Q13. A river is to a valley as a road is to a _______.
A) Highway C) Tunnel
B) Bridge D) Landscape
Ans: D) Landscape
Q14. A musician is to an instrument as a driver is to a _______.
A) Car C) Traffic
B) Road D) License
Ans: A) Car
Q15. A poet is to words as a composer is to _______.
A) Notes C) Melodies
B) Instruments D) Harmonies
Ans: A) Notes
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Q16. A map is to a journey as a recipe is to a _______.
A) Meal C) Kitchen
B) Ingredient D) Cook
Ans: A) Meal
Q17. A key is to a lock as a password is to a _______.
A) Computer C) Network
B) Account D) Database
Ans: Account
Q18. A painter is to a canvas as a sculptor is to a _______.
A) Block C) Metal
B) Stone D) Wood
Ans: Stone
Q19. A student is to a textbook as a researcher is to a _______.
A) Journal C) Database
B) Article D) Library
Ans: A) Journal
Q20. A chef is to a kitchen as a engineer is to a _______.
A) Workshop C) Office
B) Laboratory D) Factory
Ans: A) Workshop
SYNONYMS
DEFINITION:
A word or phrase that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word
or phrase.
EXAMPLES:
Q1. Ambitious
A) Determined C) Sad
B) Happy D) Lazy
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Ans:A) Determined
Q2. Enthusiastic
A) Bored C) Excited
B) Angry D) Sad
Ans:C) Excited
Q3. Vigilant
A) Careless C) Sleepy
B) Alert D) Distracted
Ans:B) Alert
Q4. Sophisticated
A) Basic C) Complex
B) Simple D) Advanced
Ans:C) Complex
Q5. Nimble
A) Weak C) Slow
B) Quick D) Strong
Ans:B) Quick
Q6. Precise
A) Ambiguous C) Accurate
B) Vague D) Inaccurate
Ans:C) Accurate
Q7. Serene
A) Angry C) Happy
B) Peaceful D) Noisy
Ans:B) Peaceful
Q8. Tenacious
A) Lazy C) Persistent
B) Weak D) Strong
Ans:C) Persistent
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Q9. Eloquent
A) Confused C) Stammering
B) Fluent D) Clear
Ans:B) Fluent
Q10. Tranquil
A) Turbulent C) Noisy
B) Calm D) Peaceful
Ans:B) Calm
Q11. Innovative
A) Old C) Traditional
B) Creative D) New
Ans:B) Creative
Q12. Resilient C) Strong
A) Fragile D) Weak
B) Flexible
Ans:C) Strong
Q13. Diligent
A) Negligent C) Careless
B) Hardworking D) Lazy
Ans:B) Hardworking
Q14. Candid
A) Insincere C) Dishonest
B) Sincere D) Honest
Ans:D) Honest
Q15. Exuberant
A) Sad C) Enthusiastic
B) Happy D) Apathetic
Ans:C) Enthusiastic
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Q16. Fastidious
A) Imprecise C) Meticulous
B) Precise D) Careless
Ans:C) Meticulous
Q17. Inscrutable
A) Clear C) Ambiguous
B) Obvious D) Mysterious
Ans:D) Mysterious
Q18. Jocular
A) Serious C) Humorous
B) Funny D) Sad
Ans:C) Humorous
Q19. Luminous
A) Dark C) Bright
B) Dim D) Glowing
Ans:D) Glowing
Q20. Mellifluous
A) Discordant C) Musical
B) Harsh-sounding D) Sweet-sounding
Ans:D) Sweet-sounding
Q21. Harmonious
A) Peaceful C) Noisy
B) Musical D) Discordant
Ans: A) Peaceful
Q22. Vigorous
A) Weak C) Strong
B) Energetic D) Lazy
Ans: Energetic
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Q23. Astute
A) Ignorant C) Unaware
B) Intelligent D) Clever
Ans: Intelligent
Q24. Nimble
A) Quick C) Strong
B) Weak D) Slow
Ans: A) Quick
Q25. Enigmatic
A) Ambiguous C) Clear
B) Obvious D) Mysterious
Ans: D) Mysterious
Q26. Debonair
A) Unfriendly C) Rude
B) Charming D) Polite
Ans: Charming
Q27. Ebullient
A) Apathetic C) Sad
B) Happy D) Enthusiastic
Ans: D) Enthusiastic
Q28. Perfidious
A) Loyal C) Disloyal
B) Honest D) Dishonest
Ans: C) Disloyal
Q29. Insouciant
A) Worried C) Happy
B) Carefree D) Sad
Ans: Carefree
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Q30. Ephemeral
A) Lasting C) Permanent
B) Temporary D) Enduring
Ans: Temporary
Q31. Cacophonous
A) Musical C) Discordant
B) Harmonious D) Noisy
Ans: C) Discordant
Q32. Defenestrated
A) Caught C) Thrown
B) Removed D) Dropped
Ans: C) Thrown
Q33. Garrulous
A) Silent C) Quiet
B) Talkative D) Chatty
Ans: Talkative
Q34. Heliotropism
A) Solar movement C) Sun-worship
B) Plant growth D) Sun-hatred
Ans: C) Sun-worship
Q35. Insular
A) Coastal C) Inland
B) Island-like D) Mainland
Ans: Island-like
Q36. Jocularity
A) Boredom C) Seriousness
B) Amusement D) Humor
Ans: D) Humor
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Q37. Kinesiology
A) Study of muscles C) Study of bones
B) Study of movement D) Study of joints
Ans: Study of movement
Q38. Lassitude
A) Energy C) Strength
B) Weariness D) Weakness
Ans: Weariness
Q39. Mellowness
A) Roughness C) Harshness
B) Gentleness D) Softness
Ans: D) Softness
Q40. Nefarious
A) Righteous C) Good
B) Evil D) Wicked
Ans: D) Wicked
Q41. Abstruse
A) Simple C) Clear
B) Complex D) Obvious
Ans: Complex
Q42. Callow
A) Mature C) Young
B) Immature D) Old
Ans: Immature
Q43. Defunct
A) Active C) Working
B) Inactive D) Broken
Ans: Inactive
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Q44. Ephemeron
A) Permanent C) Lasting
B) Temporary D) Enduring
Ans: Temporary
Q45. Flaccid
A) Strong C) Firm
B) Weak D) Soft
Ans: Weak
Q46. Garrulous
A) Quiet C) Silent
B) Talkative D) Chatty
Ans: Talkative
Q47. Heterogeneous
A) Uniform C) Same
B) Different D) Similar
Ans: Different
Q48. Inscrutable
A) Clear C) Mysterious
B) Obvious D) Ambiguous
Ans: C) Mysterious
Q49. Jocular
A) Serious C) Funny
B) Humorous D) Sad
Ans: Humorous
Q50. Kaleidoscopic
A) Colorful C) Varied
B) Monotonous D) Constant
Ans: C) Varied
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Q51. Lachrymose
A) Happy C) Joyful
B) Sad D) Tearful
Ans: D) Tearful
Q52. Mellifluous
A) Harsh C) Discordant
B) Sweet D) Musical
Ans: Sweet
Q53. Nefarious
A) Good C) Righteous
B) Evil D) Wicked
Ans: D) Wicked
Q54. Obfuscate
A) Clarify C) Simplify
B) Confuse D) Complicate
Ans: Confuse
Q55. Perfidious
A) Loyal C) Honest
B) Disloyal D) Dishonest
Ans: Disloyal
Q56. Quixotic
A) Practical C) Realistic
B) Idealistic D) Imaginative
Ans: Idealistic
Q57. Reclusive
A) Social C) Outgoing
B) Antisocial D) Introverted
Ans: D) Introverted
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Q58. Sagacious
A) Wise C) Intelligent
B) Foolish D) Unaware
Ans: A) Wise
Q59. Tenuous
A) Strong C) Firm
B) Weak D) Fragile
Ans: D) Fragile
Q60. Uxoricide
A) Wife-killer C) Murderer
B) Husband-killer D) Killer
Ans: A) Wife-killer
Q61. Abeyance
A) Suspension C) Postponement
B) Cancellation D) Termination
Ans: A) Suspension
Q62. Cacophony
A) Harmony C) Discord
B) Melody D) Symphony
Ans: C) Discord
Q63. Defenestration
A) Throwing C) Dropping
B) Catching D) Removing
Ans: A) Throwing
Q64. Ephemeral
A) Lasting C) Temporary
B) Permanent D) Enduring
Ans: C) Temporary
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Q65. Fluxion
A) Flow C) Movement
B) Change D) Stability
Ans: Change
Q66. Gymnosophy
A) Love of wisdom C) Love of nature
B) Love of exercise D) Love of knowledge
Ans: Love of exercise
Q67. Heliotropism
A) Sun-worship C) Solar movement
B) Plant growth D) Sun-hatred
Ans: A) Sun-worship
Q68. Infinitesimal
A) Very large C) Infinite
B) Very small D) Finite
Ans: Very small
Q69. Jargonelle
A) Type of pear C) Type of peach
B) Type of apple D) Type of plum
Ans: A) Type of pear
Q70. Kinesiology
A) Study of movement C) Study of bones
B) Study of muscles D) Study of joints
Ans: A) Study of movement
Q71. Lethologica
A) Fear of words C) Fear of speaking
B) Fear of silence D) Fear of forgetting
Ans: A) Fear of words
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Q72. Mellifluous
A) Harsh-sounding C) Discordant
B) Sweet-sounding D) Musical
Ans: Sweet-sounding
Q73. Nefarious
A) Good C) Righteous
B) Evil D) Wicked
Ans: D) Wicked
Q74. Obfuscate
A) Clarify C) Simplify
B) Confuse D) Complicate
Ans: Confuse
Q75. Papillon
A) Type of dog C) Type of bird
B) Type of cat D) Type of butterfly
Ans: A) Type of dog
Q76. Quixotic
A) Practical C) Realistic
B) Idealistic D) Imaginative
Ans: Idealistic
Q77. Reclusive
A) Social C) Outgoing
B) Antisocial D) Introverted
Ans: D) Introverted
Q78. Sagacious
A) Wise C) Intelligent
B) Foolish D) Unaware
Ans: A) Wise
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Q79. Tintinnabulation
A) Ringing sound C) Harmonious sound
B) Musical sound D) Discordant sound
Ans: A) Ringing sound
Q80. Uxoricide
A) Wife-killer C) Murderer
B) Husband-killer D) Killer
Ans: A) Wife-killer
Q81. Vigilant
A) Careless C) Sleepy
B) Alert D) Distracted
Ans: Alert
Q82. Wistful
A) Happy C) Melancholic
B) Sad D) Nostalgic
Ans: D) Nostalgic
Q83. Xanthosis
A) Yellow discoloration C) Red discoloration
B) Brown discoloration D) Black discoloration
Ans: A) Yellow discoloration
Q84. Yonder
A) Near C) Close
B) Far D) Distant
Ans: Far
Q85. Zephyr
A) Strong wind C) Stormy weather
B) Gentle breeze D) Calm weather
Ans: Gentle breeze
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Q86. Cacography
A) Poor handwriting C) Beautiful handwriting
B) Good handwriting D) Illegible handwriting
Ans: A) Poor handwriting
Q87. Chiaroscurist
A) Artist who specializes in light and shade
B) Artist who specializes in color
C) Artist who specializes in form
D) Artist who specializes in texture
Ans: A) Artist who specializes in light and shade
Q88. Crapulent
A) Sick from eating too much
B) Sick from drinking too much
C) Sick from lack of sleep
D) Sick from lack of exercise
Ans: Sick from drinking too much
Q89. Dendrochronology
A) Study of tree rings C) Study of fossils
B) Study of rocks D) Study of plants
Ans: A) Study of tree rings
Q90. Echolocation
A) Ability to locate objects by sound
B) Ability to locate objects by sight
C) Ability to locate objects by touch
D) Ability to locate objects by smell
Ans: A) Ability to locate objects by sound
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MOST IMPORTANT SYNONYMS
Q1. Big
A) Small C) Happy
B) Large D) Sad
Ans: Large
Q2. Happy
A) Sad C) Angry
B) Joyful D) Fearful
Ans: Joyful
Q3. Fast
A) Slow C) Strong
B) Quick D) Weak
Ans: Quick
Q4. Cold
A) Hot C) Warm
B) Chilly D) Sunny
Ans: Chilly
Q5. Old
A) Young C) New
B) Ancient D) Modern
Ans: Ancient
Q6. Beautiful
A) Ugly C) Happy
B) Pretty D) Sad
Ans: Pretty
Q7. Strong
A) Weak C) Happy
B) Powerful D) Sad
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Ans: Powerful
Q8. Easy
A) Hard C) Difficult
B) Simple D) Complicated
Ans: Simple
Q9. Bright
A) Dim C) Dark
B) Shining D) Gloomy
Ans: Shining
Q10. Loud
A) Quiet C) Soft
B) Noisy D) Silent
Ans: Noisy
Q11. Clear
A) Cloudy C) Foggy
B) Transparent D) Hazy
Ans: Transparent
Q12. Clean
A) Dirty C) Messy
B) Spotless D) Filthy
Ans: Spotless
Q13. Fresh
A) Stale C) Old
B) New D) Rotten
Ans: New
Q14. Full
A) Empty C) Partial
B) Complete D) Half
Ans: Complete
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Q15. Hot
A) Cold C) Chilly
B) Warm D) Scorching
Ans: D) Scorching
Q16. Light
A) Heavy C) Dark
B) Bright D) Dim
Ans: Bright
Q17. Long
A) Short C) Brief
B) Extended D) Lengthy
Ans: D) Lengthy
Q18. New
A) Old C) Ancient
B) Modern D) Fresh
Ans: D) Fresh
Q19. Open
A) Closed C) Wide
B) Shut D) Narrow
Ans: C) Wide
Q20. Quick
A) Slow C) Rapid
B) Fast D) Speedy
Ans: D) Speedy
Q21. Rare
A) Common C) Ordinary
B) Unusual D) Special
Ans: Unusual
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Q22. Rich
A) Poor C) Rich
B) Wealthy D) Affluent
Ans: D) Affluent
Q23. Simple
A) Complex C) Difficult
B) Easy D) Complicated
Ans: Easy
Q24. Slow
A) Fast C) Rapid
B) Quick D) Sluggish
Ans: D) Sluggish
Q25. Small
A) Big C) Large
B) Little D) Tiny
Ans: D) Tiny
Q26. Soft
A) Hard C) Rough
B) Gentle D) Smooth
Ans: Gentle
Q27. Strong
A) Weak C) Firm
B) Powerful D) Robust
Ans: D) Robust
Q28. Sweet
A) Sour C) Delicious
B) Bitter D) Tasty
Ans: C) Delicious
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Q29. Tall
A) Short C) Low
B) High D) Towering
Ans: D) Towering
Q30. Wide
A) Narrow C) Thin
B) Broad D) Thick
Ans: Broad
Q31. Angry
A) Happy C) Furious
B) Sad D) Joyful
Ans: C) Furious
Q32. Beautiful
A) Ugly C) Gorgeous
B) Pretty D) Unattractive
Ans: C) Gorgeous
Q33. Big
A) Small C) Huge
B) Large D) Tiny
Ans: C) Huge
Q34. Brave
A) Cowardly C) Strong
B) Fearless D) Weak
Ans: Fearless
Q35. Bright
A) Dim C) Dull
B) Shining D) Sparkling
Ans: D) Sparkling
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Q36. Calm
A) Stormy C) Quiet
B) Peaceful D) Noisy
Ans: Peaceful
Q37. Clean
A) Dirty C) Messy
B) Spotless D) Immaculate
Ans: D) Immaculate
Q38. Clear
A) Cloudy C) Foggy
B) Transparent D) Lucid
Ans: D) Lucid
Q39. Cold
A) Hot C) Freezing
B) Chilly D) Warm
Ans: C) Freezing
Q40. Colorful
A) Colorless C) Dull
B) Vibrant D) Bright
Ans: Vibrant
Q41. Comfortable
A) Uncomfortable C) Soft
B) Cozy D) Hard
Ans: Cozy
Q42. Complex
A) Simple C) Easy
B) Complicated D) Difficult
Ans: Complicated
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Q43. Confident
A) Shy C) Fearful
B) Bold D) Timid
Ans: Bold
Q44. Creative
A) Unimaginative C) Original
B) Innovative D) Imitative
Ans: Innovative
Q45. Dangerous
A) Safe C) Harmless
B) Risky D) Perilous
Ans: D) Perilous
Q46. Difficult
A) Easy C) Simple
B) Hard D) Challenging
Ans: D) Challenging
Q47. Dry
A) Wet C) Humid
B) Moist D) Arid
Ans: D) Arid
Q48. Early
A) Late C) Timely
B) Punctual D) Premature
Ans: C) Timely
Q49. Easy
A) Hard C) Difficult
B) Simple D) Effortless
Ans: D) Effortless
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Q50. Exciting
A) Boring C) Dull
B) Thrilling D) Exhilarating
Ans: D) Exhilarating
Q51. Expensive
A) Cheap C) Affordable
B) Costly D) Pricey
Ans: D) Pricey
Q52. Fast
A) Slow C) Rapid
B) Quick D) Speedy
Ans: C) Rapid
Q53. Friendly
A) Unfriendly C) Hostile
B) Kind D) Welcoming
Ans: D) Welcoming
Q54. Funny
A) Serious C) Amusing
B) Humorous D) Comical
Ans: D) Comical
Q55. Happy
A) Sad C) Cheerful
B) Joyful D) Jubilant
Ans: D) Jubilant
Q56. Hard
A) Soft C) Gentle
B) Firm D) Solid
Ans: D) Solid
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Q57. Heavy
A) Light C) Massive
B) Weighty D) Burdensome
Ans: C) Massive
Q58. Helpful
A) Unhelpful C) Supportive
B) Assistive D) Useful
Ans: D) Useful
Q59. High
A) Low C) Short
B) Tall D) Lofty
Ans: D) Lofty
Q60. Interesting
A) Boring C) Engaging
B) Fascinating D) Captivating
Ans: D) Captivating
Q61. Abstruse
A) Complex C) Obvious
B) Simple D) Obscure
Ans: D) Obscure
Q62. Cacophony
A) Harmony C) Discord
B) Melody D) Symphony
Ans: C) Discord
Q63. Defenestration
A) Throwing C) Dropping
B) Catching D) Ejection
Ans: D) Ejection
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Q64. Ephemeral
A) Lasting C) Transient
B) Permanent D) Enduring
Ans: C) Transient
Q65. Ennui
A) Boredom C) Interest
B) Excitement D) Apathy
Ans: A) Boredom
Q66. Exacerbate
A) Worsen C) Enhance
B) Improve D) Mitigate
Ans: A) Worsen
Q67. Fastidious
A) Careless C) Sloppy
B) Meticulous D) Negligent
Ans: Meticulous
Q68. Heterogeneous
A) Uniform C) Similar
B) Diverse D) Identical
Ans: Diverse
Q69. Inscrutable
A) Clear C) Mysterious
B) Obvious D) Ambiguous
Ans: C) Mysterious
Q70. Insipid
A) Flavorful C) Delicious
B) Tasteless D) Appetizing
Ans: Tasteless
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Q71. Jocular
A) Serious C) Funny
B) Humorous D) Amusing
Ans: Humorous
Q72. Kaleidoscopic
A) Colorful C) Varied
B) Monotonous D) Constant
Ans: C) Varied
Q73. Lassitude
A) Energy C) Strength
B) Fatigue D) Weakness
Ans: Fatigue
Q74. Malleable
A) Flexible C) Soft
B) Rigid D) Hard
Ans: A) Flexible
Q75. Mellifluous
A) Harsh C) Discordant
B) Sweet D) Musical
Ans: Sweet
Q76. Meritorious
A) Worthy C) Deserving
B) Unworthy D) Undeserving
Ans: C) Deserving
Q77. Nefarious
A) Good C) Righteous
B) Evil D) Wicked
Ans: D) Wicked
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Q78. Obfuscate
A) Clarify C) Simplify
B) Confuse D) Complicate
Ans: Confuse
Q79. Perfidious
A) Loyal C) Honest
B) Disloyal D) Dishonest
Ans: Disloyal
Q80. Perspicacious
A) Perceptive C) Aware
B) Imperceptive D) Unaware
Ans: A) Perceptive
Q81. Placid
A) Calm C) Peaceful
B) Stormy D) Turbulent
Ans: C) Peaceful
Q82. Precarious
A) Stable C) Secure
B) Unstable D) Insecure
Ans: Unstable
Q83. Reclusive
A) Social C) Outgoing
B) Antisocial D) Introverted
Ans: D) Introverted
Q84. Sagacious
A) Wise C) Intelligent
B) Foolish D) Unaware
Ans: A) Wise
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Q85. Serendipitous
A) Accidental C) Lucky
B) Intentional D) Unlucky
Ans: C) Lucky
Q86. Taciturn
A) Talkative C) Chatty
B) Uncommunicative D) Silent
Ans: Uncommunicative
Q87. Tenuous
A) Strong C) Firm
B) Weak D) Fragile
Ans: D) Fragile
Q88. Ubiquitous
A) Rare C) Everywhere
B) Common D) Nowhere
Ans: C) Everywhere
Q89. Vigilant
A) Careless C) Sleepy
B) Alert D) Distracted
Ans: Alert
Q90. Wistful
A) Happy C) Melancholic
B) Sad D) Nostalgic
Ans: D) Nostalgic
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MOST IMPORTANT SYNONYMS
FROM THE WORD A: 3. Empty - Vacant, Hollow
1. Abundant - Ample, Plenty 4. Endless - Infinite, Boundless
2. Achieve - Accomplish, Attain 5. Enjoyable - Pleasant, Delightful
3. Ancient - Old, Antiquated FROM THE WORD F:
4. Angry - Furious, Irate 1. Fast - Quick, Rapid
5. Appreciate - Value, Admire 2. Fat - Obese, Overweight
FROM THE WORD B: 3. Flexible - Adaptable, Versatile
1. Beautiful - Gorgeous, Attractive 4. Friendly - Amicable, Cordial
2. Big - Large, Enormous 5. Full - Complete, Whole
3. Brave - Courageous, Fearless FROM THE WORD G:
4. Brief - Short, Concise 1. Gentle - Mild, Soft
5. Bright - Radiant, Luminous 2. Good - Excellent, Superior
FROM THE WORD C: 3. Great - Exceptional, Outstanding
1. Calm - Peaceful, Serene 4. Greedy - Avaricious, Covetous
2. Certain - Sure, Confident 5. Genuine - Authentic, Real
3. Clean - Spotless, Immaculate FROM THE WORD H:
4. Clear - Transparent, Obvious 1. Happy - Joyful, Elated
5. Cold - Chilly, Frosty 2. Hard - Tough, Rigid
FROM THE WORD D: 3. Healthy - Fit, Wholesome
1. Danger - Risk, Hazard 4. Heavy - Weighty, Massive
2. Dark - Gloomy, Somber 5. High - Elevated, Lofty
3. Dead - Lifeless, Inanimate FROM THE WORD I:
4. Difficult - Challenging, Tough 1. Important - Significant, Crucial
5. Dry - Arid, Parched 2. Impossible - Unfeasible,
Unachievable
FROM THE WORD E:
3. Intelligent - Brilliant, Ingenious
1. Early - Prompt, Punctual
4. Interesting - Engaging, Fascinating
2. Easy - Simple, Effortless
5. Internal - Inner, Intrinsic
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FROM THE WORD J: 5. Original - Authentic, Unique
1. Joyful - Cheerful, Jubilant FROM THE WORD P:
2. Just - Fair, Impartial 1. Painful - Hurtful, Agonizing
FROM THE WORD K: 2. Partial - Incomplete, Imperfect
1. Kind - Generous, Benevolent 3. Passive - Inactive, Non-participating
2. Known - Familiar, Recognized 4. Patient - Tolerant, Enduring
FROM THE WORD L: 5. Perfect - Flawless, Impeccable
1. Large - Enormous, Gigantic FROM THE WORD Q:
2. Late - Delayed, Overdue 1. Quiet - Silent, Peaceful
3. Light - Radiant, Luminous 2. Quality - Excellence, Superiority
4. Likely - Probable, Plausible FROM THE WORD R:
5. Little - Small, Minuscule 1. Rapid - Swift, Speedy
FROM THE WORD M: 2. Rare - Uncommon, Scarce
1. Main - Primary, Principal 3. Real - Genuine, Authentic
2. Major - Significant, Important 4. Reliable - Trustworthy, Dependable
3. Male - Masculine, Manly 5. Rich - Wealthy, Affluent
4. Many - Numerous, Multitudinous FROM THE WORD S:
5. Mature - Ripe, Fully-developed 1. Safe - Secure, Protected
FROM THE WORD N: 2. Satisfied - Content, Pleased
1. Narrow - Slim, Constricted 3. Secure - Stable, Firm
2. Natural - Organic, Innate 4. Serious - Grave, Somber
3. Necessary - Essential, Required 5. Simple - Easy, Uncomplicated
4. New - Modern, Contemporary FROM THE WORD T:
5. Nice - Pleasant, Agreeable 1. Tall - High, Lofty
FROM THE WORD O: 2. Thick - Dense, Heavy
1. Old - Aged, Antiquated 3. Tight - Secure, Firm
2. Open - Accessible, Transparent 4. Traditional - Conventional,
Established
3. Optimistic - Hopeful, Cheerful
5. True - Accurate, Genuine
4. Ordinary - Normal, Usual
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FROM THE WORD U: FROM THE WORD W:
1. Unchanged - Unaltered, Unmodified 1. Warm - Cozy, Comfortable
2. Unfair - Biased, Discriminatory 2. Weak - Feeble, Frail
3. Unhappy - Miserable, Depressed 3. Wide - Broad, Expansive
4. Unimportant - Insignificant, Trivial 4. Wise - Intelligent, Discerning
5. Unique - Exclusive, Singular 5. Wonderful - Marvelous, Exceptional
FROM THE WORD V: FROM THE WORD X:
1. Valuable - Precious, Invaluable 1. X-large - Extra-large, Oversized
2. Various - Diverse, Assorted FROM THE WORD Y
3. Violent - Aggressive, Forceful 1. Yellow - Golden, Amber
4. Visible - Apparent, Obvious 2. Young - Juvenile, Adolescent
5. Vital - Essential, Crucial FROM THE WORD Z:
1. Zero - Nil, None
ANTONYMS
FROM THE WORD A: 2. Certain - Uncertain
1. Accept - Reject 3. Clean - Dirty
2. Active - Passive 4. Clear - Obscure
3. Advance - Retreat 5. Cold - Hot
4. Agree - Disagree FROM THE WORD D:
5. Ancient - Modern 1. Danger - Safety
FROM THE WORD B: 2. Dark - Light
1. Beautiful - Ugly 3. Dead - Alive
2. Big - Small 4. Difficult - Easy
3. Brave - Cowardly 5. Dry - Wet
4. Brief - Lengthy FROM THE WORD E:
5. Bright - Dim 1. Early - Late
FROM THE WORD C: 2. Easy - Hard
1. Calm - Violent 3. Empty - Full
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4. Endless - Limited 3. Juvenile - Adult
5. Enjoyable - Unpleasant FROM THE WORD K:
FROM THE WORD F: 1. Kind - Cruel
1. Fast - Slow 2. Known - Unknown
2. Fat - Thin FROM THE WORD L:
3. Flexible - Rigid 1. Large - Small
4. Friendly - Hostile 2. Late - Early
5. Full - Empty 3. Light - Heavy
FROM THE WORD G: 4. Likely - Unlikely
1. Gentle - Harsh 5. Little - Much
2. Good - Bad FROM THE WORD M:
3. Great - Small 1. Main - Secondary
4. Greedy - Generous 2. Major - Minor
5. Genuine - Fake 3. Male - Female
FROM THE WORD H: 4. Many - Few
1. Happy - Unhappy 5. Mature - Immature
2. Hard - Soft FROM THE WORD N:
3. Healthy - Unhealthy 1. Narrow - Wide
4. Heavy - Light 2. Natural - Artificial
5. High - Low 3. Necessary - Unnecessary
FROM THE WORD I: 4. New - Old
1. Important - Unimportant 5. Nice - Unpleasant
2. Impossible - Possible FROM THE WORD O:
3. Intelligent - Unintelligent 1. Old - Young
4. Interesting - Boring 2. Open - Closed
5. Internal - External 3. Optimistic - Pessimistic
FROM THE WORD J: 4. Ordinary - Extraordinary
1. Joyful - Sad 5. Original - Copy
2. Just - Unjust
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FROM THE WORD P: FROM THE WORD U:
1. Painful - Painless 1. Unchanged - Changed
2. Partial - Complete 2. Unfair - Fair
3. Passive - Active 3. Unhappy - Happy
4. Patient - Impatient 4. Unimportant - Important
5. Perfect - Imperfect 5. Unique - Common
FROM THE WORD Q: FROM THE WORD V:
1. Quiet - Loud 1. Valuable - Worthless
2. Quality - Quantity 2. Various - Uniform
FROM THE WORD R: 3. Violent - Peaceful
1. Rapid - Slow 4. Visible - Invisible
2. Rare - Common 5. Vital - Non-essential
3. Real - Unreal FROM THE WORD W:
4. Reliable - Unreliable 1. Warm - Cold
5. Rich - Poor 2. Weak - Strong
FROM THE WORD S: 3. Wide - Narrow
1. Safe - Unsafe 4. Wise - Foolish
2. Satisfied - Dissatisfied 5. Wrong - Right
3. Secure - Insecure FROM THE WORD X:
4. Serious - Frivolous 1. X-large - X-small
5. Simple - Complex FROM THE WORD Y:
FROM THE WORD T: 1. Young - Old
1. Tall - Short FROM THE WORD Z:
2. Thick - Thin 1. Zero - Non-zero
3. Tight - Loose
4. Traditional - Modern
5. True - False
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MOST IMPORTANT ANTONYMS
Q1. Antonym of "Perspicacious" is:
A) Discerning C) Obtuse
B) Perceptive D) Astute
Answer: C) Obtuse
Q2. Antonym of "Ennui" is:
A) Apathy C) Boredom
B) Excitement D) Indifference
Answer: Excitement
Q3. Antonym of "Fastidious" is:
A) Meticulous C) Sloppy
B) Careless D) Negligent
Answer: Careless
Q4. Antonym of "Heterogeneous" is:
A) Diverse C) Varied
B) Uniform D) Different
Answer: Uniform
Q5. Antonym of "Inscrutable" is:
A) Mysterious C) Obscure
B) Transparent D) Enigmatic
Answer: Transparent
Q6. Antonym of "Melancholy" is:
A) Somber C) Gloomy
B) Cheerful D) Morose
Answer: Cheerful
Q7. Antonym of "Nefarious" is:
A) Wicked C) Evil
B) Virtuous D) Malevolent
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Answer: Virtuous
Q8. Antonym of "Obfuscate" is:
A) Clarify C) Obscure
B) Confuse D) Elucidate
Answer: A) Clarify
Q9. Antonym of "Perfidious" is:
A) Faithful C) Treacherous
B) Disloyal D) Deceitful
Answer: A) Faithful
Q10. Antonym of "Rigorous" is:
A) Lenient C) Severe
B) Strict D) Harsh
Answer: A) Lenient
Q11. Antonym of "Sagacious" is:
A) Wise C) Discerning
B) Foolish D) Astute
Answer: Foolish
Q12. Antonym of "Taciturn" is:
A) Loquacious C) Silent
B) Reticent D) Reserved
Answer: A) Loquacious
Q13. Antonym of "Torpid" is:
A) Lethargic C) Energetic
B) Sluggish D) Apathetic
Answer: C) Energetic
Q14. Antonym of "Vacillate" is:
A) Hesitate C) Decisive
B) Waver D) Indecisive
Answer: C) Decisive
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Q15. Antonym of "Vigilant" is:
A) Alert C) Negligent
B) Watchful D) Careless
Answer: C) Negligent
Q16. Antonym of "Vulnerable" is:
A) Susceptible C) Fragile
B) Resilient D) Weak
Answer: Resilient
Q17. Antonym of "Wistful" is:
A) Melancholy C) Somber
B) Cheerful D) Gloomy
Answer: Cheerful
Q18. Antonym of "Zealous" is:
A) Enthusiastic C) Passionate
B) Apathetic D) Indifferent
Answer: Apathetic
Q19. Antonym of "Abstruse" is:
A) Complex C) Obscure
B) Simple D) Clear
Answer: Simple
Q20. Antonym of "Callous" is:
A) Compassionate C) Cruel
B) Heartless D) Indifferent
Answer: A) Compassionate
Q21. Antonym of "Deleterious" is:
A) Harmful C) Detrimental
B) Beneficial D) Advantageous
Answer: Beneficial
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Q22. Antonym of "Dissident" is:
A) Conformist C) Nonconformist
B) Rebel D) Revolutionary
Answer: A) Conformist
Q23. Antonym of "Enervate" is:
A) Weaken C) Energize
B) Strengthen D) Invigorate
Answer: Strengthen
Q24. Antonym of "Exacerbate" is:
A) Worsen C) Aggravate
B) Improve D) Mitigate
Answer: Improve
Q25. Antonym of "Fastidious" is:
A) Meticulous C) Sloppy
B) Careless D) Negligent
Answer: Careless
Q26. Antonym of "Finesse" is:
A) Delicacy C) Elegance
B) Coarseness D) Refinement
Answer: Coarseness
Q27. Antonym of "Hapless" is:
A) Unfortunate C) Unlucky
B) Lucky D) Fortunate
Answer: Lucky
Q28. Antonym of "Ingenious" is:
A) Clever C) Innovative
B) Unimaginative D) Creative
Answer: Unimaginative
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Q29. Antonym of "Insipid" is:
A) Flavorful C) Delicious
B) Tasteless D) Unappetizing
Answer: A) Flavorful
Q30. Antonym of "Malleable" is:
A) Flexible C) Pliable
B) Rigid D) Adaptable
Answer: Rigid
Q31. Antonym of "Nimble" is:
A) Agile C) Quick
B) Clumsy D) Slow
Answer: Clumsy
Q32. Antonym of "Opaque" is:
A) Transparent C) Clear
B) Translucent D) Cloudy
Answer: A) Transparent
Q33. Antonym of "Pellucid" is:
A) Clear C) Obscure
B) Transparent D) Cloudy
Answer: C) Obscure
Q34. Antonym of "Permeable" is:
A) Porous C) Absorbent
B) Impermeable D) Waterproof
Answer: Impermeable
Q35. Antonym of "Precarious" is:
A) Stable C) Secure
B) Unstable D) Risky
Answer: A) Stable
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Q36. Antonym of "Profound" is:
A) Shallow C) Intelligent
B) Deep D) Wise
Answer: A) Shallow
Q37. Antonym of "Pungent" is:
A) Odorless C) Sweet
B) Fragrant D) Mild
Answer: A) Odorless
Q38. Antonym of "Reclusive" is:
A) Sociable C) Introverted
B) Antisocial D) Extroverted
Answer: A) Sociable
Q39. Antonym of "Rigidity" is:
A) Flexibility C) Firmness
B) Stiffness D) Stability
Answer: A) Flexibility
Q40. Antonym of "Sanctimonious" is:
A) Hypocritical C) Pious
B) Sincere D) Humble
Answer: Sincere
Q41. Antonym of "Sagacious" is:
A) Wise C) Discerning
B) Foolish D) Astute
Answer: Foolish
Q42. Antonym of "Serene" is:
A) Peaceful C) Calm
B) Turbulent D) Tranquil
Answer: Turbulent
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Q43. Antonym of "Sinister" is:
A) Malevolent C) Wicked
B) Benevolent D) Evil
Answer: Benevolent
Q44. Antonym of "Slovenly" is:
A) Sloppy C) Meticulous
B) Careless D) Negligent
Answer: C) Meticulous
Q45. Antonym of "Sophisticated" is:
A) Simple C) Refined
B) Complex D) Cultured
Answer: A) Simple
Q46. Antonym of "Spontaneous" is:
A) Planned C) Natural
B) Unplanned D) Artificial
Answer: A) Planned
Q47. Antonym of "Stringent" is:
A) Lenient C) Severe
B) Strict D) Harsh
Answer: A) Lenient
Q48. Antonym of "Tacit" is:
A) Explicit C) Silent
B) Implicit D) Unspoken
Answer: A) Explicit
Q49. Antonym of "Tenuous" is:
A) Weak C) Fragile
B) Strong D) Frail
Answer: Strong
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Q50. Antonym of "Tranquil" is:
A) Peaceful C) Calm
B) Turbulent D) Serene
Answer: Turbulent
Q51. Antonym of "Ubiquitous" is:
A) Widespread C) Rare
B) Common D) Scarce
Answer: C) Rare
Q52. Antonym of "Vacuous" is:
A) Empty C) Intelligent
B) Full D) Thoughtful
Answer: C) Intelligent
Q53. Antonym of "Vapid" is:
A) Interesting C) Exciting
B) Dull D) Thrilling
Answer: A) Interesting
Q54. Antonym of "Vehement" is:
A) Passionate C) Mild
B) Intense D) Gentle
Answer: C) Mild
Q55. Antonym of "Vigorous" is:
A) Strong C) Healthy
B) Weak D) Robust
Answer: Weak
Q56. Antonym of "Vulgar" is:
A) Refined C) Crass
B) Coarse D) Tasteless
Answer: A) Refined
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Q57. Antonym of "Wary" is:
A) Cautious C) Suspicious
B) Trusting D) Vigilant
Answer: Trusting
Q58. Antonym of "Whimsical" is:
A) Quirky C) Serious
B) Humorous D) Practical
Answer: C) Serious
Q59. Antonym of "Zealot" is:
A) Enthusiast C) Skeptic
B) Devotee D) Critic
Answer: C) Skeptic
Q60. Antonym of "Zestful" is:
A) Flavorful C) Bland
B) Tasteless D) Insipid
Answer: C) Bland
Sentence Completion
DEFINITION:
Sentence completion is a type of question that requires the test-taker to fill in the blank
with the most appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence. The goal is to choose
the word or phrase that best fits the context and meaning of the sentence.
Tips for Sentence Completion:
1. Read the sentence carefully and understand the context.
2. Identify the tone and style of the sentence.
3. Look for clues in the sentence that can help you determine the correct answer.
4. Eliminate any obviously incorrect options.
5. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
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EXAMPLES:
1. The new employee was very Explanation: The sentence implies that
nervous on his first day of work, the researcher is trying to understand
but his colleagues ____him with the consequences of climate change.
their warm welcome. 4. The teacher asked the student to
A) put at ease ______the project by the end of the
semester.
B) made fun of
A) complete
C) ignored
B) start
D) criticized
C) delay
Answer: A) put at ease
D) abandon
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the colleagues' warm welcome made Answer: A) complete
the new employee feel more
Explanation: The sentence implies that
comfortable.
the teacher is giving the student a
2. The company's sales have been deadline to finish the project.
_____due to the economic downturn. 5. The tourist got lost in the city
A) increasing because he _____the directions.
B) decreasing A) followed
C) stable B) didn't follow
D) fluctuating C) lost
Answer: B) decreasing D) forgot
Explanation: The sentence implies that Answer: B) didn't follow
the economic downturn has had a
Explanation: The sentence implies that
negative impact on the company's sales.
the tourist's failure to follow the
3. The researcher spent years directions led to him getting lost.
studying the ___of climate change 6. The company's profits have been
on local ecosystems. ____due to increased competition.
A) impact A) increasing
B) effect B) decreasing
C) cause C) stable
D) solution D) fluctuating
Answer: A) impact Answer: B) decreasing
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Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the increased competition has had a the scandal has had a negative impact
negative impact on the company's on the company's reputation.
profits.
10. The tourist ___ the beautiful
7. The researcher is trying to ______ scenery during his trip.
the root cause of the disease.
A) enjoyed
A) identify
B) ignored
B) ignore
C) photographed
C) treat
D) described
D) cure
Answer: A) enjoyed
Answer: A) identify
Explanation: The sentence implies that
Explanation: The sentence implies that the tourist appreciated the beautiful
the researcher is trying to understand scenery.
the underlying cause of the disease.
11. The new policy is designed to
8. The teacher asked the student to ____the company's social
______the assignment carefully. responsibility.
A) complete A) increase
B) read B) decrease
C) write C) ignore
D) submit D) promote
Answer: B) read Answer: D) promote
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the teacher wants the student to the company is taking steps to enhance
carefully read the assignment. its social responsibility.
9. The company's reputation has 12. The teacher asked the student
been ___ due to the recent scandal. to _____the problem step by step.
A) enhanced A) solve
B) damaged B) ignore
C) unaffected C) analyze
D) improved D) create
Answer: B) damaged Answer: A) solve
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Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the teacher wants the student to find a the tourist's incorrect interpretation of
solution to the problem. the map led to him getting lost.
13. The company's sales have been 16. The company's profits have
__due to the effective advertising been __due to the efficient
campaign. management.
A) increasing A) increasing
B) decreasing B) decreasing
C) stable C) stable
D) fluctuating D) fluctuating
Answer: A) increasing Answer: A) increasing
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the advertising campaign has had a the efficient management has had a
positive impact on the company's sales. positive impact on the company's
profits.
14. The researcher spent years
studying the ___ of the ancient 17. The researcher is trying to ____
civilization. a new method for disease
diagnosis.
A) history
A) develop
B) culture
B) test
C) language
C) promote
D) geography
D) ignore
Answer: A) history
Answer: A) develop
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the researcher is trying to understand Explanation: The sentence implies that
the past of the ancient civilization. the researcher is working on creating a
new method.
15. The tourist got lost in the forest
because he ___the map. 18. The teacher asked the student
to _____ the assignment on time.
A) had
A) complete
B) didn't have
B) start
C) lost
C) delay
D) misread
D) submit
Answer: D) misread
Answer: A) complete
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Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the teacher is giving the student a the IT department is in charge of
deadline to finish the assignment. keeping the company's computer
systems running smoothly.
19. The company's reputation has
been _____ due to the excellent 22. The company's profits have
customer service. been _____ due to the innovative
products.
A) enhanced
A) soaring
B) damaged
B) plummeting
C) unaffected
C) stable
D) improved
D) fluctuating
Answer: A) enhanced
Answer: A) soaring
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the excellent customer service has had Explanation: The sentence implies that
a positive impact on the company's the innovative products have had a
reputation. positive impact on the company's
profits.
20. The tourist ____ the local
cuisine during his trip. 23. The researcher is trying to
_______the relationship between two
A) enjoyed
variables.
B) ignored
A) understand
C) criticized
B) ignore
D) described
C) manipulate
Answer: A) enjoyed
D) analyze
Explanation: The sentence implies that
Answer: D) analyze
the tourist appreciated the local cuisine.
Explanation: The sentence implies that
21. The IT department is
the researcher is trying to examine and
responsible for ____the company's interpret the relationship between the
computer systems. two variables.
A) maintaining 24. The teacher asked the student
B) ignoring to _ the essay before submitting it.
C) upgrading A) proofread
D) abandoning B) rewrite
Answer: A) maintaining C) summarize
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D) ignore B) culture
Answer: A) proofread C) language
Explanation: The sentence implies that D) geography
the teacher wants the student to Answer: A) history
carefully review the essay for errors
before submitting it. Explanation: The sentence implies that
the researcher is trying to understand
25. The tourist ___ the stunning
the past of the ancient civilization.
views of the Grand Canyon.
28. The teacher asked the student
A) marveled at
to ____ the project proposal.
B) ignored
A) develop
C) criticized
B) implement
D) photographed
C) evaluate
Answer: A) marveled at
D) present
Explanation: The sentence implies that
Answer: A) develop
the tourist was impressed and amazed
by the stunning views of the Grand Explanation: The sentence implies that
Canyon. the teacher wants the student to create
a detailed plan for the project.
26. The company's reputation has
been _____due to its commitment to 29. The tourist got lost in the city
sustainability. because he __ the map.
A) enhanced A) misread
B) damaged B) lost
C) unaffected C) forgot
D) improved D) didn't have
Answer: A) enhanced Answer: A) misread
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the company's commitment to the tourist's incorrect interpretation of
sustainability has had a positive impact the map led to him getting lost.
on its reputation.
30. The company's profits have
27. The researcher spent years been __ due to the effective
studying the __ of the ancient marketing strategy.
civilization.
A) increasing
A) history
B) decreasing
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C) stable C) unaffected
D) fluctuating D) enhanced
Answer: A) increasing Answer: D) enhanced
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the marketing strategy has had a the new training program has had a
positive impact on the company's positive impact on the company's
profits. customer service.
31. The researcher is trying to ____a 34. The tourist _____ the local
new theory. cuisine during his trip.
A) develop A) enjoyed
B) test B) disliked
C) prove C) avoided
D) disprove D) criticized
Answer: A) develop Answer: A) enjoyed
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the researcher is working on creating a the tourist appreciated the local cuisine.
new theory.
35. The company's sales have been
32. The teacher asked the student ____ due to the economic downturn.
to ____ the assignment carefully.
A) increasing
A) complete
B) decreasing
B) read
C) stable
C) analyze
D) fluctuating
D) submit
Answer: B) decreasing
Answer: A) complete
Explanation: The sentence implies that
Explanation: The sentence implies that the economic downturn has had a
the teacher wants the student to finish negative impact on the company's sales.
the assignment thoroughly.
36. The researcher spent years
33. The company's customer studying the ___ of climate change.
service has been _____ due to the
A) causes
new training program.
B) effects
A) improved
C) solutions
B) worsened
D) impact
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Answer: B) effects Answer: C) analyze
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the researcher is trying to understand the researcher is trying to examine and
the consequences of climate change. interpret the relationship between the
two variables.
37. The teacher asked the student
to ___ the problem step by step. 40. The tourist _____ the beautiful
scenery during his trip.
A) solve
A) enjoyed
B) analyze
B) ignored
C) evaluate
C) photographed
D) create
D) described
Answer: A) solve
Answer: A) enjoyed
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the teacher wants the student to find a Explanation: The sentence implies that
solution to the problem. the tourist appreciated the beautiful
scenery.
38. The company's profits have
been ____due to the efficient 41. The company's reputation has
management. been ____ due to its commitment to
quality.
A) increasing
A) enhanced
B) decreasing
B) damaged
C) stable
C) unaffected
D) fluctuating
D) improved
Answer: A) increasing
Answer: A) enhanced
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the efficient management has had a Explanation: The sentence implies that
positive impact on the company's the company's commitment to quality
profits. has had a positive impact on its
reputation.
39. The researcher is trying to _____
the relationship between two 42. The teacher asked the student
variables. to ____the project report.
A) understand A) write
B) ignore B) read
C) analyze C) analyze
D) manipulate D) present
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Answer: A) write Answer: A) develop
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the teacher wants the student to create the researcher is working on creating a
a written report on the project. new method.
43. The tourist got lost in the forest 46. The teacher asked the student
because he __ the trail. to ___ the assignment on time.
A) followed A) complete
B) didn't follow B) start
C) lost C) delay
D) forgot D) submit
Answer: B) didn't follow Answer: A) complete
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the tourist's failure to follow the trail led the teacher wants the student to finish
to him getting lost. the assignment by the deadline.
44. The company's sales have been 47. The company's profits have
____due to the effective advertising been ___due to the economic
campaign. recovery.
A) increasing A) increasing
B) decreasing B) decreasing
C) stable C) stable
D) fluctuating D) fluctuating
Answer: A) increasing Answer: A) increasing
Explanation: The sentence implies that Explanation: The sentence implies that
the advertising campaign has had a the economic recovery has had a
positive impact on the company's sales. positive impact on the company's
profits.
45. The researcher is trying to ____
a new method for disease 48. The researcher spent years
diagnosis. studying the ___ of the human brain.
A) develop A) function
B) test B) structure
C) promote C) development
D) ignore D) evolution
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Answer: A) function 50. The company's customer
Explanation: The sentence implies that service has been ___ due to the new
the researcher is trying to understand training program.
how the human brain works.
A) improved
49. The tourist ______ the beautiful B) worsened
views of the ocean.
C) unaffected
A) enjoyed
D) enhanced
B) ignored
Answer: D) enhanced
C) photographed
Explanation: The sentence implies that
D) described the new training program has had a
Answer: A) enjoyed positive impact on the company's
customer service.
Explanation: The sentence implies that
the tourist appreciated the beautiful
views of the ocean.
PARTS OF SPEECH
DEFINITION:
In linguistics, a part of speech (POS) is a category of words in a
language based on their grammatical function, meaning, and usage.
The main parts of speech are:
1. Nouns 4. Adverbs 7. Conjunctions
2. Verbs 5. Pronouns 8. Interjections
3. Adjectives 6. Prepositions 9. Articles
Nouns
A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea.
types of nouns:
1. Proper Nouns:
Names of specific people, places, or organizations.
EXAMPLES:
1- John 2- New York 3- Google
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4- Harvard University
2. Common Nouns:
General terms that can refer to any member of a category.
EXAMPLES:
1- Dog 3- Company
2- City 4- Tree
3. Collective Nouns:
Groups of people, animals, or things.
EXAMPLES:
1- Family 3- Herd
2- Team 4- Flock
4. Abstract Nouns:
Concepts or ideas that cannot be physically touched.
EXAMPLES:
1- Happiness 3- Love
2- Freedom 4- Anger
5. Concrete Nouns:
Tangible objects that can be perceived through the senses.
EXAMPLES:
1- Book 3- Apple
2- Chair 4- Car
6. Countable Nouns:
Nouns that can be counted.
EXAMPLES:
1- One book 3- Three cities
2- Two dogs
7. Uncountable Nouns:
Nouns that cannot be counted.
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EXAMPLES:
1- Water 3- Music
2- Air 4- Happiness
8. Compound Nouns:
Nouns made up of two or more words.
EXAMPLES:
1- Bookshelf 3- Birthday
2- Toothbrush 4- Firefly
9. Possessive Nouns:
Nouns that show ownership or possession.
EXAMPLES:
1- John's car 3- The city's park
2- The cat's toy
PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Pronouns refer to a
person, place, thing, or idea, but they don't repeat the noun. Instead, they replace it.
Types of Pronouns:
1. Personal Pronouns: Refer to a Examples: this, that, these, those
specific person or group of people.
5. Interrogative Pronouns: Used to
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they ask questions.
2. Possessive Pronouns: Show Examples: who, what, which, whom,
ownership or possession. whose
Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, 6. Indefinite Pronouns: Refer to a
ours, theirs non-specific person, place, or thing.
3. Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to Examples: someone, anyone, nobody,
the subject of the sentence. everything, something
Examples: myself, yourself, himself, 7. Distributive Pronouns: Refer to
herself, itself, ourselves, themselves individual members of a group.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns: Point Examples: each, every, either, neither
out a specific person, place, or thing.
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8. Relative Pronouns: Introduce a Examples: who, which, that, whom,
subordinate clause. whose
VERB
A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are an
essential part of a sentence, as they convey what is happening, has happened, or will
happen.
Types of Verbs:
1. Action Verbs: Express physical or 5. Intransitive Verbs: Do not take an
mental actions. object directly.
Examples: run, jump, think, read Examples: sleep, laugh, cry, walk
2. Linking Verbs: Connect the subject 6. Regular Verbs: Follow a predictable
to additional information. pattern when forming past tense and
past participle.
Examples: be, seem, appear, become
Examples: walk, talk, listen
3. Helping Verbs: Assist main verbs to
express tense, mood, or voice. 7. Irregular Verbs: Do not follow a
predictable pattern when forming past
Examples: will, would, shall, should
tense and past participle.
4. Transitive Verbs: Take an object Examples: go, take, be
directly.
8. Modal Verbs: Express possibility,
Examples: throw, buy, paint, write
necessity, or obligation.
Examples: can, could, may, might, shall,
should
Examples of Verbs:
1. Action Verb: "She is running down the street." (Here, "running" is an action verb.)
2. Linking Verb: "He seems happy today." (Here, "seems" is a linking verb.)
3. Helping Verb: "I will attend the meeting." (Here, "will" is a helping verb.)
4. Transitive Verb: "She threw the ball." (Here, "threw" is a transitive verb.)
5. Intransitive Verb: "He laughed loudly." (Here, "laughed" is an intransitive verb.)
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ADVERB
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs provide
more information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or degree of an action or a
state.
Types of Adverbs:
1. Manner Adverbs: Describe how 5. Degree Adverbs: Describe the
something is done. extent or degree of something.
Examples: quickly, loudly, wisely, Examples: very, extremely, slightly,
carefully highly
2. Time Adverbs: Indicate when 6. Focusing Adverbs: Emphasize a
something happens. particular point or aspect.
Examples: yesterday, soon, already, Examples: only, just, mainly, especially
never
7. Viewpoint Adverbs: Indicate the
3. Place Adverbs: Describe where perspective or viewpoint.
something happens.
Examples: personally, officially, frankly,
Examples: here, there, everywhere, honestly
nowhere
8. Modal Adverbs: Express degrees of
4. Frequency Adverbs: Indicate how possibility, necessity, or obligation.
often something happens.
Examples: possibly, necessarily,
Examples: often, rarely, usually, always undoubtedly, certainly
Examples of Adverbs:
1. Manner Adverb: "She sings beautifully."
(Here, "beautifully" is a manner adverb.)
2. Time Adverb: "We'll meet tomorrow."
(Here, "tomorrow" is a time adverb.)
3. Place Adverb: "The park is located nearby."
(Here, "nearby" is a place adverb.)
4. Frequency Adverb: "I rarely eat sweets."
(Here, "rarely" is a frequency adverb.)
5. Degree Adverb: "This cake is extremely delicious." (Here, "extremely" is a degree
adverb.)
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PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. Prepositions indicate location, direction, time, manner, or
other relationships.
Types of Prepositions:
1. Words of Location: in, on, at, by, 5. Words of Movement: to, from, up,
with, under, above, beside down, in, out, through, across
2. Words of Direction: to, from, up, 6. Words of Position: in, on, at, by,
down, in, out, through, across with, under, above, beside
3. Words of Time: at, on, during, 7. Phrasal Prepositions: in front of,
before, after behind, on top of, underneath
4. Words of Manner: by, with, in 8. Compound Prepositions: into,
onto, out of, within
COMMOM PREPOSITIONS:
Words of Location:
1. In: Something is inside something Example: "I'll meet you at the corner."
else.
4. By: Something is next to something
Example: "The book is in the box." else.
2. On: Something is on top of something Example: "The chair is by the window."
else.
5. With: Something is accompanied by
Example: "The vase is on the table." something else.
3. At: Something is at a specific point or Example: "I'm going to the movies with
location. my friends."
Words of Direction:
1. To: Moving towards something. Example: "The balloon went up in the
air."
Example: "I'm going to the store."
4. Down: Moving downwards.
2. From: Moving away from something.
Example: "The ball rolled down the hill."
Example: "I'm coming from the gym."
5. Through: Moving from one side to
3. Up: Moving upwards. the other.
Example: "I walked through the park."
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Words of Time:
1. At: At a specific time. Example: "I'll be on vacation during the
summer."
Example: "I'll meet you at 5 pm."
4. Before: Earlier than something.
2. On: On a specific day or date.
Example: "I'll meet you before the movie
Example: "My birthday is on July 12th." starts."
3. During: Throughout a period of time. 5. After: Later than something.
Example: "I'll see you after the concert."
Words of Manner:
1. By: Using a specific method. 2. With: Using a specific tool or
instrument.
Example: "I'll pay by credit card."
Example: "I'll cut the paper with
scissors."
Other Common Prepositions:
1. About: Concerning or related to Example: "I walked across the bridge."
something.
4. Against: Opposing or contrary to
Example: "I'm reading a book about something.
history."
Example: "I'm against the new policy."
2. Above: Higher than something.
5. Along: Moving or extending in a line.
Example: "The plane flew above the
Example: "The road runs along the
clouds."
coast."
3. Across: From one side to the other.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
Conjunctions help to link ideas, show relationships, and form more complex sentences.
Types of Conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: 2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Connect words, phrases, or clauses of Connect a dependent clause to an
equal importance. independent clause.
Examples: and, but, or, so, yet Examples: because, since, after,
although, if, unless, until
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3. Correlative Conjunctions: Used in 4. Conjunctive Adverbs: Connect
pairs to connect words or phrases of independent clauses and show
equal importance. relationships between ideas.
Examples: both...and, either...or, not Examples: however, therefore, thus,
only...but also, whether...or consequently, meanwhile
Examples of Conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunction: "I like reading books, and I also enjoy watching
movies."
2. Subordinating Conjunction: "I went to the store because I needed to buy milk."
3. Correlative Conjunction: "I'm both excited and nervous about the upcoming
exam."
4. Conjunctive Adverb: "I studied hard for the exam; however, I still didn't feel
prepared."
ADJECTIVE
Definition:
An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun by providing
more information about its qualities, properties, or characteristics.
Formula:
Adjective + Noun (The big house)
Determination:
Adjectives can be used to determine or specify which noun is being referred to,
such as "this book" or "that car."
Important Points:
1. Adjectives can describe various aspects of a noun, such as size, shape, color,
temperature, or emotions.
2. Adjectives can be used to compare nouns, such as "bigger" or "more interesting."
3. Adjectives can be used before or after a noun, depending on the sentence structure.
Order of Adjectives:
1. OSASCOM: A popular mnemonic device to remember the order of adjectives:
○ Opinion (e.g., beautiful, delicious)
○ Size (e.g., big, small)
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○ Age (e.g., old, young)
○ Shape (e.g., round, square)
○ Color (e.g., red, blue)
○ Origin (e.g., American, Italian)
○ Material (e.g., wooden, metal)
EXAMPLES:
a. A beautiful (O) old (A) small (S) round (S) wooden (M) table.
- Opinion: beautiful
- Age: old
- Size: small
- Shape: round
- Material: wooden
b. A stunning (O) new (A) large (S) rectangular (S) silver (M) necklace.
- Opinion: stunning
- Age: new
- Size: large
- Shape: rectangular
- Material: silver
c. A delicious (O) freshly baked (A) big (S) round (S) Italian (O) chocolate (M) cake.
- Opinion: delicious
- Age: freshly baked
- Size: big
- Shape: round
- Origin: Italian
- Material/Flavor: chocolate
d. A lovely (O) antique (A) small (S) oval (S) golden (M) locket.
- Opinion: lovely
- Age: antique
- Size: small
- Shape: oval
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- Material: golden
e. A magnificent (O) ancient (A) huge (S) stone (M) statue.
- Opinion: magnificent
- Age: ancient
- Size: huge
- Material: stone
2. Formula:
Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin + Material + Noun
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
1. Quantitative Adjectives:
Definition:
Quantitative adjectives describe the quantity or amount of a noun.
Important Points:
They answer the question "How much?" or "How many?" about the noun.
Determination:
They specify the exact or approximate amount of the noun.
Examples:
"I have three books."
"She bought some water."
2. Qualitative Adjectives:
Definition:
Qualitative adjectives describe the quality, characteristics, or attributes of a noun.
Important Points:
They answer the question "What kind?" or "What is it like?" about the noun.
Determination:
They provide details about the nature or features of the noun.
Examples:
"The beautiful sunset."
"He is a kind person."
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3. Demonstrative Adjectives:
Definition:
Demonstrative adjectives point out or indicate specific nouns.
Important Points:
They are used to specify which noun is being referred to.
Determination:
They help identify the noun by its proximity (this, that, these, those).
Examples:
"This book is mine."
"Those flowers are lovely."
4. Interrogative Adjectives:
Definition:
Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions about nouns.
Important Points:
They are typically used at the beginning of questions.
Determination:
They seek information about the noun.
Examples:
"Which book do you prefer?"
"What time is the meeting?"
5. Possessive Adjectives:
Definition:
Possessive adjectives show ownership or possession of a noun.
Important Points:
They indicate that something belongs to someone or something.
Determination:
They clarify who or what the noun belongs to.
Examples:
"My car is red."
"Her idea was brilliant."
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6. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives:
Definition:
Comparative adjectives compare two nouns, while superlative adjectives compare
three or more nouns.
Important Points:
Comparatives often end in "-er" or use "more," while superlatives end in "-est" or
use "most."
Determination:
They highlight differences or similarities between nouns.
Examples:
Comparative: "She is smarter than him."
Superlative: "This is the best pizza I've ever had."
INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotions, feelings, or
reactions. Interjections are used to convey emotions such as joy, surprise, anger, or
excitement.
Types of Interjections:
1. Primary Interjections: Words that Examples: good grief, great Scott,
are naturally used to express emotions. goodness gracious
Examples: oh, wow, ouch, ah 3. Onomatopoeic Interjections:
Words that imitate the sound they
2. Secondary Interjections: Phrases describe.
or words that are used to express
emotions, but are not as common as Examples: bang, boom, splash, buzz
primary interjections.
Examples of Interjections:
1. Primary Interjection: "Ouch! That 4. Expressing excitement: "Wow! I
hurts!" won the contest!"
2. Secondary Interjection: "Good 5. Expressing surprise: "Ah! I didn't
grief! I forgot my phone!" expect that!"
3. Onomatopoeic Interjection: 6. Expressing anger: "Ugh! This
"Bang! The firework exploded!" traffic is frustrating!"
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7. Expressing joy: "Yay! It's my
birthday!"
ARTICLES
Articles are words that modify nouns and indicate whether they are specific or general.
They help to clarify the meaning of a sentence and provide more information about the
noun.
Types of Articles:
1. Definite Article: "The"
2. Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An"
Definite Article: "The"
1- Used to refer to a specific noun that is already known or mentioned.
2- Indicates that the noun is unique or previously identified.
Examples:
1. "I'm reading the book you lent me." (specific book)
2. "The sun rises in the east." (unique sun)
3. "I'm going to the store." (specific store, previously mentioned)
Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An"
1- Used to refer to a non-specific noun or to introduce a new noun.
2- Indicates that the noun is general or not previously identified.
Examples:
1. "I need a pen." (any pen)
2. "I'm reading an interesting book." (any book, not specific)
3. "I want to buy a car." (any car, not specific)
Note:
1- "A" is used before nouns that start with a consonant sound.
2- "An" is used before nouns that start with a vowel sound.
Examples:
1. "I need a cat." (consonant sound)
2. "I'm reading an apple." (vowel sound)
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When to Use Articles:
1. Use "the" with specific nouns, unique nouns, or nouns previously mentioned.
2. Use "a" or "an" with non-specific nouns, general nouns, or nouns introduced for the
first time.
3. Omit articles with plural nouns, abstract nouns, or nouns used in a general sense.
Examples:
1. "I love dogs." (plural noun, no article)
2. "Happiness is a feeling." (abstract noun, no article)
3. "Water is essential for life." (general sense, no article)
uses of articles
Definite Article: ("The")
1. Specific nouns 9. Historical events: "The American
Revolution"
2. Unique nouns
10. Scientific terms: "The theory of
3. Previously mentioned nouns
relativity"
4. Names of oceans, seas, rivers
11. Musical terms: "The symphony"
5. Names of mountains, islands,
12. Names of famous buildings: "The
countries
Eiffel Tower"
6. Titles of books, movies, music
13. Names of newspapers: "The New
7. Names of organizations, institutions York Times"
8. Specific dates: "The 12th of July" 14. Superlatives: "The best restaurant"
Indefinite Articles: ("A" and "An")
1. Non-specific nouns 7. Describing a characteristic: "She's an
excellent singer"
2. General nouns
8. Showing uncertainty: "I'll meet you at
3. New or introduced nouns
a café"
4. Singular nouns
9. Indicating a ratio: "A quarter of the
5. Abstract nouns students"
6. Indicating a profession: "He's a 10. With plural nouns (in certain cases):
doctor" "A thousand dollars"
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No Article:
1. Plural nouns 7. Names of countries (except for "the"
with certain countries): "France"
2. Abstract nouns
8. Names of cities: "New York"
3. General sense
9. Names of languages: "English"
4. Names of sports: "Basketball"
10. Names of nationalities: "American"
5. Names of subjects: "Mathematics"
6. Names of meals: "Breakfast"
exceptions to the use of articles:
Exceptions with Countries:
1. Countries without "the": Most countries do not use "the" in their names, such as
France, Japan, China, and Brazil.
2. Countries with "the": Some countries use "the" in their names, such as the United
States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Philippines.
Exceptions with Organizations:
1. Organizations without "the": Many organizations do not use "the" in their names,
such as UNESCO, FBI, NASA, and Google.
2. Organizations with "the": Some organizations use "the" in their names, such as the
Red Cross, the United Nations, the European Union, and the International Monetary
Fund.
Exceptions with Names of People:
1. Names of people without "the": Names of people do not use "the", such as John,
Mary, David, and Emily.
2. Titles with "the": Some titles use "the" to indicate a specific position or role, such as
the President, the Queen, the Pope, and the Prime Minister.
Exceptions with Names of Places:
1. Names of cities without "the": Names of cities do not use "the", such as New York,
London, Paris, and Tokyo.
2. Names of buildings with "the": Some names of buildings use "the" to indicate a
specific structure, such as the White House, the Eiffel Tower, and the Taj Mahal.
3. Names of mountains without "the": Names of mountains do not use "the", such as
Mount Everest, Mount Fuji, and Mount Olympus.
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4. Names of rivers without "the": Names of rivers do not use "the", such as the Nile, the
Amazon, and the Yangtze.
Exceptions with Names of Events:
1. Names of events without "the": Names of events do not use "the", such as the
Olympics, the World Cup, and the Grammy Awards.
2. Names of holidays without "the": Names of holidays do not use "the", such as
Christmas, Easter, and Halloween.
Exceptions with Names of Diseases:
1. Names of diseases without "the": Names of diseases do not use "the", such as
Diabetes, Cancer, and Alzheimer's.
Exceptions with Names of Scientific Concepts:
1. Names of scientific concepts without "the": Names of scientific concepts do not
use "the", such as Gravity, Evolution, and Relativity.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Definition:
Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental concept in English grammar that refers
to the rule that a verb must agree with its subject in number (singular or plural). In other
words, a singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.
rules of subject-verb agreement:
Rule 1: Singular Subject Takes a Singular Verb
A singular subject (one person, place, thing, or idea) takes a singular verb.
Examples:
1. "The cat sleeps." (The subject "cat" is singular, and the verb "sleeps" is also
singular.)
2. "The teacher is grading papers." (The subject "teacher" is singular, and the verb "is"
is also singular.)
3. "The city is growing rapidly." (The subject "city" is singular, and the verb "is" is also
singular.)
Rule 2: Plural Subject Takes a Plural Verb
A plural subject (more than one person, place, thing, or idea) takes a plural verb.
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Examples:
1. "The cats sleep." (The subject "cats" is plural, and the verb "sleep" is also plural.)
2. "The students are studying for their exams." (The subject "students" is plural, and the
verb "are" is also plural.)
3. "The companies are competing for market share." (The subject "companies" is
plural, and the verb "are" is also plural.)
Rule 3: Indefinite Pronouns
Some indefinite pronouns (everyone, someone, anyone, nobody) are singular and take a
singular verb.
Examples:
1. "Everyone is invited to the party." (The subject "everyone" is singular, and the verb
"is" is also singular.)
2. "Someone is at the door." (The subject "someone" is singular, and the verb "is" is
also singular.)
3. "Nobody knows the answer." (The subject "nobody" is singular, and the verb "knows"
is also singular.)
Rule 4: Collective Nouns
Collective nouns (team, family, group) can be singular or plural, depending on the
context.
Examples:
1. "The team is winning the game." (The subject "team" is singular, and the verb "is" is
also singular.)
2. "The family are all going on vacation." (The subject "family" is plural, and the verb
"are" is also plural.)
3. "The committee is making a decision." (The subject "committee" is singular, and the
verb "is" is also singular.)
Rule 5: Phrases or Clauses Between the Subject and Verb
Phrases or clauses between the subject and verb do not affect the verb agreement.
Examples:
1. "The book, which is on the bestseller list, is a great read." (The subject "book" is
singular, and the verb "is" is also singular.)
2. "The teacher, who has been working hard, is tired." (The subject "teacher" is
singular, and the verb "is" is also singular.)
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3. "The company, which has been in business for years, is expanding." (The subject
"company" is singular, and the verb "is" is also singular.)
Rule 6: Subjects Joined by "and"
When two or more subjects are joined by "and," the verb is usually plural.
Examples:
1. "John and Mary are coming over." (The subjects "John" and "Mary" are joined by
"and," and the verb "are" is plural.)
2. "The manager and the employees are working together." (The subjects "manager"
and "employees" are joined by "and," and the verb "are" is plural.)
3. "The book and the movie are both great." (The subjects "book" and "movie" are
joined by "and," and the verb "are" is plural.)
Rule 7: Subjects Joined by "or" or "nor"
When two or more subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," the verb agrees with the subject
closest to it.
Examples:
1. "Either the manager or the employees are responsible." (The verb "are" agrees with
the plural subject "employees," which is closest to it.)
2. "Neither the teacher nor the students are attending." (The verb "are" agrees with the
plural subject "students," which is closest to it.)
3. "Either the book or the articles are relevant." (The verb "are" agrees with the plural
subject "articles," which is closest to it.)
Rule 8: Inverted Sentence Structure
In inverted sentence structures, the verb agrees with the subject, not the predicate
nominative.
Examples:
1. "There are three books on the shelf." (The subject "books" is plural, and the verb
"are" is also plural.)
2. "There is a meeting at 2 PM." (The subject "meeting" is singular, and the verb "is" is
also singular.)
3. "Here comes the bus." (The subject "bus" is singular, and the verb "comes" is also
singular.)
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exceptions to the subject-verb agreement rule:
1. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns, such as "team," "family," or "group," can be
singular or plural, depending on the context.
Example: "The team is winning the game." (singular) vs. "The team are arguing among
themselves." (plural)
2. Indefinite Pronouns: Some indefinite pronouns, such as "everyone," "someone," or
"anyone," are singular and take a singular verb.
Example: "Everyone is invited to the party." (singular)
3. Phrases or Clauses Between the Subject and Verb: Phrases or clauses that separate
the subject and verb can sometimes make it difficult to determine the correct verb
agreement.
Example: "The book, which is on the bestseller list, is a great read." (The subject "book"
is singular, and the verb "is" is also singular.)
4. Subjects Joined by "or" or "nor": When two or more subjects are joined by "or" or
"nor," the verb agrees with the subject closest to it.
Example: "Either the manager or the employees are responsible." (The verb "are"
agrees with the plural subject "employees," which is closest to it.)
5. Titles and Names: Titles and names that are plural in form but singular in meaning
take a singular verb.
Example: "The United States is a country in North America." (The subject "United
States" is singular, and the verb "is" is also singular.)
6. Uncountable Nouns: Uncountable nouns, such as "water" or "air," take a singular
verb.
Example: "The water is cold." (The subject "water" is singular, and the verb "is" is also
singular.)
7. Gerunds and Infinitives: Gerunds and infinitives can function as subjects and take a
singular verb.
Example: "Swimming is a great exercise." (The subject "swimming" is a gerund and
takes a singular verb "is.")
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MODAL AUXILLARY VERBS
Modal auxiliary verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that express modality, including
notions such as possibility, necessity, obligation, permission, ability, and future
intention.
DIFFERENT MODAL AUXILLARY VERBS:
1. Can vs. Could:
1 - Can: ability, permission (present)
2 - Could: ability, permission (past), hypothetical situations
2. May vs. Might:
1- May: permission, possibility (more formal)
2 - Might: possibility, uncertainty (more informal)
3. Shall vs. Should:
1 - Shall: future intention, formal/official statements
2 - Should: advice, recommendation, moral obligation
4. Will vs. Would:
1 - Will: future intention, determination, prediction
2 - Would: past habit, conditional/hypothetical situations, polite expressions
NOTE:
Ability: Possibility:
1- Can: present ability 1- May: possibility (more formal)
2- Could: past ability 2- Might: possibility (more informal)
3- May: permission, but not necessarily 3- Could: possibility (more hypothetical)
ability
Obligation:
Permission:
1- Must: strong obligation
1- Can: informal permission
2- Should: moral obligation or advice
2- May: formal permission
3- Ought to: moral obligation or advice
3- Must: strong obligation (not (more formal)
permission)
Future:
1- Will: future intention or prediction
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2- Shall: future intention (more formal) 3- Might: conditional or hypothetical
situations
3- Would: conditional or hypothetical
future Politeness:
Conditional: 1- Could: polite request or suggestion
1- Would: conditional or hypothetical 2- Would: polite expression or request
situations
3- May: formal or polite personal
2- Could: conditional or hypothetical
situations
"since" and "for"
1- Since: Used to indicate a point in time from which an action or situation has
continued up to the present.
2- For: Used to indicate a duration of time.
Differences between "Since" and "For":
1- Starting point vs. duration: "Since" indicates a starting point, while "for"
indicates a duration.
2- Tense usage: "Since" is often used with the present perfect tense, while "for" can
be used with various tenses.
Examples:
1- I have been studying English since 2018. (starting point)
2- I have been studying English for three years. (duration)
QUESTIONS:
1. I have been working at this B) for
company ____ 2015. C) from
A) since D) during
B) for Answer: B) for
C) from 3. They have been married __ last
D) during June.
Answer: A) since A) since
2. She has been studying French ___ B) for
five years. C) from
A) since D) during
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Answer: A) since B) for
4. I have been waiting for you ___ C) from
30 minutes. D) during
A) since Answer: A) since
B) for 8. I have been reading this book
C) from __hours.
D) during A) since
Answer: B) for B) for
5. He has been playing football __he C) from
was a child. D) during
A) since Answer: B) for
B) for 9. They have been friends __they
C) from met in college.
D) during A) since
Answer: A) since B) for
6. We have been living in this city C) from
__ three years. D) during
A) since Answer: A) since
B) for 10. He has been studying abroad __
C) from two semesters.
D) during A) since
Answer: B) for B) for
7. She has been working on her C) from
project ___morning. D) during
A) since Answer: B) for
"was" and "were"
Was:
1- Used as the past tense of "be" for singular subjects (I, he, she, it).
2- Used for statements of fact or situations that existed in the past.
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Examples:
1- I was a student last year.
2- She was a doctor before she retired.
3- It was a beautiful day yesterday.
Were:
1- Used as the past tense of "be" for plural subjects (we, they, you).
2- Used for hypothetical or uncertain situations in the past.
3- Used in conditional sentences (e.g., "If I were you...").
Examples:
1- We were friends in college.
2- They were at the party last night.
3- If I were rich, I would travel the world.
Key differences:
1- Singular vs. plural subjects: "was" is used for singular subjects, while "were" is
used for plural subjects.
2- Hypothetical vs. factual situations: "were" is used for hypothetical or uncertain
situations, while "was" is used for statements of fact.
QUESTIONS:
1. I ___a student at this university D) is
last year. Answer: B) were
A) was 3. She ___very happy when she
B) were heard the news.
C) am A) was
D) is B) were
Answer: A) was C) is
2. They ____ at the party last night. D) are
A) was Answer: A) was
B) were 4. We ____ at the beach yesterday.
C) are A) was
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B) were D) are
C) are Answer: B) were
D) is 8. The city ___crowded during the
Answer: B) were festival.
5. He ___ a great singer when he A) was
was younger. B) were
A) was C) is
B) were D) are
C) is Answer: A) was
D) are 9. The flowers ___beautiful in the
Answer: A) was garden.
6. The book ____on the bestseller A) was
list for months. B) were
A) was C) is
B) were D) are
C) is Answer: B) were
D) are 10. The movie ___really good, I liked
Answer: A) was it.
7. The students ____ excited for A) was
their graduation. B) were
A) was C) is
B) were D) are
C) is Answer: A) was
"for" and "from"
Uses of "For":
1- Indicate duration: I've been studying for three hours.
2- Indicate purpose: I'm going to the store for milk.
3- Indicate intended use: This gift is for my sister.
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Uses of "From":
1- Indicate starting point: I'm traveling from New York to Los Angeles.
2- Indicate origin: I'm from a small town in the countryside.
3- Indicate source: I got this information from a reliable source.
Key Differences:
1- "For" indicates duration, purpose, or intended use, while "from" indicates starting
point, origin, or source.
2- "For" is often used with verbs like "study", "work", and "wait", while "from" is often
used with verbs like "travel", "come", and "get".
QUESTIONS:
1. I'm heading __London tomorrow. 4. The train departs ___ Platform 3.
A) for A) for
B) from B) from
C) to C) to
D) in D) at
Answer: A) for Answer: B) from
2. She comes __ a small town in the 5. I'm looking ___a new job
countryside. opportunity.
A) for A) for
B) from B) from
C) to C) to
D) in D) in
Answer: B) from Answer: A) for
3. This gift is ____ my sister. 6. The package was sent ___the
warehouse.
A) for
B) from A) for
C) to B) from
D) by C) to
Answer: A) for D) by
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Answer: B) from Answer: A) for
7. We're leaving __the airport at 9. The letter was written _ the CEO.
5pm.
A) for
A) for B) from
B) from C) by
C) to D) to
D) at Answer: B) from
Answer: B) from
10. I'm applying ___a scholarship.
8. This message is __all our
A) for
customers.
B) from
A) for
C) to
B) from
D) in
C) to
Answer: A) for
D) by
"then" and "than"
Then:
1- Used to indicate time or sequence
2- Can be used as an adverb to indicate when something happens
3- Often used with words like "next", "after", "before"
Examples:
1- I'll meet you at 5, and then we'll go to dinner. (indicating sequence)
2- I was born in 1990, and then I moved to the city. (indicating time)
Than:
1- Used to make comparisons
2- Often used with words like "more", "less", "better", "worse"
Examples:
1- She's taller than me. (comparing height)
2- This cake is sweeter than the one we had yesterday. (comparing sweetness)
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Key differences:
1- Time vs. Comparison: "Then" is used to indicate time or sequence, while "than" is
used to make comparisons.
2- Word order: "Then" often comes after a clause or phrase, while "than" is often used
in the middle of a sentence to compare two things.
trick:
1- If you're talking about time, use "then".
2- If you're making a comparison, use "than".
QUESTIONS:
1. I'm going to the store, and ___I'll 4. He's taller ___ his brother.
meet you at the park.
A) then
A) then B) than
B) than C) that
C) that D) this
D) this Answer: B) than
Answer: A) then
5. We'll meet at 5pm, and ___ we'll
2. This cake is sweeter __ the one head to the concert.
we had yesterday.
A) then
A) then B) than
B) than C) that
C) that D) this
D) this Answer: A) then
Answer: B) than
6. This book is more interesting ___
3. If I finish my work early, __ I'll the one I read last week.
watch a movie.
A) then
A) then B) than
B) than C) that
C) that D) this
D) this Answer: B) than
Answer: A) then
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7. If it's sunny tomorrow, ___we'll 9. I'll finish my homework, and __I'll
go to the beach. play video games.
A) then A) then
B) than B) than
C) that C) that
D) this D) this
Answer: A) then Answer: A) then
8. She's more intelligent __her 10. This city is bigger __the one we
sister. visited last year.
A) then A) then
B) than B) than
C) that C) that
D) this D) this
Answer: B) than Answer: B) than
"many" and "much"
Many:
1- Used to describe countable nouns (things that can be counted)
2- Refers to a large, but indefinite number of things
Examples:
3- I have many friends. (countable noun)
4- There are many books on the shelf. (countable noun)
Much:
1- Used to describe uncountable nouns (things that cannot be counted)
2- Refers to a large quantity or amount of something
Examples:
3- I don't have much money. (uncountable noun)
4- There's not much water in the tank. (uncountable noun)
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Key differences:
1- Countable vs. Uncountable: "Many" is used with countable nouns, while "much" is
used with uncountable nouns.
2- Number vs. Quantity: "Many" refers to a large number of things, while "much"
refers to a large quantity or amount of something.
trick:
1- If you can count it, use "many".
2- If you can't count it, use "much".
QUESTIONS:
1. How ___people are coming to the 4. I don't have ___time to finish this
party? project.
A) many A) many
B) much B) much
C) more C) more
D) most D) most
Answer: A) many Answer: B) much
2. There isn't __sugar left in the jar. 5. How _______ books have you read
this year?
A) many
A) many
B) much
B) much
C) more
C) more
D) most
D) most
Answer: B) much
Answer: A) many
3. __students are attending the
lecture today? 6. There's not __water in the bottle.
A) many A) many
B) much B) much
C) more C) more
D) most D) most
Answer: A) many Answer: B) much
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7. __people like watching horror 9. How ___friends do you have on
movies. social media?
A) many A) many
B) much B) much
C) more C) more
D) most D) most
Answer: A) many Answer: A) many
8. I didn't eat ____ food for 10. There's not ___traffic on the
breakfast. road today.
A) many A) many
B) much B) much
C) more C) more
D) most D) most
Answer: B) much Answer: B) much
"less" and "fewer"
Less:
1- Used to describe uncountable nouns (things that cannot be counted)
2- Refers to a smaller amount or quantity of something
Examples:
1- I have less money than I thought. (uncountable noun)
2- This cake has less sugar than the one we had yesterday. (uncountable noun)
Fewer:
1- Used to describe countable nouns (things that can be counted)
2- Refers to a smaller number of things
Examples:
1- I have fewer friends than I used to. (countable noun)
2- There are fewer books on the shelf than there were yesterday. (countable noun)
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Key differences:
1- Countable vs. Uncountable: "Fewer" is used with countable nouns, while "less" is
used with uncountable nouns.
2- Number vs. Quantity: "Fewer" refers to a smaller number of things, while "less"
refers to a smaller quantity or amount of something.
trick:
1- If you can count it, use "fewer".
2- If you can't count it, use "less".
Note:
A common exception to this rule is when describing time, distance, or weight. In
these cases, "less" is often used instead of "fewer".
For example:
1- I've been waiting for less than an hour. (time)
2- The distance between the two cities is less than 100 miles. (distance)
3- I weigh less than 50 kg. (weight)
QUESTION:
1. I have ___money than I thought. 3. This cake has ___sugar than the
one we had yesterday.
A) fewer
B) less A) fewer
C) little B) less
D) much C) little
Answer: B) less D) some
Answer: B) less
2. There are ___ people in the park
today. 4. I've been waiting for ___ than an
hour.
A) fewer
B) less A) fewer
C) much B) less
D) many C) much
Answer: A) fewer D) long
Answer: B) less
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5. I have ___friends on social media 8. This city has __traffic than the
than I used to. one we visited last year.
A) fewer A) fewer
B) less B) less
C) many C) much
D) much D) many
Answer: A) fewer Answer: B) less
6. The new policy will result in 9. There are __students in the class
___people losing their jobs. today.
A) fewer A) fewer
B) less B) less
C) many C) many
D) much D) much
Answer: A) fewer Answer: A) fewer
7. I've read __books this year than 10. I eat __ rice for breakfast.
last year.
A) fewer
A) fewer B) less
B) less C) much
C) many D) many
D) much Answer: B) less
Answer: A) fewer
"Has to" and "have to"
Has to:
1- Used with the third person singular (he, she, it)
2- Indicates a specific obligation or requirement for one person or thing
Examples:
1- She has to study for her exam tonight.
2- The company has to comply with the new regulations.
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Have to:
1- Used with the first person singular (I), first person plural (we), second person
singular and plural (you), and third person plural (they)
2- Indicates a general obligation or requirement for multiple people or things
Examples:
1- I have to finish this project by tomorrow.
2- We have to attend the meeting at 2 PM.
3- You have to try this new restaurant.
In summary:
1- Use "has to" for third person singular (he, she, it).
2- Use "have to" for all other subjects (I, we, you, they).
QUESTION:
1. She ___finish her project by C) having to
tomorrow. D) had to
A) has to Answer: A) has to
B) have to 4. We ___ study for the exam next
C) having to week.
D) had to A) has to
Answer: A) has to B) have to
2. They __work hard to meet the C) having to
deadline. D) had to
A) has to Answer: B) have to
B) have to 5. The company __ pay its
C) having to employees on time.
D) had to A) has to
Answer: B) have to B) have to
3. He __attend the meeting C) having to
tomorrow. D) had to
A) has to Answer: A) has to
B) have to
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6. Students __ submit their C) having to
assignments by Friday. D) had to
A) has to Answer: B) have to
B) have to 9. He __finish his homework before
C) having to playing.
D) had to A) has to
Answer: B) have to B) have to
7. She __ take care of her younger C) having to
brother. D) had to
A) has to Answer: A) has to
B) have to 10. We __ follow the rules and
C) having to regulations.
D) had to A) has to
Answer: A) has to B) have to
8. They ___be careful while driving C) having to
in the rain. D) had to
A) has to Answer: B) have to
B) have to
"Farther" and "further
Farther:
1. Physical distance: Refers to a measurable distance in space or geography.
2. Literal meaning: Indicates how far something is in terms of physical length or
distance.
Examples:
1. I'm going to run farther than I did yesterday. (physical distance)
2. The new store is farther away from my house than the old one. (physical distance)
Further:
1. Abstract or figurative distance: Refers to a non-physical distance, such as time,
degree, or extent.
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2. Figurative meaning: Indicates how much more or to what extent something is
done, known, or understood.
Examples:
1. I'll further my education by pursuing a master's degree. (abstract distance)
2. The research will further our understanding of the topic. (abstract distance)
Key differences:
1- Physical vs. abstract distance: "Farther" refers to physical distance, while
"further" refers to abstract or figurative distance.
2- Literal vs. figurative meaning: "Farther" has a literal meaning, while "further"
has a figurative meaning.
TRICK:
1- If you're talking about physical distance, use "farther".
2- If you're talking about abstract or figurative distance, use "further".
QUESTION:
1. The hikers went ___than they had 3. The new highway extends _ than
planned. the old one.
A) farther A) farther
B) further B) further
C) far C) far
D) more D) more
Answer: A) farther Answer: A) farther
2. We'll discuss this __in the 4. Let's __ explore the possibilities.
meeting.
A) farther
A) farther B) further
B) further C) far
C) far D) more
D) more Answer: B) further
Answer: B) further
5. The station is __away than I
thought.
A) farther
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B) further A) farther
C) far B) further
D) more C) far
Answer: A) farther D) more
6. We'll _ investigate the matter. Answer: B) further
A) farther 9. The village is __ down the road.
B) further A) farther
C) far B) further
D) more C) far
Answer: B) further D) more
7. The runners went _ than the rest. Answer: A) farther
A) farther 10. We'll ___ develop the plan.
B) further A) farther
C) far B) further
D) more C) far
Answer: A) farther D) more
8. Let's ___ discuss the details. Answer: B) further
"By" and "with"
By:
1. Agent or doer: Indicates who performs an action.
Examples:
1. "The play was written by Shakespeare." (Here, "by" indicates the agent.)
2. "The package was delivered by the courier." (Here, "by" indicates the doer.)
2. Means or instrument: Indicates the means or instrument used to perform an
action.
Examples:
1. "I was hurt by a falling rock." (Here, "by" indicates the instrument.)
2. "The city was destroyed by fire." (Here, "by" indicates the means.)
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3. Time or deadline: Indicates a specific time or deadline.
Examples:
1. "The project must be completed by Friday." (Here, "by" indicates the deadline.)
2. "The store closes by 8 PM." (Here, "by" indicates the time.)
4. Author or creator: Indicates the author or creator of a work.
Examples:
1. "The painting was created by Picasso." (Here, "by" indicates the creator.)
2. "The book was written by J.K. Rowling." (Here, "by" indicates the author.)
With:
1. Accompaniment or association: Indicates that someone or something is
accompanied by or associated with another person or thing.
Examples:
1. "I'm going to the movies with my friends." (Here, "with" indicates accompaniment.)
2. "The cake was made with love." (Here, "with" indicates association.)
2. Instrument or tool: Indicates the instrument or tool used to perform an action.
Examples:
1. "I cut the paper with scissors." (Here, "with" indicates the instrument.)
2. "The artist painted the picture with watercolors." (Here, "with" indicates the tool.)
3. Manner or way: Indicates the manner or way in which something is done.
Examples:
1. "She spoke with confidence." (Here, "with" indicates the manner.)
2. "The team played with passion." (Here, "with" indicates the way.)
In summary:
1- "By" typically indicates agency, means, time, or authorship.
2- "With" typically indicates accompaniment, association, instrument, or manner.
TRICKS:
1- If you're talking about who did something or how it was done, use "by".
2- If you're talking about someone or something being accompanied or associated with
another person or thing, use "with".
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QUESTION:
1. The painting was created __a B) with
famous artist. C) from
A) by D) of
B) with Answer: A) by
C) from 6. I'm impressed ____ your skills.
D) of A) by
Answer: A) by B) with
2. I cut the paper ___scissors. C) from
A) by D) of
B) with Answer: B) with
C) from 7. The photo was taken ___a
D) of professional photographer.
Answer: B) with A) by
3. The book was written ___a well- B) with
known author. C) from
A) by D) of
B) with Answer: A) by
C) from 8. She decorated the room ______
D) of balloons.
Answer: A) by A) by
4. She filled the bucket ___ water. B) with
A) by C) from
B) with D) of
C) from Answer: B) with
D) of 9. The song was composed __ a
famous musician.
Answer: B) with
A) by
5. The package was delivered ____a
courier service. B) with
A) by C) from
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D) of B) with
Answer: A) by C) from
10. I'm satisfied __ the service I D) of
received. Answer: B) with
A) by
"Should" and "ought to"
Should:
1. Advice or recommendation: "Should" is used to give advice or make a
recommendation.
Examples:
1. "You should try this new restaurant." (advice)
2. "I think you should apologize." (recommendation)
2. Moral obligation: "Should" can also imply a moral obligation or duty.
Examples:
1. "You should always tell the truth." (moral obligation)
2."We should help those in need." (moral duty)
3. Expectation: "Should" can express expectation or assumption.
Examples:
1. "He should be here by now." (expectation)
2. "She should know better." (assumption)
Ought to:
1. Stronger obligation: "Ought to" implies a stronger sense of obligation or duty.
Examples:
1. "You ought to apologize for what you did." (stronger obligation)
2. "We ought to help those affected by the disaster." (stronger duty)
2. Moral or ethical obligation: "Ought to" often implies a moral or ethical obligation.
Examples:
1. "You ought to keep your promises." (moral obligation)
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2. "We ought to respect the environment." (ethical obligation)
3. Formal tone: "Ought to" is often used in more formal writing or speech.
Key differences:
1- Strength of obligation: "Ought to" implies a stronger sense of obligation than
"should".
2- Tone: "Ought to" is often used in more formal contexts, while "should" is more
informal.
3- Connotation: "Ought to" can imply a sense of moral or ethical obligation, while
"should" is more neutral.
TRICK:
1- Use "should" for advice, recommendations, or expectations.
2- Use "ought to" for stronger obligations, moral or ethical duties, or in formal contexts.
QUESTION:
1. You ___take a break and rest for C) must
a while. D) have to
A) should Answer: A) should
B) ought to 4. He ___prioritize his health.
C) must A) should
D) have to B) ought to
Answer: A) should C) must
2. She ___be more careful with her D) have to
belongings.
Answer: A) should
A) should
5. They __ consider all options
B) ought to before making a decision.
C) must A) should
D) have to B) ought to
Answer: B) ought to C) must
3. We ___ respect our elders. D) have to
A) should Answer: A) should
B) ought to
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6. You ___ try to be more patient. C) must
A) should D) have to
B) ought to Answer: B) ought to
C) must 9. He _ focus on his studies.
D) have to A) should
Answer: A) should B) ought to
7. We ___take care of the C) must
environment. D) have to
A) should Answer: A) should
B) ought to 10. We ___ strive to be better
C) must versions of ourselves.
D) have to A) should
Answer: A) should B) ought to
8. She _ be more mindful of her C) must
words. D) have to
A) should Answer: A) should
B) ought to
"Accept" and "except"
Accept:
1. To receive something willingly: "Accept" means to receive something, such as
an offer, invitation, or gift, with willingness or consent.
Examples:
1. "I accept your invitation to dinner." (receiving an invitation willingly)
2. "She accepted the job offer." (receiving a job offer willingly)
2. To agree with something: "Accept" can also mean to agree with or acknowledge
something as true or valid.
Examples:
1. "I accept your argument." (agreeing with an argument)
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2. "The company accepts responsibility for the mistake." (acknowledging
responsibility)
Except:
1. Excluding: "Except" is a preposition that means excluding or leaving out.
Examples:
1. "I like all vegetables except Brussels sprouts." (excluding Brussels sprouts)
2. "The store is open every day except Sunday." (excluding Sunday)
2. Unless: "Except" can also be used to mean "unless" in some cases.
Examples:
1. "I'll be there except it's raining." (meaning "unless it's raining")
Key differences:
1- Meaning: "Accept" means to receive something willingly or agree with something,
while "except" means excluding or leaving out.
2- Usage: "Accept" is often used as a verb, while "except" is often used as a
preposition.
TRICK:
1- If you're talking about receiving something willingly or agreeing with something, use
"accept".
2- If you're talking about excluding or leaving something out, use "except".
QUESTION:
1. I ___ your invitation to the party. C) accepted
A) accept D) accepts
B) except Answer: B) except
C) except for 3. She ____the award with gratitude.
D) accept for A) accept
Answer: A) accept B) except
2. Everyone ___Tom attended the C) accepted
meeting. D) accepting
A) accept Answer: C) accepted
B) except
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4. I like all vegetables ___Brussels C) accepted
sprouts. D) accepting
A) accept Answer: C) accepted
B) except 8. The store __all major credit
C) accepted cards.
D) accepting A) accept
Answer: B) except B) except
5. The company ___applications for C) accepts
the job opening. D) accepting
A) accept Answer: C) accepts
B) except 9. Everyone is eligible ___those who
C) accepting don't meet the requirements.
D) accepted A) accept
Answer: A) accept B) except
6. All the students ___one finished C) accepted
the project. D) except for
A) accept Answer: D) except for
B) except 10. She __ the challenge and
C) accepted completed the project.
D) accepts A) accept
Answer: B) except B) except
7. He ___the terms of the contract. C) accepted
A) accept D) accepting
B) except Answer: C) accepted
"May" and "might"
May:
1. Permission: "May" is often used to ask for or grant permission.
Examples:
1. "May I go to the bathroom?" (asking for permission)
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2. "You may leave early if you finish your work." (granting permission)
2. Possibility: "May" can also express possibility or potential.
Examples:
1. "It may rain tomorrow." (possibility)
2. "She may be late for the meeting." (possibility)
3. Ability: "May" can express ability or capability.
Examples:
1. "She may speak French fluently." (ability)
2. "He may be able to help you." (ability)
Might:
1. Possibility: "Might" is often used to express a weaker possibility or potential.
Examples:
1. "It might rain tomorrow." (weaker possibility)
2. "She might be late for the meeting." (weaker possibility)
2. Hypothetical situation: "Might" can be used to describe a hypothetical or
uncertain situation.
Examples:
1. "If I won the lottery, I might buy a house." (hypothetical situation)
2. "What might happen if we don't take action?" (hypothetical situation)
3. Past possibility: "Might" can be used to express a possibility that existed in the
past but did not happen.
Examples:
1. "I might have gone to the party if I had been invited." (past possibility)
Key differences:
1- Strength of possibility: "May" implies a stronger possibility than "might".
2- Permission: "May" is often used for permission, while "might" is not.
3- Hypothetical situations: "Might" is often used for hypothetical or uncertain
situations.
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TRICK:
1- If you're asking for or granting permission, use "may".
2- If you're expressing a stronger possibility, use "may".
3- If you're expressing a weaker possibility or hypothetical situation, use "might".
QUESTION:
1. It ___rain tomorrow, so take an C) can
umbrella. D) could
A) may Answer: B) might
B) might 5. ___I borrow your pen for a
C) can minute?
D) could A) May
Answer: A) may B) Might
2. She ___ be able to attend the C) Can
meeting, but she's not sure. D) Could
A) may Answer: A) May
B) might 6. They ___ have won the game if
C) can they had played better.
D) will A) may
Answer: B) might B) might
3. You ___go to the party if you C) can
want to. D) could
A) may Answer: B) might
B) might 7. It ___ be possible to finish the
C) can project on time.
D) could A) may
Answer: A) may B) might
4. He __have been stuck in traffic, C) can
that's why he's late. D) could
A) may Answer: A) may
B) might
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8. She __have called, but I didn't C) can
hear the phone. D) could
A) may Answer: A) may
B) might 10. He __ have forgotten about the
C) can meeting.
D) could A) may
Answer: B) might B) might
9. You __ want to consider other C) can
options. D) could
A) may Answer: B) might
B) might
Affects and effects
Affects:
Affects is a verb that means to influence or have an impact on something or someone.
Examples:
1. "The weather affects the crops."
2. "Her mood affects her relationships."
Usage:
Affects is used to describe the action of influencing or having an impact on something.
Effects:
Effects is a noun that refers to the results or outcomes of a particular action or set of
circumstances.
Examples:
1. "The effects of climate change are widespread."
2. "The special effects in the movie were impressive."
Usage:
Effects is used to describe the outcome or result of a particular action or situation.
Key Difference in Uses:
a. Affects describes the action of influencing (verb).
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b. Effects describes the outcome or result (noun).
In summary, if you're talking about something influencing something else, use "affects."
If you're talking about the outcome or result of a situation, use "effects."
QUESTION:
1. The rain will __the parade D) affecting
tomorrow. Answer: B) effect
A) affect 5. The cold weather will __the
B) effect crops.
C) effects A) affect
D) affecting B) effect
Answer: A) affect C) effects
2. The ___ of the policy change will D) affecting
be felt next year. Answer: A) affect
A) affect 6. The ___of the medication were
B) effect noticeable.
C) effects A) affect
D) affecting B) effect
Answer: B) effect C) effects
3. Her mood was __by the good D) affecting
news. Answer: C) effects
A) affected 7. The teacher's words ___ her
B) effected student's confidence.
C) effects A) affected
D) affecting B) effected
Answer: A) affected C) effects
4. The new law will have a D) affecting
significant ____ on the environment. Answer: A) affected
A) affect 8. The __of climate change are
B) effect widespread.
C) effects A) affect
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B) effect D) affecting
C) effects Answer: A) affect
D) affecting 10. The ___of the new policy is still
Answer: C) effects unclear.
9. The decision will __the A) affect
company's future. B) effect
A) affect C) effects
B) effect D) affecting
C) effects Answer: B) effect
"Can" and "Could".
Can:
1. Ability: "Can" is used to describe someone's ability to do something.
Examples:
1. "She can speak French fluently." (ability)
2. "He can play the guitar." (ability)
2. Permission: "Can" is often used informally to ask for or grant permission.
Examples:
1. "Can I go to the party?" (asking for permission)
2. "You can use my car tonight." (granting permission)
Could:
1. Past ability: "Could" is used to describe someone's ability to do something in the
past.
Examples:
1. "She could play the piano when she was younger." (past ability)
2. "He could run faster when he was in college." (past ability)
2. Polite requests: "Could" is used to make polite requests.
Examples:
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1. "Could you pass the salt?" (polite request)
2. "Could I borrow your book?" (polite request)
3. Possibility: "Could" can express possibility or potential.
Examples:
1. "It could rain tomorrow." (possibility)
2. "She could be late for the meeting." (possibility)
Key differences:
1. Ability vs. past ability: "Can" describes current ability, while "could" describes past
ability.
2. Permission: While both "can" and "could" can be used for permission, "may" is more
formal for granting permission.
3. Politeness: "Could" is often used to make requests more polite.
Trick:
1. If you're talking about current ability or informal permission, use "can".
2. If you're talking about past ability, polite requests, or possibility, use "could".
Clauses
In grammar, a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A
clause can be independent or dependent, and it can express a complete thought or a
fragment of a thought.
Definition:
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, and expresses a
complete thought or a fragment of a thought.
Types of Clauses:
There are two main types of clauses: Independent Clauses and Dependent Clauses.
1. Independent Clauses:
An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. It has a
subject and a predicate, and expresses a complete thought.
Examples:
1- I went to the store. (Here, "I" is the subject, and "went to the store" is the predicate.)
2- She ate breakfast. (Here, "She" is the subject, and "ate breakfast" is the predicate.)
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2. Dependent Clauses:
A dependent clause is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It has a
subject and a predicate, but it does not express a complete thought. Dependent clauses
rely on independent clauses to complete their meaning.
Examples:
1- Because I forgot my phone. (Here, "Because" is a subordinating conjunction, and the
clause relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning.)
2- Unless you try harder. (Here, "Unless" is a subordinating conjunction, and the clause
relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning.)
Types of Dependent Clauses:
a. Subordinate Clauses:
A subordinate clause is a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating
conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions include words like "because," "unless,"
"although," and "if."
Examples:
1- I went to the store because I needed milk. (Here, "because I needed milk" is a
subordinate clause.)
2- She didn't go to the party unless her friends were going. (Here, "unless her friends
were going" is a subordinate clause.)
b. Relative Clauses:
A relative clause is a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Relative
pronouns include words like "who," "which," "that," and "whom."
Examples:
1- The book, which is on the table, is mine. (Here, "which is on the table" is a relative
clause.)
2- The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (Here, "who lives next door" is a relative
clause.)
c. Adverbial Clauses:
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. Adverbial
clauses can provide information about time, place, manner, or other circumstances.
Examples:
1- When I got home, I realized I had forgotten my keys. (Here, "when I got home" is an
adverbial clause.)
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2- Wherever you go, be sure to take your phone. (Here, "wherever you go" is an
adverbial clause.)
PHRASE
A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in a sentence. It does not
have a subject-verb combination, and it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Types of Phrases:
There are several types of phrases, including:
1. Noun Phrase:
A noun phrase is a phrase that functions as a noun in a sentence. It typically consists of
a noun and any accompanying modifiers, such as adjectives or prepositional phrases.
Examples:
1- The big red car (Here, "The big red car" is a noun phrase functioning as the subject
of the sentence.)
2- The teacher gave the students a lot of homework. (Here, "a lot of homework" is a
noun phrase functioning as the direct object of the sentence.)
2. Verb Phrase:
A verb phrase is a phrase that functions as a verb in a sentence. It typically consists of
a main verb and any accompanying auxiliary verbs or modifiers.
Examples:
1- She is studying for her exam. (Here, "is studying" is a verb phrase functioning as the
predicate of the sentence.)
2- They will have eaten dinner by the time we arrive. (Here, "will have eaten" is a verb
phrase functioning as the predicate of the sentence.)
3. Adjective Phrase:
An adjective phrase is a phrase that functions as an adjective in a sentence. It typically
consists of an adjective and any accompanying modifiers or complements.
Examples:
1- The woman wearing a red dress is my sister. (Here, "wearing a red dress" is an
adjective phrase modifying the noun "woman".)
2- The city, which is very crowded, is known for its beauty. (Here, "which is very
crowded" is an adjective phrase modifying the noun "city".)
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4. Adverb Phrase:
An adverb phrase is a phrase that functions as an adverb in a sentence. It typically
consists of an adverb and any accompanying modifiers or complements.
Examples:
1- She sings beautifully. (Here, "beautifully" is an adverb phrase modifying the verb
"sings".)
2- The play was performed very well. (Here, "very well" is an adverb phrase modifying
the verb "was performed".)
5. Prepositional Phrase:
A prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun
or pronoun. It functions as a modifier or complement in a sentence.
Examples:
1- The book is on the table. (Here, "on the table" is a prepositional phrase modifying the
verb "is".)
2- The city is located near the beach. (Here, "near the beach" is a prepositional phrase
modifying the verb "is located".)
6. Infinitive Phrase:
An infinitive phrase is a phrase that begins with the infinitive form of a verb (i.e., "to" +
the base form of the verb). It functions as a modifier or complement in a sentence.
Examples:
1- I want to eat dinner now. (Here, "to eat dinner" is an infinitive phrase functioning as
the direct object of the sentence.)
2- She decided to study abroad for a year. (Here, "to study abroad for a year" is an
infinitive phrase functioning as the direct object of the sentence.)
7. Gerund Phrase:
A gerund phrase is a phrase that begins with the gerund form of a verb (i.e., the "-ing"
form of the verb). It functions as a modifier or complement in a sentence.
Examples:
1- Eating breakfast is important for your health. (Here, "Eating breakfast" is a gerund
phrase functioning as the subject of the sentence.)
2- I enjoy reading books in my free time. (Here, "reading books" is a gerund phrase
functioning as the direct object of the sentence.)
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8. Participial Phrase:
A participial phrase is a phrase that begins with a participle (i.e., the "-ing" or "-ed"
form of a verb). It functions as a modifier in a sentence.
Examples:
1- The woman standing over there is my sister. (Here, "standing over there" is a
participial phrase modifying the noun "woman".)
2- The play, having been performed many times before, was still enjoyable. (Here,
"having been performed many times before" is a participial phrase modifying the noun
"play".)
GERUND
A gerund is a verb form that ends in "-ing" and functions as a noun in a sentence. It can
be a single word or a phrase, and it can function as a subject, complement, or object of
a sentence.
Rules for Forming Gerunds:
1. Add "-ing" to the base form of the verb.
2. Use the present participle form.
3. Function as a noun.
Examples:
Gerund as Subject: Gerund as Object of a Verb:
1. Singing is my favorite hobby. 1. I enjoy singing in the shower.
2. Eating breakfast is important for your 2. She loves eating at Italian
health. restaurants.
3. Writing stories is a fun activity. 3. He hates waiting in line.
4. Dancing is a great way to exercise. 4. They like playing video games.
5. Painting is a popular form of art. 5. I avoid eating spicy food.
Gerund as Complement: Gerund as Object of a Preposition:
1. Her favorite activity is reading books. 1. I'm worried about losing my phone.
2. His hobby is playing the guitar. 2. He's tired of waiting in line.
3. My favorite thing to do is traveling. 3. She's excited about traveling to
Europe.
4. Her passion is helping others.
4. They're interested in learning more
5. His goal is becoming a doctor.
about the company.
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5. I'm concerned about making a 3. The restaurant serving Italian food is
mistake. downtown.
Gerund as Modifier of a Noun: 4. The city known for its beautiful
beaches is Miami.
1. The woman singing on stage is my
sister. 5. The teacher helping students with
their homework is Mrs. Smith.
2. The book about traveling around the
world is very interesting.
Present Participle
A present participle is a verb form that ends in "-ing" and functions as an adjective,
modifying a noun or pronoun. It describes an action that is ongoing or continuous.
Examples:
1. The singing bird is beautiful. (Here, "singing" is a present participle modifying the
noun "bird".)
2. The running water is cold. (Here, "running" is a present participle modifying the noun
"water".)
3. The crying baby needs attention. (Here, "crying" is a present participle modifying the
noun "baby"."
Past Participle:
A past participle is a verb form that ends in "-ed" (for regular verbs) or has an irregular
form (for irregular verbs). It functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and
describes an action that has been completed.
Examples:
1. The cooked meal is delicious. (Here, "cooked" is a past participle modifying the noun
"meal".)
2. The written letter is on the table. (Here, "written" is a past participle modifying the
noun "letter".)
3. The broken toy needs to be fixed. (Here, "broken" is a past participle modifying the
noun "toy"."
Major Differences:
1. Form: Present participles end in "-ing", while past participles end in "-ed" (for
regular verbs) or have an irregular form (for irregular verbs).
2. Tense: Present participles describe ongoing or continuous actions, while past
participles describe completed actions.
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3. Function: Both present and past participles function as adjectives, modifying nouns
or pronouns.
4. Usage: Present participles are often used to describe temporary or changing
situations, while past participles are used to describe permanent or completed
situations.
conversions
Present Participle to Past Participle:
1. Regular Verbs: Replace "-ing" with "-ed".
Example: walking (present participle) → walked (past participle)
2. Irregular Verbs: Change to the past participle form.
Example: going (present participle) → gone (past participle)
Past Participle to Present Participle:
1. Regular Verbs: Replace "-ed" with "-ing".
Example: walked (past participle) → walking (present participle)
2. Irregular Verbs: Change to the present participle form.
Example: gone (past participle) → going (present participle)
Verb to Present Participle:
1. Regular Verbs: Add "-ing" to the base form.
Example: walk (base form) → walking (present participle)
2. Irregular Verbs: Change to the present participle form.
Example: go (base form) → going (present participle)
Verb to Past Participle:
1. Regular Verbs: Add "-ed" to the base form.
Example: walk (base form) → walked (past participle)
2. Irregular Verbs: Change to the past participle form.
Example: go (base form) → gone (past participle)
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Regular Verbs
Regular verbs are verbs that follow a predictable pattern when forming their past tense
and past participle. They typically add "-ed" or "-d" to the base form of the verb.
EXAMPLES:
1. Walk: 6. Read:
a. Base form: walk a. Base form: read
b. Present participle: walking b. Present participle: reading
c. Past tense: walked c. Past tense: read
d. Past participle: walked d. Past participle: read
2. Run: 7. Listen:
a. Base form: run a. Base form: listen
b. Present participle: running b. Present participle: listening
c. Past tense: ran c. Past tense: listened
d. Past participle: run d. Past participle: listened
3. Study: 8. Speak:
a. Base form: study a. Base form: speak
b. Present participle: studying b. Present participle: speaking
c. Past tense: studied c. Past tense: spoke
d. Past participle: studied d. Past participle: spoken
4. Dance: 9. Learn:
a. Base form: dance a. Base form: learn
b. Present participle: dancing b. Present participle: learning
c. Past tense: danced c. Past tense: learned
d. Past participle: danced d. Past participle: learned
5. Write: 10. Paint:
a. Base form: write a. Base form: paint
b. Present participle: writing b. Present participle: painting
c. Past tense: wrote c. Past tense: painted
d. Past participle: written d. Past participle: painted
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Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow a predictable pattern when forming their
past tense and past participle.
EXAMPLES:
1. Go: 7. Know:
a. Base form: go a. Base form: know
b. Present participle: going b. Present participle: knowing
c. Past tense: went c. Past tense: knew
d. Past participle: gone d. Past participle: known
2. Take: 8. Get:
a. Base form: take a. Base form: get
b. Present participle: taking b. Present participle: getting
c. Past tense: took c. Past tense: got
d. Past participle: taken d. Past participle: gotten
3. Be: 9. Give:
a. Base form: be a. Base form: give
b. Present participle: being b. Present participle: giving
c. Past tense: was/were c. Past tense: gave
d. Past participle: been d. Past participle: given
4. Have: 10. Find:
a. Base form: have a. Base form: find
b. Present participle: having b. Present participle: finding
c. Past tense: had c. Past tense: found
d. Past participle: had d. Past participle: found
5. Do:
a. Base form: do
b. Present participle: doing
c. Past tense: did
d. Past participle: done
6. Make:
a. Base form: make
b. Present participle: making
c. Past tense: made
d. Past participle: made
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Definition:
Conditional sentences express hypothetical or uncertain situations and their
consequences.
Types:
1. Zero Conditional 3. Second Conditional 5. Mixed Conditional
2. First Conditional 4. Third Conditional
1. Zero Conditional
Zero Conditional is a type of conditional sentence that describes universal truths,
scientific facts, and habitual actions. It presents situations where the outcome is always
true, certain, or inevitable.
Rules:
1. If-clause: Present Simple tense is used to describe the condition.
2. Main clause: Present Simple tense is used to describe the result or outcome.
3. No uncertainty or conditionality: Zero Conditional sentences do not express
uncertainty, doubt, or possibility.
Examples:
1. Water freezes if it gets to 0°C. (Scientific fact)
2. Humans need oxygen to breathe. (Universal truth)
3. If you heat ice, it melts. (Scientific fact)
4. Plants grow if they receive enough water. (Habitual action)
5. If you drop something, it falls. (Universal truth)
Key Characteristics:
1- Certainty: Zero Conditional sentences express absolute certainty about the
outcome.
2- Universality: These sentences describe situations that are true for everyone,
everywhere.
3- Timelessness: Zero Conditional sentences are timeless, meaning they are not
limited to a specific time or context.
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Usage:
Zero Conditional is commonly used in various contexts, such as:
1- Scientific explanations
2- Describing natural phenomena
3- Expressing universal truths
4- Explaining habitual actions
5- Providing instructions or guidelines
By using Zero Conditional, you can convey certainty, universality, and timelessness in
your language, making your statements more precise and effective.
2. First Conditional
First Conditional describes future situations that are likely to happen or are planned.
Rules:
1. If-clause: Present Simple tense is used to describe the condition.
2. Main clause: Future Simple tense (will + base verb) is used to describe the result or
outcome.
Examples:
1. If it rains tomorrow, I will take an umbrella.
2. If I study hard, I will pass the exam.
3. If she gets the job, she will move to the city.
4. If they invite me, I will attend the party.
5. If it snows, we will go skiing.
Key Characteristics:
1- Future possibility: First Conditional sentences express future situations that are
possible or likely.
2- Planned or predicted: These sentences often describe planned or predicted
events.
3- Cause-and-effect: First Conditional sentences show a clear cause-and-effect
relationship between the condition and the outcome.
Usage:
1- Making predictions
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2- Describing future plans
3- Expressing intentions
4- Giving advice
5- Talking about future possibilities
3. Second Conditional
Second Conditional describes hypothetical or unlikely future situations and their
consequences.
Rules:
1. If-clause: Past Simple tense is used to describe the condition (but with a
hypothetical or uncertain meaning).
2. Main clause: Would + base verb is used to describe the result or outcome.
Examples:
1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.
2. If she were rich, she would travel the world.
3. If it snowed in July, I would be surprised.
4. If I could speak French, I would move to Paris.
5. If they offered me the job, I would accept it.
Key Characteristics:
1- Hypothetical: Second Conditional sentences express hypothetical or unlikely
situations.
2- Uncertainty: These sentences describe situations that may never happen.
3- Unreal: Second Conditional sentences often describe unreal or imaginary
situations.
Usage:
1- Expressing hypothetical situations
2- Describing unlikely events
3- Talking about unreal or imaginary situations
4- Making polite requests or suggestions
5- Expressing regrets or doubts
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4. Third Conditional
Third Conditional describes hypothetical past situations and their consequences, which
did not happen.
Rules:
1. If-clause: Past Perfect tense is used to describe the condition (if + subject + had +
past participle).
2. Main clause: Would have + past participle is used to describe the result or
outcome.
Examples:
1. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
2. If she had taken the job, she would have moved to the city.
3. If it had rained, we would have stayed indoors.
4. If I had known, I would have helped you.
5. If they had invited me, I would have attended the party.
Key Characteristics:
1- Hypothetical past: Third Conditional sentences express hypothetical past situations.
2- Regrets or excuses: These sentences often express regrets or excuses for past
actions.
3- Contrary to fact: Third Conditional sentences describe situations that did not happen.
Usage:
1- Expressing regrets or excuses
2- Describing hypothetical past situations
3- Talking about what could have happened
4- Making excuses or justifying past actions
5- Expressing disappointment or frustration
5. Mixed Conditional
Mixed Conditional describes a hypothetical past situation and its hypothetical
consequences in the present.
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Rules:
1. If-clause: Past Perfect tense is used to describe the condition (if + subject + had +
past participle).
2. Main clause: Would + base verb (present simple) is used to describe the result or
outcome.
Examples:
1. If I had studied harder, I would be a doctor now.
2. If she had taken the job, she would be living in New York now.
3. If it had rained, the crops would be healthier now.
4. If I had known, I would be helping you now.
5. If they had invested, they would be rich now.
Key Characteristics:
1- Hypothetical past and present: Mixed Conditional sentences combine hypothetical
past situations with hypothetical present consequences.
2- Regrets or excuses: These sentences often express regrets or excuses for past
actions.
3- Contrary to fact: Mixed Conditional sentences describe situations that did not
happen.
Usage:
1- Expressing regrets or excuses
2- Describing hypothetical past situations and their present consequences
3- Talking about what could have been
4- Making excuses or justifying past actions
5- Expressing disappointment or frustration
Sentence
Definition:
A sentence is a unit of language that expresses a complete thought, typically consisting
of a subject and predicate.
Important Points:
1. A sentence conveys a meaningful idea or message.
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2. It usually has a subject (noun or pronoun) and a predicate (verb).
Types of Sentences based on purpose:
1. Declarative (statements)
2. Interrogative (questions)
3. Imperative (commands)
4. Exclamatory (expressions of strong emotions)
1. Declarative Sentence:
Definition: A declarative sentence states a fact or assertion.
Important Points:
a. Ends with a period (.)
b. Provides information
c. Can be positive or negative
Basic Formula: Subject + Verb + Object/Complement
Examples:
1. The sun rises in the east.
2. She is a doctor.
3. Rabies is a viral disease.
4. Vaccination prevents rabies.
5. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad.
2. Interrogative Sentence:
Definition: An interrogative sentence asks a question.
Important Points:
a. Ends with a question mark (?)
b. Often begins with a question word (who, what, where, etc.)
Basic Formula: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb
Examples:
1. What is your name?
2. Is rabies curable?
3. Where is the nearest hospital?
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4. Who developed the rabies vaccine?
5. Can dogs transmit rabies?
3. Imperative Sentence:
Definition: An imperative sentence gives a command, instruction, or request.
Important Points:
a. Often begins with a verb
b. Can end with a period (.) or exclamation mark (!)
Basic Formula: Verb + Object/Complement
Examples:
1. Get vaccinated against rabies.
2. Wash your hands regularly.
3. Avoid contact with wild animals.
4. Seek medical help immediately.
5. Don't touch the infected animal.
4. Exclamatory Sentence:
Definition: An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotions or feelings.
Important Points:
a. Ends with an exclamation mark (!)
b. Often begins with what or how
Basic Formula: What/How + Subject + Verb
Examples:
1. What a deadly disease rabies is!
2. How important it is to get vaccinated!
3. Rabies is so dangerous!
4. Get help now!
5. What a relief to be safe from rabies!
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Sentence Types Based on Structure:
1. Simple Sentence:
Definition: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause with a subject and
predicate.
Important Points:
a. Expresses a single complete thought
b. Typically follows Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure
Examples:
1. She reads books.
2. The dog runs quickly.
3. He eats breakfast.
4. The sun shines brightly.
5. Birds sing sweet melodies.
2. Compound Sentence:
Definition: A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by
a conjunction.
Important Points:
a. Each clause has a subject and predicate
b. Uses coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so)
Examples:
1. She reads books, and he watches movies.
2. I like coffee, but she prefers tea.
3. He studies hard, so he excels.
4. They went to the beach, and they swam.
5. She sings beautifully, and he plays guitar.
3. Complex Sentence:
Definition: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
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Important Points:
a. Dependent clause relies on the independent clause
b. Uses subordinating conjunctions (because, although, if)
Examples:
1. She reads books because she loves learning.
2. Although it was raining, they went outside.
3. He studies hard so that he can succeed.
4. If it snows, we will go skiing.
5. Because she was tired, she went to bed early.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence:
Definition: A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses
and one or more dependent clauses.
Important Points:
a. Combines elements of compound and complex sentences
b. Uses both coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
Examples:
1. She reads books because she loves learning, and he watches documentaries.
2. Although it was raining, they went to the park, and they played games.
3. He studies hard so that he can succeed, but he also enjoys sports.
4. If it snows, we will go skiing, but if it's warm, we'll stay home.
5. Because she was tired, she went to bed early, but she set her alarm for morning.
Degree
Definition:
In language, degree refers to the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses the
extent or intensity of a quality. There are three main types of degrees: positive,
comparative, and superlative.
Types of Degrees:
1. Positive Degree:
The positive degree is the base form of an adjective or adverb. It describes a quality
without comparing it to others.
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Important Points:
1. It's the simplest form of an adjective or adverb.
2. It doesn't compare anything.
3. It's used to describe a general quality.
Examples:
1. Happy (Positive) 8. Friendly (Positive) 15. New (Positive)
2. Fast (Positive) 9. Tall (Positive) 16. Long (Positive)
3. Big (Positive) 10. Delicious (Positive) 17. Short (Positive)
4. Beautiful (Positive) 11. Good (Positive) 18. Strong (Positive)
5. Interesting (Positive) 12. Bad (Positive) 19. Weak (Positive)
6. Cold (Positive) 13. Far (Positive) 20. Smart (Positive)
7. Luxurious (Positive) 14. Old (Positive)
2. Comparative Degree:
The comparative degree is used to compare two things. It's often formed by adding "-
er" or using "more."
Important Points:
1. It's used to compare two things. 3. It shows a difference between two
things.
2. It's formed by adding "-er" or using
"more."
Examples:
1. Happy - Happier (Comparative) 9. Tall - Taller (Comparative)
2. Fast - Faster (Comparative) 10. Delicious - More delicious
(Comparative)
3. Big - Bigger (Comparative)
11. Good - Better (Comparative)
4. Beautiful - More beautiful
(Comparative) 12. Bad - Worse (Comparative)
5. Interesting - More interesting 13. Far - Farther/Further (Comparative)
(Comparative)
14. Old - Older (Comparative)
6. Cold - Colder (Comparative)
15. New - Newer (Comparative)
7. Luxurious - More luxurious
16. Long - Longer (Comparative)
(Comparative)
17. Short - Shorter (Comparative)
8. Friendly - Friendlier (Comparative)
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18. Strong - Stronger (Comparative) 20. Smart - Smarter (Comparative)
19. Weak - Weaker (Comparative)
3. Superlative Degree:
The superlative degree is used to compare three or more things. It's often formed by
adding "-est" or using "most."
Important Points:
1. It's used to compare three or more 3. It shows the highest degree of a
things. quality.
2. It's formed by adding "-est" or using
"most."
Examples:
1. Happy - Happiest (Superlative) 10. Delicious - Most delicious
(Superlative)
2. Fast - Fastest (Superlative)
11. Good - Best (Superlative)
3. Big - Biggest (Superlative)
12. Bad - Worst (Superlative)
4. Beautiful - Most beautiful
(Superlative) 13. Far - Farthest/Furthest (Superlative)
5. Interesting - Most interesting 14. Old - Oldest (Superlative)
(Superlative)
15. New - Newest (Superlative)
6. Cold - Coldest (Superlative)
16. Long - Longest (Superlative)
7. Luxurious - Most luxurious
17. Short - Shortest (Superlative)
(Superlative)
18. Strong - Strongest (Superlative)
8. Friendly - Friendliest (Superlative)
19. Weak - Weakest (Superlative)
9. Tall - Tallest (Superlative)
MOST IMPORTANT IDIOMS
1. A piece of cake - Easy task
2. A bird in the hand - Better to appreciate what you have
3. Actions speak louder - Show, don't just tell
4. All ears - Fully attentive
5. Apple of my eye - Cherished person
6. Bite off more - Take on too much
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7. Break a leg - Good luck
8. Burn the midnight oil - Work late
9. Beat around the bush - Avoid direct conversation
10. Call it a day - Stop work
11. Cut to the chase - Get to the point
12. Cost an arm and leg - Very expensive
13. Cry over spilt milk - Don't waste time regretting
14. Don't count chickens - Don't assume success
15. Draw a line - Set boundaries
16. Dream big - Aim high
17. Easy does it - Take it slow
18. Every cloud has - Every problem has a solution
19. Face the music - Confront consequences
20. Fish out of water - Uncomfortable situation
21. For all intents - Essentially
22. Give someone the benefit - Trust someone
23. Go the extra mile - Exceed expectations
24. Hear it on the grapevine - Learn through rumors
25. Hit the nail - Get it exactly right
26. In a nutshell - Briefly
27. In the same boat - Share a situation
28. Keep an eye - Monitor
29. Know the ropes - Understand procedures
30. Let sleeping dogs lie - Avoid conflict
31. Let the cat out - Reveal a secret
32. Make a mountain - Exaggerate
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33. Miss the boat - Lose opportunity
34. No pain, no gain - Effort required
35. Not my cup of tea - Not my preference
36. On the same page - Agree
37. Once in a blue moon - Rarely
38. Painting the town red - Having fun
39. Practice what you preach - Lead by example
40. Rain on someone's parade - Spoil plans
41. Rise to the occasion - Meet challenges
42. See eye to eye - Agree
43. Shoot for the stars - Aim high
44. Take it with a grain of salt - Be skeptical
45. The ball is in your court - Your turn
46. Think outside the box - Be creative
47. Under the weather - Feeling unwell
48. When in Rome - Adapt to local customs
49. Wild goose chase - Futile pursuit
50. You can't have your cake - Can't have conflicting things
COMPREHENSION
Comprehension refers to the ability to understand and interpret written or spoken
language. It involves processing and making sense of the information presented, and
being able to recall, summarize, and apply the information as needed.
types of comprehension:
1. Literal Comprehension: Understanding the literal meaning of the text, including
the main idea, plot, and facts.
2. Inferential Comprehension: Making inferences or drawing conclusions based on
the information presented in the text.
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3. Analytical Comprehension: Breaking down the text into its component parts,
identifying patterns and relationships, and analyzing the information.
4. Critical Comprehension: Evaluating the information presented in the text,
identifying biases and flaws, and making judgments about the credibility and reliability
of the information.
5. Creative Comprehension: Using the information presented in the text to generate
new ideas, make connections to other information, and think creatively.
6. Evaluative Comprehension: Assessing the value or importance of the information
presented in the text, and making judgments about its relevance and usefulness.
7. Appreciative Comprehension: Understanding and appreciating the aesthetic or
emotional value of the text, such as its literary merit or emotional impact.
COMPREHENSION NO:1
The importance of education cannot be overstated. Education is the foundation upon
which an individual builds their life. It provides knowledge, skills, and critical thinking
abilities that enable individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world.
Moreover, education has a profound impact on society, fostering economic growth,
social mobility, and cultural development. In addition, education helps individuals
develop emotionally and psychologically, leading to greater self-awareness and self-
confidence.
Q1. What is education according to the passage?
A) A means to achieve economic growth
B) A foundation for individual development
C) A tool for social mobility
D) A source of cultural development
Correct answer: B
Q2. What skills does education provide according to the passage?
A) Technical skills only
B) Critical thinking abilities only
C) Knowledge, skills, and critical thinking abilities
D) Emotional intelligence only
Correct answer: C)
Q3. What is the impact of education on society?
A) It hinders economic growth
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B) It fosters economic growth, social mobility, and cultural development
C) It has no impact on society
D) It leads to social unrest
Correct answer: B
Q4. How does education affect individuals emotionally and psychologically?
A) It leads to greater self-doubt
B) It helps individuals develop emotionally and psychologically
C) It has no impact on emotional and psychological development
D) It leads to emotional instability
Correct answer: B
Q5. What is the outcome of education on an individual's self-awareness and
self-confidence?
A) Greater self-awareness and self-doubt
B) Greater self-awareness and self-confidence
C) Lesser self-awareness and self-confidence
D) No impact on self-awareness and self-confidence
Correct answer: B
COMPREHENSION NO:2
The role of technology in modern life cannot be overstated. Technology has
transformed the way we communicate, work, and learn. With the advent of the internet,
information is now at our fingertips, and we can access it from anywhere in the world.
Moreover, technology has enabled us to connect with people from diverse backgrounds
and cultures, fostering global understanding and collaboration.
Q1. What has technology transformed according to the passage?
A) The way we communicate and work
B) The way we learn and access information
C) The way we communicate, work, and learn
D) The way we connect with people
Correct answer: C)
Q2. What has the internet enabled us to do according to the passage?
A) Access information from anywhere in the world
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B) Connect with people from diverse backgrounds
C) Learn new skills and knowledge
D) Work remotely
Correct answer: A)
Q3. What has technology fostered according to the passage?
A) Global competition
B) Global understanding and collaboration
C) Cultural diversity
D) Economic growth
Correct answer: B
Q4. How has technology impacted our access to information according to the
passage?
A) It has limited our access to information
B) It has made information more difficult to access
C) It has made information more readily available
D) It has had no impact on our access to information
Correct answer: C)
Q5. What is the overall tone of the passage regarding technology?
A) Negative
B) Neutral
C) Positive
D) Critical
Correct answer: C) Positive
COMPREHENSION NO:3
The impact of climate change on global food systems is a pressing concern. Rising
temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme
weather events are all affecting agricultural productivity and food security. In addition,
climate change is altering the distribution of pests and diseases, further threatening
crop yields.
The consequences of climate change on food systems are far-reaching. Changes in
temperature and precipitation patterns are altering the growing seasons and crop
cycles, leading to reduced yields and lower quality crops. Moreover, climate-related
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shocks, such as droughts and floods, are devastating agricultural communities and
exacerbating food insecurity.
To mitigate the effects of climate change on food systems, it is essential to adopt
climate-resilient agricultural practices. This can include using drought-tolerant crop
varieties, implementing conservation agriculture, and promoting agroforestry.
Furthermore, supporting small-scale farmers and promoting sustainable agriculture
can help to build more resilient food systems.
However, addressing the impacts of climate change on food systems will require a
coordinated effort from governments, international organizations, and civil society. This
can involve implementing policies to support climate-resilient agriculture, providing
climate information and early warning systems, and promoting international
cooperation to address the global dimensions of climate change.
Q1. What is the primary concern discussed in the passage?
A) Climate change and its impact on global economies
B) Climate change and its impact on global food systems
C) Climate change and its impact on global health
D) Climate change and its impact on global politics
Correct answer: B
Q2. What are the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity?
A) Increased crop yields and improved food security
B) Reduced crop yields and lower quality crops
C) No impact on agricultural productivity
D) Increased crop yields but reduced food security
Correct answer: B
Q3. What is altering the distribution of pests and diseases?
A) Climate change
B) Agricultural practices
C) Economic factors
D) Social factors
Correct answer: A)
Q4. What are the consequences of climate-related shocks on agricultural
communities?
A) Improved food security and increased crop yields
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B) Devastating effects on agricultural communities and exacerbating food insecurity
C) No impact on agricultural communities
D) Increased economic benefits for farmers
Correct answer: B
Q5. What is essential to mitigate the effects of climate change on food
systems?
A) Adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices
B) Implementing policies to support industrial agriculture
C) Promoting international cooperation to address climate change
D) Supporting small-scale farmers
Correct answer: A)
Q6. What can include using drought-tolerant crop varieties?
A) Climate-resilient agricultural practices
B) Industrial agriculture practices
C) Sustainable agriculture practices
D) Organic agriculture practices
Correct answer: A)
COMPREHENSION NO:4
The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has gained significant attention in recent
years. EI refers to the ability to recognize and understand emotions in oneself and
others, and to use this awareness to guide thought and behavior. Individuals with high
EI are better equipped to manage stress, build strong relationships, and achieve
academic and professional success.
Research has shown that EI is not fixed and can be developed through practice and
training. This has led to the development of EI-based interventions and programs aimed
at improving emotional awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. By incorporating EI
into education and workplace settings, individuals can develop the skills necessary to
excel in both their personal and professional lives.
Q1. What is emotional intelligence (EI)?
A) The ability to recognize and understand emotions in oneself and others
B) The ability to manage stress and build strong relationships
C) The ability to achieve academic and professional success
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D) The ability to regulate thoughts and behaviors
Correct answer: A)
Q2. What is a benefit of having high EI?
A) Improved physical health
B) Increased stress and anxiety
C) Better relationships and academic/professional success
D) Decreased self-awareness
Correct answer: C)
Q3. Can emotional intelligence be developed?
A) No, EI is fixed
B) Yes, EI can be developed through practice and training
C) Only through formal education
D) Only through workplace training
Correct answer: B
Q4. What is the goal of EI-based interventions and programs?
A) To improve emotional awareness and social skills
B) To decrease stress and anxiety
C) To improve physical health
D) To increase academic and professional success
Correct answer: A)
Q5. Where can EI be incorporated to develop emotional awareness and social
skills?
A) Education settings only
B) Workplace settings only
C) Both education and workplace settings
D) Neither education nor workplace settings
Correct answer: C)
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COMPREHENSION NO:5
The concept of sustainability has become increasingly important in recent years.
Sustainability refers to the ability of humans to meet their current needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept is
closely linked to the idea of environmental stewardship, which emphasizes the need to
protect and preserve the natural environment for future generations.
One of the key challenges facing sustainability is the need to balance economic, social,
and environmental considerations. This requires policymakers and businesses to adopt
a long-term perspective and prioritize the well-being of both people and the planet.
Moreover, sustainability requires the active participation of individuals, communities,
and organizations in promoting sustainable practices and reducing their environmental
footprint.
Q1. What is sustainability?
A) Meeting current needs without compromising future generations
B) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns
C) Focusing solely on social welfare
D) Ignoring the needs of future generations
Correct answer: A)
Q2. What is closely linked to sustainability?
A) Environmental stewardship
B) Economic growth
C) Social welfare
D) Cultural development
Correct answer: A)
Q3. What is the key challenge facing sustainability?
A) Balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations
B) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns
C) Focusing solely on social welfare
D) Ignoring the needs of future generations
Correct answer: A)
Q4. What is necessary for sustainability?
A) Active participation of individuals, communities, and organizations
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B) Passive participation of individuals, communities, and organizations
C) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns
D) Focusing solely on social welfare
Correct answer: A)
Q5. What is the ultimate goal of sustainability?
A) To prioritize economic growth over environmental concerns
B) To focus solely on social welfare
C) To meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
D) To ignore the needs of future generations
Correct answer: C
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