Vailankanni Public School-Krishnagiri

Grade : XII Chapter-Wise Concepts – Computer Science (083)

(Python =40 + SQL =20 + Networking=10)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SNO TOPIC

1 SYLLABUS & MARKS DISTRIBUTIONS

2 REVISION OF PYTHON TOPICS COVERED IN CLASS XI

3 WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS

4 EXCEPTION HANDLING

5 DATA FILE HANDLING

6 DATA STRUCTURE

7 COMPUTER NETWORKS

8 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

9 COMPUTER NETWORKS ABBREVIATIONS

10 SOLVED BOARD SAMPLE PAPER (2025-26) AND BLUEPRINT

 Computer Science (2025-
26) CLASS XII Code No.
Unit wise 083
Syllabus
Unit 1: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2
● Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI.
● Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user
defined functions), creating user defined function, arguments and parameters,
default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of
execution, scope of a variable (global scope, local scope)
● Exception Handling: Introduction, handling exceptions using try-except-finally blocks
● Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and
absolute paths.
● Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text
file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using
write ( ) and writelines ( ), reading from a text file using read ( ), readline ( ) and
readlines ( ), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text file
● Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+,
wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump ( ) and load ( )
method, read, write/create, search, append and update operations in a binary file
● CSV file: import csv module, open / close csv file, write into a csv file using writer
( ), writerow ( ), writerows ( ) and read from a csv file using reader ( )
● Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack
using list.
Unit 2: Computer Networks
● Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of
networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
● Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of
data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols),
measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP
address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching)
● Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial
cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared
waves)
● Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router,
Gateway, WIFI card)
● Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN,
WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)
● Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP
● Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML),
Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser,
web servers, web hosting
Unit 3: Database Management
● Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and its need
● Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys
(candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key)

1|Page
 ● Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data
Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints
(not

2|Page
 null, unique, primary key), create database, use database, show databases, drop
database, show tables, create table, describe table, alter table (add and remove an
attribute, add and remove primary key), drop table, insert, delete, select, operators
(mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause, where clause, in, between,
order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command,
aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: cartesian
product on two tables, equi-join and natural join
● Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing
insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using connect( ), cursor( ),
execute( ), commit( ), fetchone( ), fetchall( ), rowcount, creating database connectivity
applications, use of %s format specifier or format( ) to perform queries.

Distribution of Marks

Unit No. Unit Name Marks

1 Computational Thinking and Programming – 2 40

2 Computer Networks 10
3 Database Management 20
Total 70
 UNIT I:COMPUTATIONAL THINKING AND PROGRAMMING
PYTHON REVISION TOUR
About Python:
 Python programming language was developed by Guido Van Rossum in February 1991.
 Python is based on two programming languages, ABC language and Modula-3
 It is a case-sensitive programming language.
 Python is one of the languages that are not strict about data types.
 Python works in to modes – interactive and script
 Python is Interpreted and Cross Platform Language, Free and Open Source, used for both
procedural and object-oriented programming.
Basic terminologies:
 TOKEN / LEXICAL UNIT: Smallest individual unit in a Programming Language.
 Types of Tokens (Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Operators, Punctuators)
NOTE: Mnemonic: "Kind Intelligent Lions Often Prey”

TOKENS

KEYWORDS IDENTIFIERS LITERALS OPERATORS PUNCTUATORS

 Keywords: Reserved words having special meaning.

Literals True, False, None

Operators not, and, or, is, in
Empty statement Pass
Conditional Statements if, elif, else
Iterative statements for, while, break, continue
Exception Handling try, except, finally, assert, raise
Functions def, return, global
File Handling with
Others del, import, from, as, lambda, nonlocal, yield, class

 Identifiers: These are the names given to variables, objects, classes or functions etc.
Identifier Naming Rules:
✔ Python identifiers must begin with a letter (A-Z or a-z) or an underscore (_)
✔ It can be followed by letters, digits (0-9), or underscores.
 ✔ However, Python keywords cannot be used as Identifiers
✔ Special characters like @, #, or $ cannot be while naming Identifiers.
✔ Length of identifier is endless and is case sensitive.

 Literals / Constants: Data items that have a fixed value are called Literals.
Example: 5 (integer), 5.9 (float), True (Boolean), “Hello” (string)

 Operators: Symbols that trigger some action.

Arithmetic Operators **, *, /, //, %
Relational Operators <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
Logical Operators not, and, or
Identity Operator is, is not
Membership Operator in, not in
Assignment Operator =, +=, -=, *=, /=, //=, %=

 Operator Precedence: Operator precedence defines the priority of operators in an

expression.
 Operator Associativity: It define the direction in which operators of same precedence are
evaluated either from left to right or right to left.

Precedence Operators Description Associativity

Level
1 (Highest) () Parentheses (grouping) N/A
2 x[index], x[attr], x(...), x[...] Subscription, attribute reference, Left to Right
call
3 ** Exponentiation Right to Left
4 +x, -x, ~x Unary plus, minus, bitwise NOT Right to Left
5 *, /, //, % Multiplication, division, floor Left to Right
division, modulo
6 +, - Addition, subtraction Left to Right
7 <<, >> Bitwise shift operators Left to Right
8 & Bitwise AND Left to Right
9 ^ Bitwise XOR Left to Right
10 | Bitwise OR Left to Right
11 in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, Comparisons, identity, Left to Right
>=, !=, == membership tests
12 Not Boolean NOT Right to Left
13 And Boolean AND Left to Right
14 Or Boolean OR Left to Right
15(Lowest) = Assignment operator Right to Left
 Example : Evaluate 100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10
Here, the operators /, * have similar precedence and +, - have same precedence, hence the
expression will be evaluated as ((100 + (200 / 10)) – (3 * 10)), which equals to 90.0

 Punctuators: Symbols that are used to organize sentence structure. These are used to give
syntactic and semantic meaning to the program statement.
Some commonly used punctuators are:
‘ “ # \ ( ) [ ] { } @ , : . = ;

 Data Types in Python

 Variables: Variables are containers for storing data

values. Key points:
⮚ Variables do not need to be declared or defined in advance.
⮚ A variable is created when you first assign a value to it.
⮚ Python is dynamically typed language where data type of the variable is not required
statically.
⮚ Example:
# Initially assigning an integer value
x = 88 # x assigned as integer type
print ("x =", x, " Type:", type(x))
# Reassigning a string value to the same variable
x = "Dynamic Typing in Python" # x assigned as string type
print ("x =", x, " Type:", type(x))
 Note: Dynamic typing allows user to assign different values to same variable at different
places in a program

 Conversion of Data Types in Python

Type Promotion (Implicit Type Conversion) Type Casting (Explicit Type Conversion):
Python interpreter automatically converts/ The data type is manually changed by the user
promotes one data type to another higher type as per their requirement. With explicit type
without any user involvement conversion, there is a risk of data loss since we
are forcing an expression to be changed in some
specific data type.
Example: Example:
x = 100 a, b=5.88, ‘4’
y = 10.6 c=int(a)
z=x+y print(“c=”,c) #c=5
print(z)
d=int(b)
print ("z is of type:”, type(z))
# z is implicitly converted to floating type print(“d=”,d) #d=4

Python Modules:
 A module is a file containing Python code (functions, variables, classes) that can be imported
and used in other Python programs.
 Modules help organize code and reuse functionality.
Random Number generation
random Module:
The random module in Python is a powerful tool for generating random numbers and
performing random operations.
 To use the random module, you must import it first:
import random
 It provides several functions to produce random values, simulate randomness,
and shuffle data.
Name of Method Description Example
method
Random random ( ) Generate a random float number import random
Float between 0.0 and 1.0. random. random ( )
Random randint ( ) Generate a random integer import random
Integer within a specified range (both random. randint (1, 10)
values inclusive)
Random randrange( ) Generate a random number import random
Range within a specified range with a random. randrange (0, 100, 5)
step. # Random number between 0 and
100, step 5

STRING
 A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single (' '), double (" "), or
triple (''' ''' / """ """) quotes.
 Strings are immutable — once created, they cannot be changed.
  Strings are indexed, starting from 0 (left to right) and -1 (right to left).
 Use triple quotes (''' ''' or """ """) for multiline text.
 Use \ to include special characters (e.g., \n for newline, \t for tab).
LIST
 A list is a collection of items (elements) which are ordered.
 Lists are mutable, meaning their contents can be changed after creation.
 Lists can contain elements of different data types: integers, strings, floats, even other lists.
 Lists are indexed, with the first element at index 0.
 Defined using square brackets [].
 Example:
 my_list = [10, "Hello", 3.14, True]
TUPLE
 Ordered – Elements are stored in a specific order.
 Immutable – Once created, elements cannot be changed.
 Allow duplicates – Tuples can contain repeated values.
 Can hold different data types – Integers, strings, lists, etc.
 Indexing – Elements can be accessed using indexes.
 Faster than lists – Due to immutability.
 Tuples written in parenthesis ( ).
Multiple element tuple Single element tuple

t=(10,20,30) t = (10,) # Comma is important

tup = 10, 20, 30 Note: t=10 #t is integer

 Packing Unpacking of Tuple

tup = 10, 20, 30
a, b, c = tup
print(a,b,c) # 10 20 30
DICTIONARY
 A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items.
 Each item is a key-value pair.
 Dictionaries are mutable (can be changed).
 Defined using curly braces {} with key:value pairs.
 Key: Must be unique and immutable (string, number, tuple)
 Value: Can be any datatype and can be duplicate
 Keys are used to access values.
Data Operations
type
Traversal Concatenatio Replication (*) Membership Slicing
n (+) (in, not in) (start:stop:step)
String Traversing using a for "Hello" + " "Hello" *2 "W" in (a)
‘Hello’ loop World!" "World!" s[start:end]
for char in s: "HelloHello” "Hello"[1:4]
print(char) "Hello True "ell"
World!"
Traversing using “P" not in (b)
indexing "Hello s [: end]
for i in range(len(s)): World!" "Hello"[:3]
print(s[i]) "Hel"
False
(c)
s[start:]
"Hello"[2:]
“Hel”

(d)
s[start:end:step]
"Hello"[::2]
"Hlo"
List lst=[10,20,30,40] [1,2] + [3,4] [0] * 3 3 in [1, 2, 3] L=[11,12,14,17]
[1,2,3] for i in lst: L[1:3]
print(i) [1,2,3,4] [0,0,0] True [12,14]

L[:3]
for i in range(len(lst)): [11,12,14]
print(lst[i])

Tuple tpl=(10,20,30,40) (1,2) + (3,4) (1) * 3 3 in (1, 2, 3) L=(11,12,14,17)

(1,2,3) for i in tpl: L(1:3)
print(i) (1,2,3,4) (1,1,1) True (12,14)

for i in range(len(tpl)): L(:3)

print(tpl[i]) (11,12,14)

String Functions and Methods

Method Explanation Example Output
Returns number of characters in
len( ) len("Hello") 5
a string
Capitalizes first letter, rest
capitalize ( ) "hello".capitalize( ) "Hello"
lowercase
Capitalizes the first letter of each
title ( ) "hello world".title( ) "Hello World"
word
 Method Explanation Example Output
Converts all characters to
lower ( ) "HELLO".lower( ) "hello"
lowercase
Converts all characters to
upper ( ) "hello".upper( ) "HELLO"
uppercase
Counts occurrences of a
count ( ) "banana".count("a") 3
substring
Finds first index of substring (-1
find ( ) "hello".find("e") 1
if not found)
index ( ) Like find ( ) but error if not found "hello".index("o") 4
Checks if string ends with
endswith( ) "hello”. endswith("lo") True
specified value
Checks if string starts with
startswith( ) "hello”. startswith("he") True
specified value
Checks if all characters are
isalnum( ) "abc123”. isalnum( ) True
alphanumeric
Checks if all characters are
isalpha( ) "abc”. isalpha( ) True
alphabetic
isdigit( ) Checks if all characters are digits "123”. isdigit( ) True
Checks if all characters are
islower( ) "hello”. islower( ) True
lowercase
Checks if all characters are
isupper( ) "HELLO”. isupper( ) True
uppercase
Checks if string contains only
isspace( ) " “. isspace( ) True
whitespace
Removes leading spaces or
lstrip( ) " hello”. lstrip( ) "hello"
characters
Removes trailing spaces or
rstrip( ) "hello “. rstrip( ) "hello"
characters
Removes both leading and
strip( ) " hello “. strip ( ) "hello"
trailing spaces
Replaces all occurrences of a
replace( ) "hello".replace("l", "x") "hexxo"
substring
Joins elements of a sequence
join ( ) “*”. join (["a", "b", "c"]) 'a*b*c'
with string as separator

Splits string into 3 parts:

partition ( ) "hello world".partition(" ") ('hello', ' ','world')
before, separator, after
Splits string into list
split ( ) "a,b,c".split(",") ['a', 'b', 'c']
at separator
List Functions and Methods

Function /
Explanation Syntax Example Output
Method
Returns the number of
len( ) len(list) len([1, 2, 3]) 3
elements in the list
Converts an iterable (like
list ( ) list(iterable) list("abc") ['a', 'b', 'c']
string, tuple) to a list
Adds a single element at a = [1, 2]
append ( ) list.append(item) [1, 2, 3]
the end of the list a.append(3)
Adds elements of another a = [1]
extend ( ) list.extend(iterable) [1, 2, 3]
list to the end a.extend([2, 3])
Inserts an element at a list.insert(index, a = [1, 3]
insert ( ) [1, 2, 3]
given position item) a.insert(1, 2)
Returns number of times
count ( ) list.count(item) [1, 2, 2, 3]. count (2) 2
an element appears
Returns index of first a=[10, 20, 30]
index ( ) list.index(item) 1
occurrence of element a.index(20)
Removes first occurrence a = [1, 2, 3, 2];
remove ( ) list.remove(item) [1,3,2]
of a specified element a.remove(2)
Removes and returns 3
a = [1, 2, 3];
pop ( ) element at given index list.pop([index]) list becomes
a.pop( )
(default: last) [1, 2]
a = [1, 2, 3];
reverse ( ) Reverses the list in place list.reverse( ) [3, 2, 1]
a.reverse( )
Sorts the list in ascending
a = [3, 1, 2];
sort ( ) order (modifies original list.sort( ) [1, 2, 3]
a.sort( )
list)
Returns a new sorted list
sorted ( ) sorted(list) sorted ([3, 1, 2]) [1, 2, 3]
(original list unchanged)
Returns the smallest item
min ( ) min(list) min ([2, 3, 1]) 1
in the list
Returns the largest item
max ( ) max(list) max ((2, 3, 1]) 3
in the list
Returns the sum of all
sum ( ) sum(list) sum ((1, 2, 3]) 6
numeric items in the list
Tuple Functions and Methods
Function Description Syntax Example Output
Returns the number of
len( ) elements in the tuple len(t) len((10, 20, 30)) 3

max ( ) Returns the maximum max(t) max((5, 12, 8)) 12

element

min ( ) Returns the minimum min(t) min((5, 12, 8)) 5

element

sum ( ) Returns the sum of all sum(t) sum((10, 20, 30)) 60

elements
Returns a sorted list (not sorted((50, 10,20)) [10, 20,50]
sorted ( ) tuple) of elements sorted(t)

tuple( ) Converts a sequence into a tuple(seq) tuple([1, 2, 3]) (1, 2, 3)

tuple

count(x) Returns the number of times tuple.count(x) (1, 2, 2, 3).count(2) 2

the value x appears in the
tuple

index(x) Returns the index of the first tuple.index(x) (10, 1

occurrence of the value x in 20,30).index(20)
the tuple

WORKING WITH DICTIONARIES

d = {'name': 'John', 'age': 16, 'grade': 'A'}

Operation Code Example Description Output

Access a value d['name'] Returns the value of the key 'John'

Add a new pair D['city'] = 'Delhi' Adds new key-value to the {'city': 'Delhi'}
dictionary
Modify a value d['age'] = 17 Changes the value of existing {'age': 17}
key
Delete a pair del d['grade'] Deletes key-value pair Removes 'grade' key
Check key 'name' in d Returns True if key exists True
existence
Loop through for k in d: Iterates over keys 'name', 'age', etc.
keys
Loop through for k, v in d.items( ): Iterates through key- value name John
items print(k, v) pairs age 16
city Delhi
Dictionary Functions & Methods

Function/ Method Example Output

len( ) len({'a':1, 'b':2}) 2

dict( ) dict(a=1, b=2) {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

keys ( ) {'x':1, 'y':2}.keys( ) dict_keys(['x', 'y'])
values ( ) {'x':1, 'y':2}.values( ) dict_values([1, 2])
items ( ) {'x':1, 'y':2}.items( ) dict_items([('x', 1), ('y', 2)])
get ( ) {'name':'John'}.get('name') 'John'
update ( ) {'a':1}.update({'b':2}) {'a':1, 'b':2}
Del d={'a':1}; del d['a']; print(d) {}
clear ( ) d={'a':1}; d.clear( ); print(d) {}
dict.fromkeys(['a', 'b'], 0)
fromkeys( ) * Creates a new dictionary from a sequence of {'a': 0, 'b': 0}
keys with a common value.
copy ( ) d={'a':1}; d2=d.copy( ); print(d2) {'a': 1}
d={'a':1,'b':2}; print(d.pop('a')); print(d)
1
pop ( ) * Removes the item with the specified key and
{‘b’:2}
returns its value.
popitem( ) {'a':1,'b':2}.popitem( ) ('b', 2)
d={'a':1}; d.setdefault('b',2); print(d)
setdefault( ) * Returns value of key. If key not found, inserts it {‘a’:1,’b’:2}
with a specified default value.
max ( ) max({'a':1, 'b':2}) 'b'
min ( ) min({'a':1, 'b':2}) 'a'

sorted ( ) sorted({'c':3, 'a':1, 'b':2}) ['a', 'b', 'c']

Multiple Choice Questions

1 What will be the output of the following code snippet?
a = "10"
b = "20"
print (int (a + b) + int(a) * int(b))
a) 1220 b) 410 c) 620 d) 30
2 Which of the following code snippets correctly checks if a string s is a palindrome (case-
insensitive)?
a) s == s[::-1] b) s.lower( ) == s.upper( )[::-1]
c) s.lower( ) == s.lower( )[::-1] d)s== s.reverse( )
 3 What will be the output of the following code?
x=5
y = "2"
print (x * int(y) + len(y + str(x)))
a) 11 b) 12 c) 15 d) 10
4 Which of the following code snippets will raise an error for s = "Python"?
a) print(s[10]) b) print(s[1:10]) c) print (s [-1: -3]) d) print(s[:2])
5 What will be the output of following python code:
s = 'Programming'
print(s.split("m"))
a. ['Progra', ' ', 'ing'] b. ['Progra', 'ing']. c. ['Progra', 'm', 'ing'] d. [Progra', 'ming']
6 What will be the output of following python code:
t1 = 1,2,3
t2 = (1,2,3)
print(t1 is t2)
a. True b. 1 c. False d. 0
7 State whether the following statement is True or False:
An exception may be raised even if the program is syntactically correct.
8 State whether the following statement is True or False:
In Python, if an exception is raised inside a try block and not handled, the program will
terminate without executing any remaining code in the finally block.
9 Select the correct output of the code:
a = "foobar"
a = a.partition("o")
print(a)
a. ["fo","","bar"] b. ["f","oo","bar") c. ["f","o","bar"] d. ("f","o","obar")
10 State whether the following statement is True or False:
An exception may be raised even if the program is syntactically correct.
11 What will be the output of the following statement ?
print(6+5/4**2//5+8)
a.-14.0 b.14 c.-14 d. 1
12 Select the correct output of the code:
S = "text#next"
print(S.strip("t"))
a. ext#nex b. ex#nex c. text#nex d. ext#next
13 Identify the valid Python identifier from the following :
a. 2user b. user@2 c. user_2 d. user 2
14 Consider the statements given below and then choose the correct output from the given
options :
Game="World Cup 2023"
print(Game[-6::-1])
a. CdrW b. ce o c. puC dlroW d. Error
15 Predict the output of the following Python statements :
import statistics as s
s.mode ([10, 20, 10, 30, 10, 20, 30])
a. 30 b. 20 c.10 d. 18.5
ANSWERS
1 A 2 C 3 b 4 A 5 a
 6 a 7 False 8 False 9 D 10 False
11 B 12 A 13 C 14 C 15 C
Assertion/Reasoning Type Questions
Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
1 Assertion (A): Lists can store only elements of the same data type.
Reason (R): Python is a dynamically typed language
2 Assertion(A): List is an immutable data type.
Reasoning(R): When an attempt is made to update the value of an immutable variable, the old
variable is destroyed and a new variable is created by the same name in memory
3 Assertion. Dictionaries are mutable, hence its keys can be easily changed.
Reason. Mutability means a value can be changed in place without having to create new
storage for the changed value.
4 Assertion (A): You can add an element in a dictionary using key:value pair.
Reasoning (R): A new (key:value) pair is added only when the same key doesn't exist in the
dictionary. If the key is already present, then the existing key gets updated and the new entry
will be made in the dictionary.
5 Assertion (A): Tuples hold a sequence of homogenous elements.
Reason (R): Tuples are immutable
ANSWERS ASSERTION REASONING
1 D 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 D
Short Answer Questions/Long Answer Questions
1 a. Given is a Python list declaration :
Listofnames=["Aman","Ankit","Ashish","Rajan","Rajat"]
Write the output of :
print (Listofnames [–1:–4:–1])
b. Consider the following tuple declaration :
tup1=(10,20,30,(10,20,30),40)
Write the output of :
print(tupl.index(20))
2 a. Given is a Python string declaration :
NAME = "Learning Python is Fun"
Write the output of : print(NAME[-5:-10:-1])
b. Write the output of the code given below :
dict1={1:["Rohit",20], 2:["Siya",90]}
dict2={1:["Rahul",95], 5:["Rajan",80]}
dict1.update(dict2)
print(dict1.values( ))
3 Write the output displayed on execution of the following Python code :
LS=["HIMALAYA","NILGIRI","ALASKA","ALPS"]
 D={}
for S in LS :
if len(S)%4 == 0:
D[S] = len(S)
for K in D :
print(K,D[K], sep = "#")
4 Write the Python statement for each of the following tasks using built-in functions/methods
only :
(i) To remove the item whose key is "NISHA" from a dictionary named Students. For example,
if the dictionary Students contains {"ANITA":90, "NISHA":76, "ASHA":92}, then after
removal the dictionary should contain{"ANITA":90,"ASHA":92}
(ii) To display the number of occurrences of the substring "is" in a string named message.
For example if the string message contains "This is his book", then the output will be 3.
5 A tuple named subject stores the names of different subjects. Write the Python commands to
convert the given tuple to a list and thereafter delete the last element of the list.
6 Predict the output of the following code :
d={"IND":"DEL","SRI”:"COL","CHI":"BEI"}
str1=""
for i in d:
str1=strl+str(d[i])+"@"
str2=str1[:–1]
print (str2)
7 Write the Python statement for each of the following tasks using BUILT-IN functions/methods
only :
(i) To delete an element 10 from the list lst.
(ii) To replace the string "This" with "That" in the string str1.
8 A dictionary dict2 is copied into the dictionary dict1 such that the common key’s value gets
updated. Write the Python commands to do the task and after that empty the dictionary dict1.
9 Write difference between mutable and immutable data types? Write name of any two mutable
data types.
10 i. Which operator in python has right to left associativity?
ii. Evaluate the following expression and write output: >>> 5//4**3%6+2
11 If str1= “foundation stone” and str2= “strong base”, then
Write the Python statements for each of the following tasks using Built-in functions/methods
only:
 To count the occurrence of the letter ‘n’ in str1.
 To convert the string str2 in a list and each word of the string should become the
element of the list
12 Write a user defined function in Python named showGrades(S) which takes the dictionary S
as an argument. The dictionary, S contains Name:(Eng,Math,Science] as key:value pairs. The
function displays the corresponding grade obtained by the students according to the
following grading rules :
 For example : Consider the following dictionary S={"AMIT":[92,86,64],"NAGMA":
[65,42,43],"DAVID":[92,90,88]}
The output should be :
AMIT – B
NAGMA – C
DAVID – A
Answers
1 a.['Rajat', 'Rajan', 'Ashish']
b. 1
2 a. si no
b. dict_values([['Rahul', 95], ['Siya', 90], ['Rajan', 80]])
3 HIMALAYA#8
ALPS#4
4 i) Students.pop("NISHA")
(ii) print(message.count("is"))
message.count("is")
5 subject=list(subject)
subject.pop( )
6 DEL@COL@BEI
7 (i) lst.remove(10)
ii) str1.replace("This","That")
8 dict1.update(dict2)
dict1.clear( )
9 Mutable Data Type Immutable Data Type

Value can be changed at particular index. Value cannot be changed/assigned at particular

Examples: index.
list, dictionary Examples
Numbers, strings
10 i. Exponent operator (**)
ii. 2
11 A. print(str1.count(‘n’))
B. L=str2.split( )
12 def showGrades(S):
for K, V in S. items( ):
if sum(V)/3>=90:
Grade="A"
elif sum(V)/3>=60:
Grade="B"
else:
Grade="C"
print(K,"–",Grade)
S={"AMIT":[92,86,64],"NAGMA":[65,42,43],"DAVID":[92,90,88]}
showGrades(S)
 WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS

 FUNCTIONS: Function can be defined as a named group of instructions that accomplish a

specific task when it is invoked

 ADVANTAGES OF USING FUNCTIONS

 Increases readability
 Reduces code length
 Increases reusability
 Modularity

 FUNCTIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS:

1. Built-in function
2. Functions defined in module
3. User defined functions
a) Built-in functions: Built-in functions are the ready-made functions in Python that are frequently
used in programs. We don’t have to import any module to use these functions.

Name of the Description Example

function
abs (x) It returns the positive value of >>>abs(-45) 45
x. >>>abs(119) 119
range (start, stop [, step]) It is used to generate a >>> range(10)
sequence of numbers. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(1, 11)
[1,2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>>range(0, 30, 5)
[0, 5, 10,15,20, 25]
round (x [, n]) It returns float x rounded to n >>>round(80.23456, 2)
digits from the decimal point, 80.23
where x and n are numeric >>>round(-100.000056, 3)
-100.0
expressions. If n is not
>>> round (80.23456)
provided then x is rounded to 80
0 decimal digits.

b) Functions defined in module: A module is a file containing Python definitions (i.e., functions) and
statements. To use these modules in the program, a programmer needs to import the module by
using either the import statement or the from statement.
 import statement: It is simplest and most common way to use modules in our code. syntax
is:
import modulename1 [, modulename2, ]
Example: import math
To use/ access/invoke a function, you will specify the module name and name of the function-
separated by dot (.).

Example: >>> value= math.sqrt (25) # dot notation

 From Statement: It is used to get a specific function in the code instead of the complete
module file. For modules having large no. of functions, it is recommended to use from
instead of import.

Its syntax is:

>>> from modulename import functionname [, functionname…..]
>>>from modulename import * (Import everything from the file)
Example: >>> from math import sqrt
value = sqrt (25)
Some functions from math module are:
Name of Description Example
function
ceil (x) It returns the smallest integer not less math.ceil(-45.17) -45.0
than x, where x is a numeric expression. math.ceil(100.12) 101.0
math.ceil(100.72) 101.0
floor (x) It returns the largest integer not greater math.floor(-45.17) -46.0
than x, where x is a numeric expression. math.floor(100.12) 100.0
math.floor(100.72) 100.0
fabs (x) It returns the absolute value of x, where math.fabs(-45.17) 45.17
x is a numeric value. math.fabs(100.12) 100.12
math.fabs(100.72) 100.72
pow (x, y) It returns the value of xy, where x and y math.pow(100, 2) 10000.0
are numeric expressions. math.pow(100, -2) 0.0001
math.pow(2, 4) 16.0
math.pow(3, 0) 1.0
sqrt (x) It returns the square root of x for x > 0, math.sqrt(100) 10.0
where x is a numeric expression. math.sqrt(7)
2.6457513110645907
Some functions from statistics module are:
Name of the Description Example
function
mean(x) It returns arithmetic mean >>>statistics.mean([11,24,32,45,51]) 32.6
median(x) It returns median (middle >>>statistics.median([11,24,32,45,51]) 32
value) of x
mode(x) It returns mode (the >>>statistics.mode([11,24,11,45,11]) 11
most repeated value) >>>statistics.mode(("red","blue","red")) red

c) User defined functions

a. The keyword def is used to define a function.
b. After the keyword comes an identifier i.e. name of the function, followed by parenthesized list of
parameters and the colon which ends up the line.
c. Next follows the block of statement(s) that are the part of function.
Syntax:
def function_name([parameter1, parameter2,....]) :
statement1
statement2
...
[return <value1, value2,....> ]
1. Formal Parameters or Parameters: These are the values provided in Parenthesis when we write
a function Header.
2. Actual Parameters or Arguments: These are the values passed to the function when it is
called/invoked.
 Example:
def area_of_circle(radius ): # radius Formal Parameter OUTPUT
print (“Area of circle = “,3.1416*radius*radius) Enter radius of circle 10
Area of circle = 314.16
r=int (input (“Enter radius of circle”))
ar=area_of_circle(r) # r - Actual Parameter or Argument

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS / PARAMETERS

1. Positional Parameters/ Required Arguments
2. Keyword Arguments/Named Arguments
3. Default Parameters
a) Positional Parameters/ Required Arguments: The function call statement must match the
number and positional order of arguments as defined in the function definition, then it is called the
positional parameters.
Example:
def Test(x,y,z): # x,y,z are positional parameters
Then we can call function using following statements
p,q,r=3,4,6 Test(p,q,r) #3 variables are passed
Test (4, q,r) # 1 literal and 2 variables are passed
b) Keyword Arguments/Named Arguments: In Python, keyword arguments, also known as named
arguments, are a way to pass arguments to a function by explicitly specifying the parameter name
along with its value.
def my_function(name, age, city):
print(name, age, city)
# Keyword arguments
my_function(age=25, city="London", name="Bob")
c) Default Parameters: The parameters which are assigned with a value in function header while
defining the function are known as default parameters. If no value is provided in function call, then the
default value will be taken by the parameter.
Example:
def SICal(amount, rate, time=10): #time has default parameter
NOTE: Default parameters will be written in the end of the function header, which means
positional parameter cannot appear to the right side of default parameter.

FUNCTION RETURNING VALUE(S)

A function can returns multiple values. The return values should be a comma separated list of values.
The multiple return values are returned as a tuple. We can unpack the received value by specifying
the same number of variables on the left side of the function call.
 Example 1: Example 2:
def add10(x,y,z): def add10(x,y,z):
return x+10, y+10, z+10 return x+10, y+10, z+10
x, y, z=10, 20, 30 x, y, z=10, 20, 30
result=add10(x,y,z) a,b,c=add10(x,y,z) #unpack
print(result) print(a,b,c)

Output Output:
(20, 30, 40) 20 30 40

SCOPE OF VARIABLES:
The part of the program where a variable is accessible can be defined as the scope of that variable.
There are two types of scope for variables:
1. Local Scope: A variable declared in a function-body is said to have local scope. It cannot be accessed
outside the function.
2. Global Scope: A variable declared in top level segment (main) of a program is said to have a global
scope.
Example:
def Sum (x, y) : # x,y,z local
z=x+y
return z
a=5 # a,b,s global
b=7
s = Sum (a, b)
print(s)
Multiple Choice Questions
1 Which of the following is a valid function name?
a) Start_game( ) b) start game ( ) c) start-game( ) d) All of the above
2 If the return statement is not used in the function, then which type of value will be
returned by the function?
a) int b) str c) float d) None
3 What is the minimum and maximum value of c in the following code snippet?
import random
a=random.randint(3,5)
b = random.randint(2,3)
c=a+b
print(c)
a) 3, 5 b) 5, 8 c) 2, 3 d) 3, 3
4 pow ( ) function belongs to which library?
a) math b) string c) random d) maths
5 What is the data type of the object below?
L = (1, 23, ‘hello’,1)
a) list b) dictionary c) array d) tuple
6 What is returned by int (math.pow(3, 2))?
a) 6 b) 9 c) error, third argument required d) error, too many arguments
7 Which of the following is not a type conversion function?
a) int( ) b) str ( ) c) input ( ) d) float ( )
8 Identify the module to which the following function load ( ) belong to?
a) math b) random c) pickle d) sys
9 How many argument(s) a function can receive?
a) Only one b) 0 or many c) Only more than one d) At least one
10 Give the output
def fun ( ):
global a
a=10
print(a)
a=5
fun ( )
print(a)
a) 10 b) 5 c) 5 d) 10
10 10 5 5
11 Value returning functions should be generally called from inside of an expression
a) True b) False
12 The variable declared inside the function is called a variable
a) global b) local c) external d) none of the above
13 These are predefined functions that are always available for use. For using them we don’t
need to import any module
a) built in function b) pre-defined function
c) user defined function d) none of the above
14 The of a variable is the area of the program where it may be referenced
a) external b) global c) scope d) local
15 If you want to communicate between functions i.e. calling and called statement, then you
should use
a) values b) return c) arguments d) none of the above
16 Find the flow of execution of the following code:
1. def calculate (a, b):
2. res=a**b
3. return res
4.
5. def study(a):
6. ans=calculate(a,b)
7. return ans
8.
9. n=2
10. a=study(n)
11. print(a)
a) 1 > 5 > 9 > 10 >5>6 >1> 2 > 3 >6 7 > 10>11 b) 5 > 9 > 10 > 6 > 2 > 3 > 7 > 11
c) 9 > 10 > 5 > 1 > 6 > 2 > 3 > 7 > 11 d) None of the above
17 A can be skipped in the function call statements
 a) named parameter b) default parameter
c) keyword parameters d) all of the above
18 Write the output of the following:
a= (10, 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15)
print(max(a) + min(a) + a.count(2))
a) 13. b) 25 c) 26 d) Error
19 What is wrong with the following function definition?
def greet (name="Guest", age):
print (name, “is”, age, “years old”))
a). The syntax of print statement is wrong
b). Default parameter must follow required parameter
c). Function name cannot be greet
d). Nothing is wrong
20 Which of the following function definitions is INVALID?
a). def func(a, b=2, c=3): pass. b). def func(a=1, b, c=2): pass
c). def func(a, b, c=5): pass. d). def func(a=1, b=2, c=3): pass
ANSWERS
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 D 6 B

7 C 8 C 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 B

13 A 14 C 15 C 16 A 17 B 18 B

19 B 20 B

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
1 Assertion(A): If the arguments in a function call match the number and order of arguments as
defined in the function definition, such arguments are called the positional arguments.
Reasoning(R): During a function call, the argument list first contains default arguments
followed by positional arguments.
2 Assertion(A): The random module is a built-in module to generate the pseudo-random values.
Reason(R): The randrange( ) function is used to generate a random number between the
specified range in its parameter.
3 Assertion (A): Global variable is declared outside the all the functions.
Reasoning (R): It is accessible through out all the functions.
4 Assertion (A): Built-in function is predefined in the language that are used directly.
Reason (R): print ( ) and input ( ) are built-in functions
5 Assertion (A): - In Python, statement return [expression] exits a function.
Reasoning (R): - Return statement passes back an expression to the caller.
A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.
ANSWERS
1 (c) A is True but R is False
2 (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
3 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
4 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
5 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
Short Answer Questions/Long Answer Questions
1 Rewrite the following Python program after removing all the syntactical errors (if any),
underlining each correction:
def checkval
x = input ("Enter a number")
if x % 2 =0:
print (x, "is even")
elseif x<0:
print (x, "should be positive")
else:
print (x, "is odd")
2 Mani Ayyar, a python programmer, is working on a project which requires him to define a
function with name CalculateInterest( ).
He defines it as:
def CalculateInterest (Principal, Rate=.06, Time): # Code
But this code is not working; Can you help Mani Ayyar to identify the error in the above
function and with the solution?
3 Predict the possible output(s) of the following code. Also specify the maximum and minimum
value that can be assigned to the variable R when K is assigned value as 2.
import random
Signal=[‘stop’, ’wait’, ’go’]
for K in range (2,0, -1):
R=random.randrange(K)
print (Signal[R], end=” #”)
a. Stop#wait#go# b. wait#stop# c. go#wait# d.go#stop#
4 Predict the output of the following code fragment
def display (x=2, y=3):
x=x+y
y+=2
print(x,y)
display ( )
display (5,1)
display (9)
a) 5 5 b)12 5 c) 5 6 d) 5 5
6 3 6 3 12 5 7 7
12 5 55 6 3 6 6
5 Predict the output of the following code snippet:
def Execute(M):
if M%3==0:
return M*3
else:
 return M+10;
def Output(B=2):
for T in range (0, B):
print (Execute(T),"* ", end="")
print ( )
Output (4)
Output ( )
Output (3)
6. Find the output of the following program:
def ChangeIt(Text,C):
T=""
for K in range(len(Text)):
if Text[K]>='F' and Text[K]<='L':
T=T+Text[K]. lower ( );
elif Text[K]=='E' or Text[K]=='e':
T=T+C;
elif K%2==0:
T=T+Text[K]. upper ( )
else:
T=T+T[K-1]
print(T)
OldText="pOwERALone"
ChangeIt(OldText,"%")
7 What possible outputs are expected to be displayed on screen at the time of execution of the
program from the following code? Also specify the maximum value that can be assigned to
each of the variables L and U.
import random
Arr= [10,30,40,50,70,90,100]
L=random.randrange(1,3)
U=random.randrange(3,6)
for i in range (L, U+1):
print (Arr[i],"@”, end="")
i) 40 @50 @ ii) 10 @50 @70 @90 @
iii) 40 @50 @70 @90 @ iv) 40 @100 @
8 What will be the output of the following code
total=0
def add(a,b):
global total
total=a+b
print(total)
add (6,6)
print(total)
a) 12 b) 12 c) 0 d) None of these
9 What possible output(s) are expected to be displayed on screen at the time of
execution of the following code? Also specify the maximum and minimum value
that can be assigned to variable X.
import random
 L= [10,7,21]
X=random.randint(1,2)
for i in range(X):
Y=random.randint(1, X)
print(L[Y],"$”, end=" ")

(i)10 $ 7 $ (ii) 21 $ 7 $ (iii) 21 $ 10 $ (iv) 7 $

10 Vivek has written a code to input a number and check whether it is even or odd
number. His code is having errors. Rewrite the correct code and underline the
corrections made.
Def checkNumber(N):
status = N%2
return
#main-code
num=int (input (“Enter a number to check :))
k=checkNumber(num)
if k = 0:
print (“This is EVEN number”)
else:
print (“This is ODD number”)
11 Find and write the output of the following Python code:
def changer(p,q=10):
p=p/q q=p
%q
print(p,"#",q)
return p
a=200
b=20
a=changer(a,b)
print(a,"$",b)
a=changer(a)
print(a,"$",b)
12 Write a function INDEX_LIST(L), where L is the list of elements passed as argument to the
function. The function returns another list named ‘indexList’ that stores the indices of all
Non- Zero Elements of L.
For example: If L contains [12,4,0,11,0,56] The indexList will have – [0,1,3,5]
ANSWERS
1 def checkval ( ):
x = int (input ("Enter a number"))
if x % 2 == 0:
print (x, "is even")
elif x<0:
print (x, "should be positive")
else:
print (x, "is odd")
2 Non-default argument must appear before default argument
Correct definition: def CalculateInterest(Principal, Time ,Rate=.06,):
3 b) wait#stop#
Max value of R=1, Min value of R=0
4 Ans. a)
5 Ans.
0 *11 *12 *9 *
0 *11 *
0 *11 *12 *
6 PPW%RRllN%
7 Ans. Options i and iii
i)40 @50 @
iii) 40 @50 @70 @90 @
Maximum value of L and U : L=2 ,U=5
8 Ans : a)
9 Ans. iv) 7 $
Maximum value of x is 2
Minimum value of x is 1
10 def checkNumber(N): # Def should be def
status = N%2
return status
#main-code
num=int( input(“ Enter a number to check : “)) # Message not enclosed within quotation
mark k=checkNumber(num)
if k == 0:
print(“This is EVEN number”)
else:
print(“This is ODD number”)
11 Ans.
10.0 # 10.0
10.0 $ 20
1.0 # 1.0
1.0 $ 20
12 def INDEX_LIST(L):
indexList= []
for i in range(len(L):
if L[i]! =0:
indexList.append(i)
return indexList
 EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PYTHON
Exception: An error that occurs during program execution is called an exception.
Exceptions interrupt the normal flow of a program.

Common examples of exceptions:

 Dividing by zero (ZeroDivisionError)
 Accessing a missing file (FileNotFoundError)
 Using an undefined variable (NameError)

Without handling exceptions, a program crashes when an error occurs.

Need for Exception Handling
 Prevents program from crashing abruptly.
 Helps in providing user-friendly error messages.
 Ensures smooth program execution even after an error.

Handling Exceptions using try-except-finally Blocks

Python provides a structured way to handle exceptions using three keywords:

Keyword Purpose
try Used to write code that may cause an exception.
except Used to catch and handle the exception.
finally Used to execute code whether an exception occurs or not (cleanup code).

try:
# Code that might raise an exception
except ExceptionType:
# Code that runs if the exception occurs
finally:
# Code that will run no matter what (optional)

try block → Python runs the code inside try.

If an exception occurs:
The try block is exited immediately.
The control moves to the except block.
finally block always runs after the try/except.
Example 1: Handling a division by zero error Example 2: Multiple except blocks
try: try:
a = int(input("Enter numerator: ")) num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
b = int(input("Enter denominator: ")) print("Reciprocal is", 1/num)
result = a / b except ValueError:
print("Result =", result) print("Invalid input! Please enter an integer.")
except ZeroDivisionError: except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero!") print("Cannot find reciprocal of zero.")
finally: finally:
print("Execution complete.") print("Thank you!")
 Output 1 (if denominator is 0): Output 2 (normal input):
Enter numerator: 10 Enter numerator: 10
Enter denominator: 0 Enter denominator: 2
Error: Cannot divide by zero! Result = 5.0
Execution complete. Execution complete.
Important Points
 try must be followed by at least one except, finally, or both.
 If no exception occurs, except block is skipped.
 finally block is always executed, even if:
 An exception occurs
 No exception occurs
 return, break, or continue statements are used inside try/except
QUESTIONS:

1 Consider the statements given below and then choose the correct output from the given
options:
N='5'
try:
print('WORD' + N, end='#')
except:
print('ERROR',end='#')
finally:
print('OVER')
(A) ERROR# (B) WORD5#OVER C) WORD5# (D) ERROR#OVER
2 State whether the following statement is True or False:
While handling exceptions in Python, name of the exception has to be compulsorily added
with except clause.
3 State whether the following statement is True or False: The finally block in Python is
executed only if no exception occurs in the try block.
4 State whether the following statement is True or False: An exception may be raised even if
the program is syntactically correct.
5 State True or False:
“raise and assert statements are used to raise exceptions”
ANSWERS
1 (B) WORD5#OVER
2 False
3 False
4 True
5 True
 DATA FILE HANDLING
TEXT FILE

 A file is a collection of data stored on a storage device.

 Used to store data permanently for later use.
 Files can be read from and written to using programming languages like Python, C++, Java, etc.
Types of Files
1. Text Files
 Store data in readable characters (ASCII or Unicode).
 Extensions: .txt, .py, .html
 Can be opened and edited with any text editor.
 CSV Files (Comma-Separated Values)
 Special type of text files that stores tabular data.
 Each line represents a row; values separated by commas.
 Extension: .csv
 Easily used with spreadsheet tools and data processing libraries.
2. Binary Files
 Store data in binary (0s and 1s).
 Not human-readable.
 Extensions: .exe, .jpg, .dat
 Used for images, audio, video, and compiled programs.
NOTE: A text file can be understood as a sequence of characters consisting of alphabets, numbers and
other special symbols. Files with extensions like .txt, .py, .csv, etc. are some examples of text files.
 ✔ While opening a text file, the text editor translates each ASCII value and shows us the equivalent
character that is readable by the human being.
✔ Each line of a text file is terminated by a special character, called the End of Line (EOL). For
example, the default EOL character in Python is the newline (\n).

Steps to Process Text Files:

To open a file in Python, we use the open ( ) function. The syntax of open ( ) is as follows:
file_object= open (file_name, access_mode)
ex1. Fobj= open('abc.txt,'w')
ex2. Fobj= open('D:\\Computer\\abc.txt’, 'w') #double slash should be used in file path
ex3. Fobj= open(r'D:\Computer\abc.txt, 'w') #if you don’t want to use // then use r in front of file

Note: if file mode is not mentioned in open function, then default file mode, 'r' is used

File Open Modes

File Mode Description File Offset position
<r> Opens the file in read-only mode. Beginning of the file
<rb> Opens the file in binary and read-only mode. Beginning of the file
<r+> Opens the file in both read and write mode. Beginning of the file
<w> Opens the file in write mode. If the file already exists, all Beginning of the file
the contents will be overwritten. If the file doesn’t exist,
then a new file will be created.
<wb> Opens the file in binary and write mode. If the file Beginning of the file
already exists, all the contents will be overwritten. If the
file doesn’t exist, then a new file will be created.
<wb+> Opens the file in read, write and binary mode. If the file Beginning of the file
already exists, the contents will be overwritten. If the file
doesn’t exist, then a new file will be created.
<a> Opens the file in append mode. If the file doesn’t exist, End of the file
then a new file will be created.
<a+> Opens the file in append and read mode. If the file doesn’t End of the file
exist, then it will create a new file.

Use of With Clause

Syntax:
with open (“file name”, access mode) as file object:
example: with open(“book.txt”, ’r’) as f:
NOTE: No need to close the file explicitly if we are using with clause
Closing a file
 Once done with the read/write operations on a file, close the file.
 Python provides a close ( ) method to do so.
 While closing a file, the system frees the memory allocated to it.
 The syntax of close ( ) is:
file_object.close( )

Writing to a Text File

 For writing to a file, open it in write or append mode.
 If we open an existing file in write mode, the previous data will be erased, and the file object
will be positioned at the beginning of the file.
 On the other hand, in append mode, new data will be added at the end of the previous data as
the file object is at the end of the file.
 After opening the file, we can use the following methods to write data in the file.
• write ( ) - for writing a single string
• writelines( ) - for writing a sequence of
strings Example 1:
with open ("sample.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello World\n")
f.write("This is a second line.\n")
#You need to manually add \n if you want line breaks.
Example 2:
lines = ["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n", "Line 3\n"]
with open ("sample_lines.txt", "w") as f:
f.writelines(lines)
#It does not add newlines automatically – include \n in each string if needed.

Reading from a Text File

 Before reading a file, we must make sure that the file is opened in “r”, “r+”, “w+” or “a+” mode.
 There are three ways to read the contents of a file:
read ( ) readline( ) readlines( )

Reads the entire file as one string Reads one line at a time Reads all lines into a list of strings

Use when you want to load the Call multiple times to read useful for looping through lines
whole file at once multiple lines
f.read( ) f.readline( ) f.readlines( )
Output Output "Hello\ Output
"Hello\nWorld\nPython" n" ["Hello\n","World\n", Python"]
to read a specified number of used to read a specified using readlines( ) function, lines in the
bytes use number (n) of bytes of data file become members of a list, where
f.read(n) from a file but maximum up each list element ends with a newline
to the newline character (\ character (‘\n’)
n)
f.readline(n)
SETTING OFFSETS IN A FILE
 The tell ( ) method  The seek ( ) method

This function returns an integer that This method is used to position the file object at a
specifies the current position of the file particular position in a file.
object in the file.
The position specified is the byte position In the given syntax, offset is the number of bytes by
from the beginning of the file till the current which the file object is to be moved. reference_point
position of the file object. indicates the starting position of the file object.
That is, with reference to which position, the offset
has to be counted. It can have any of the following
values:
0 - beginning of the file
1 - current position of the file
2 - end of file
The syntax of using tell ( ) is: The syntax of seek ( ) is:
file_object.tell( ) file_object.seek(offset [, reference_point])

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PATH

Absolute Path:
 It gives the complete path to a file or folder from the root directory.
 Always starts from the drive name (Windows) or root “/” (Linux/Mac).
 Used when the exact location of the file is known.
Example: f = open ("C:/Users/John/Documents/data.txt", "r")
Relative Path:
 It gives the location relative to the current working directory (where your Python script is).
 Useful for portability across
systems. Example:
f = open ("files/data.txt", "r")
Special Notations:
. → Current directory
.. → Parent directory
# Access file in parent directory
f = open ("../data.txt", "r")
#To get current working directory
import os
print(os.getcwd( ))

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does the 'r' mode do when open a file in Python?
a) Opens a file for writing only b) Opens a file for reading only
c) Opens a file for appending d) Opens a file in binary mode
2. Which of the following functions changes the position of file pointer?
a. flush( ) b. tell( ) c. seek( ) d. offset( )
3. Which of the following function returns a list datatype?
a. d=f.read( ) b. d=f.read(10) c. d=f.readline( ) d. d=f.readlines( )
 4. What will file.write("Hello\nWorld") do in a text file?
a. Write the string without a newline b. Raise an error
c. Write "Hello World" on a single line d. Write "Hello" and "World" on separate lines
5. The correct syntax of seek( ) is:
a. file_object.seek(offset [, reference_point]) b. seek(offset [, reference_point])
c. seek(offset, file_object) d. seek.file_object(offset)
6. What will be the output of the following statement in python? (fh is a file handle)
fh.seek(-30,2)
Options:- It will place the file pointer:-
a. at 30th byte ahead of current file pointer position
b. at 30 bytes behind from end-of file
c. at 30th byte from the beginning of the file
d. at 5 bytes behind from end-of file.
7. Which Python function is used to open a text file for reading?
a. open ("file.txt", "w") b. open ("file.txt", "r")
c. read("file.txt") d. write("file.txt")
8. Text file student.txt is stored in the storage device. Identify the correct option out of the
following options to open the file in read mode.
i. myfile = open('student.txt','rb')
ii. myfile = open('student.txt','w')
iii. myfile = open('student.txt','r')
iv. myfile = open('student.txt')
a. only i b. both i and iv c. both iii and iv d. both i and iii
9. What is the correct way to ensure a file is automatically closed after reading?
a) file.close( ) b) with open('file.txt') as file:
c) open('file.txt').close( ) d) read(file.txt)
10. State True or False.
The writelines( ) method automatically adds newline characters (\n) after each line.
ANSWERS:
1 b) Opens a file for reading only 2 c) seek( )
3 d) f.readlines( ) 4 d) Write "Hello" and "World" on
separate lines
5 a) file_object.seek(offset [, reference_point]) 6 b) at 30 bytes behind from end-of file
7 b) open("file.txt", "r") 8 c) both iii and iv
9 b) with open('file.txt') as file: 10 False
ASSERTION (A) and REASONING (R)
Mark the correct choice as
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but(R) is true.
1. Assertion (A): Opening a file in 'a' mode will delete its previous content.
Reason (R): The 'a' mode appends new data at the end of the existing file content.
2. Assertion (A): The with statement ensures a file is properly closed after its block finishes.
Reason (R): Using with avoids the need to explicitly call close ( ) on a file object.
3. Assertion (A): Files must be closed using the close ( ) function to ensure data is saved properly.
Reason (R): Not closing a file may result in data loss or corruption
4. Assertion (A): Opening a file in write mode(‘w’) will delete its existing contents.
Reason (R): In Python, the ‘w’ mode creates a new file if it doesn't exist, but preserves old
content if the file exists.
5. Assertion (A): The writelines( ) method adds newline characters automatically after each
line.
Reason (R): writelines( ) writes a list of strings.
Answers
1 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).
2 (d) (A) is false but(R) is true.
3 (a)Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
4 (c)A is true, R is false.
5 (d) A is false, R is true
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Display words longer than 5 characters from para.txt
2. Write a function in Python that counts the number of “the” or “this” words present in a text
file “myfile.txt”.
Example: If the “myfile.txt” contents are as follows:
This is my first class on Computer Science. File handling is the easiest topic for me and
Computer Networking is the most interesting one.
The output of the function should be: Count of the/this in file
3. Write a Python program to count all the line having 'a' as last character.
4. Observe the following code and answer the questions that follow.
File=open(“MyData”,”a”)
#Blank1
File.close( )
a) What type (text/binary) of file is MyData ?
b) Fill the Blank1 with statement to write “ABC” in the file “Mydata”
5. What does the split( ) function do when used on a line read from a text file? Explain with
example.
Answers
1 #Display words longer than 5 characters from para.txt
f=open("para.txt", "r")
lines = f.readlines( )
for line in lines:
for word in line.split( ):
if len(word) > 5:
print(word)
2 def displayTheThis( ):
num=0
f=open("myfile.txt","r") N=f.read( ) M=N.split( )
for x in M:
if x=="the" or x==
"this": print(x)
num=num+1
f.close( )
print ("Count of the/this in file:",num)
3 #Number of lines having 'a' as last character
count =0
f=open('fracture.txt',"r")
data=f.readlines( )
for line in data:
if line[-2] == 'a':
count=count+1
print("Number of lines having 'a' as last character is/are : " ,count)
f.close( )
4 a) Text File b) File.write(“ABC”)
5 The split ( ) function breaks a string into a list of words using whitespace as the default
separator.
line = "Hello world"
print(line.split( ))
output
['Hello', 'world']
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Program to count number of “ME” or “MY” in a text file story.txt
Ans #Program to count number of "ME" or "MY" in a text file story.txt
def countwords( ):
f=open("D:\\xiic\\story.txt","r")
count=0
1st=f.read( )
for i in 1st.split( ):
if i.upper( )=="Me".upper ( ) or i.upper ( )=="My".upper( ):
count=count+1
print ("Number of me or my is", count)
f.close( )
countwords( )
2. Program to count number of “a” or “m” in a text file story.txt
Ans # def countAM( ):
f=open("D:\\xiic\\story.txt","r"}
countA=0
countM=0
CON=f.read( )
for i in CON:
if i.upper( )=='A':
countA=countA+1
elif i.upper( ) == 'M':
countM=countM+1
print ("Number of A is ", countA, "\nNumber M is:", countM)
f.close( )
countAM ( )
3 Program to count number of lines starting with “M”
Ans #Program to count number of lines starting with “M”
def countlines( ):
f=open("D:\\xiic\\story.txt","r")
count1=0
LN=f.readlines( )
for i in LN:
If i[0]=="M":
count1+=1
print("Number of lines starting with M=", count1)
f.close( )
countlines ( )
4 Program to print lines not staring with a vowel from a text file STORY.TXT
Ans #Program to print lines not staring with a vowel from a text file TESTFILE.TXT
def COUNTLINES( ):
file lines
count=0
open ('D:\\XIIC\\STORY.TXT', 'r') file.readlines ( )
for w in lines:
if (w[0]).lower( ) not in 'aeoiu':
count count + 1
print ("The number of lines not starting with any vowel: ", count)
file.close( )
COUNTLINES( )
5 Write a function ETCount( ) in Python, which should read each character of a text file
“TESTFILE.TXT” and then count and display the count of occurrence of alphabets E and T
individually (including small cases e and t too)
Ans #Write a function ETCount( ) in Python, which should read each character of a tex
def ETCount( ):
file open ('D:\\XIIC\STORY.TXT', 'r')
lines=file.read( )
countE=0
countT=0
for ch in lines:
if ch in 'Ee':
countEcountE + 1
if ch in 'Tt':
countT-countT+ 1
print ("The number of E or e: ", countE) print ("The number of T or t : ", countT)
file.close( )
ETCount( )
6 Program to count the word “AND” in a text file STORY.TXT
 Ans #Program to count the word "AND" in a text file
STORY.TXT. def COUNT_AND( ):
count=0
file=open('D:\\XIIC\\STORY.TXT', 'r')
line=file.read( )
word=line.split( )
for w in word:
if w in ['AND', 'and', 'And']:
count=count+1
print ("Number of word And is", count)
file.close( )
COUNT_AND ( )
7 Write a function in Pyton to read lines from a text file story.txt, and display only those lines,
which are starting with an alphabet 'P'.
Ans #Write a function in Pyton to read lines from a text file story.txt, and #display only those
lines, which are starting with an alphabet 'p'.
def rdlines( ):
file= open('D:\\XIIC\\story.txt','r')
lines=file.readlines ( )
for line in lines:
if line[0] == 'p':
print (line)
file.close( )
rdlines ( )
8 Program to remove lines starting with @ and write it into another file.
Ans def filter( ):
fin=open("d:\\xiic\\source.txt","r")
fout=open("d:\\xiic\\newfile2.txt", "w")
text=fin.readlines ( )
for i in text:
if i[0]!="@":
fout.write(i)
fin.close( )
fout.close( )
def showcontent ( ) :
fin=open("d:\\xiic\\newfile2.txt","r"}
text=fin.read( )
print (text)
fin.close( )
filter( )
showcontent( )

BINARY FILE
A binary file is a file whose content is in a binary format (0s and 1s). It stores data as a sequence
of bytes (each byte = 8 bits). Binary files include a wide range of file types, including executables,
libraries, graphics, databases, archives and many others.
There are mainly two types of data files — text file and binary file.
Differences between text files and binary files.
S. No. Text file Binary File
1. The text files can easily be transferred Binary files cannot easily be transferred from
from one computer system to another. one computer system to another due to
variations.
2. It stores data using ASCII format i.e. It stores data in binary format i.e. with the help
human-readable graphic characters. of 0 and 1.
3. These files are easily readable and These files are not easily readable and
modifiable because the content written in modifiable because the content written in binary
text files is human readable. files is not human-readable and it is encrypted
content.
Steps to process a binary file
 Opening a file
 Writing data into a file
 Reading data from a file
 Closing a file
Opening a Binary file in Python
Opening a file refers to getting the file ready either for reading or for
writing. To open a file in Python, we use the open ( ) function.

The syntax of open ( ) is as follows:

<file_object>= open (<file_name>,

<access_mode>) Closing a Binary file

Python has a close( ) method to close a file.
The syntax of close ( ) is as follows:
<file_object>.close( )
FILE MODES:
Mode Description
rb Open file in binary mode for reading only. The file pointer stands at the beginning of
the file. Gives error if file does not exist
rb+(r+b) Open file in binary mode for both reading and writing. The file pointer stands at the
beginning of the file. Gives error if file does not exist
wb Open file in binary mode for writing only. It creates the file if it does not exist. If the
file exists, then it erases all the contents of the file. The file pointer stands at the
beginning of the file.
wb+(w+b) Open file in binary mode for both reading and writing. It creates the file if it does not
exist. If the file exists, then it erases all the contents of the file. The file pointer
stands at the beginning of the file.
ab Open file in binary mode for appending data. Data is added to the end of the file. It
creates the file if it does not exist. The file pointer stands at the end of the file.
 ab+(a+b) Open a file in binary mode for reading and appending data. Data is added to the end
of the file. It creates the file if it does not exist. The file pointer stands at the end of
the file.
Import pickle Module in Python
To write data to a binary file and read it subsequently, we need to use the Python module
pickle. The module pickle is used for serializing and de-serializing any Python object
structure
Pickling/Serialization: The process of converting the structure (lists and dictionary etc.) into a byte
stream just before writing to the file.
Unpickling/De-serialization: The reverse of pickling process where information from byte stream
gets converted into object structure.

Structure Pickling Byte Stream

Methods of pickle module:

1. pickle.dump( ): Used to pickle the data object into byte stream and stores it in the binary file.
Syntax
pickle.dump(object , file_object) - used to write any object to the binary file.
2. Pickle.load( ) : Used to read data from a binary file. It converts the binary data back into the
original python object (like a list, dictionary etc.).
Syntax
object=pickle.load(file_object) - used to read object from the binary file.

Writing data into a Binary File

Example:
import pickle
f=open("abc.dat","wb")
x="Hello 1"
pickle.dump(x,f) # writing a string to file
x=[1,2,3,4,5]
pickle.dump(x,f) #writing a list to file
x={"Name":"Ajay","Age":15,"Class":9}
pickle.dump(x, f) # writing a Dictionary to file
f.close( )
Reading data from a Binary file
Follow these steps to read data:
1. Open the file in read mode using “rb” Ex.: f = open (“File.dat”, “rb”)
2. Use while loop with True statement to read the entire contents of the file individually.
3. Use try – except for Exception handling to handle runtime EOFError
4. Now load data into an object through the load( ) function
5. Print data as per need
6. Close the file
Example:
import pickle
f=open("abc.dat",'wb+') # This will open the file in write and read mode
x=[1,2,3,4,5]
pickle.dump(x,f) # This will write the object List into the file.
f.seek(0) #This will move the file pointer to the begining of the file
x=pickle.load(f) #This will read the object from the file and store in
variable. print(x)
Search records from binary file
Follow these steps to search the record in the binary file:
1. Open the file in reading mode using “rb”
2. Prompt a message to ask unique field from data to search
 3. Declare a boolean variable flag to store False for the record not found and True when the
record found
4. Use a while loop to access records individually
5. Now load the data into the dictionary object using load( ) function
6. Use if condition to compare the data with the variable taken in step 2
7. Print the record found
8. Assign True to the flag variable declared in step 3
9. Use the except block to handle EOFError and terminate the loop using the break
10. Print record not found message when Flag is False
11. Finally, close the file using f.close( )
Example:
import pickle
def bf_search( ):
try:
f=open("Sports.dat","rb")
pc=int(input("Player code to search:")) flag=False
while True:
try:
rec= pickle.load(f)
if rec['Pcode']==pc:
print("Player Name:",rec['Pname'])
print("Individual Score:",rec['Score'])
print("Rank:",rec['Rank'])
flag = True
except Exception:
break
except FileNotFoundError:
print("The file Sports.dat does not exist")
if flag==False:
print("Record not found...")
f.close( )
bf_search( )

Append data in Binary File

To append data in binary follow these steps:
1. Open the file in append mode using “ab” Ex.: f = open (“file.dat”,”ab”)
2. Enter data to append
3. Append entered data into the dictionary/list object
4. Use pickle.dump( ) method to write the dictionary/list data
5. Close the file
Example:
def bf_append( ):
import pickle
f=open("sports.dat","ab")
print("Append Data")
pcode=int(input("Enter the Player code:"))
pname = input("Enter Player Name: ")
score =int(input("Enter individual score:"))
 rank =int(input("Enter Player Rank:"))
rec={'Pcode':pcode,'Pname':pname,'Score':score,'Rank':rank}
pickle.dump(rec,f)
f.close( )
bf_append( )

Update record in Binary file

To update record, you can use the search record code if you wish. To update the record follow these
steps:
1. Open the file using read mode
2. Declare a variable for unique value to be updated
3. Use try-except and while loop as explained above
4. Add record fetched from binary file into a list
5. Enter the new record information to update
6. Compare the fetched records with entered record and assign the new values to update
7. Write the data using dump( ) function
8. Close the file
Example:
def bf_update( ):
import pickle
f=open('student.dat','rb')
reclst=[]
wihile True:
try :
rec = pickle.load(f)
reclst.append (rec)
except EOFError:
break
f.close( )
pc=int(input("Enter player code to update:")
pn=input("Enter new name:")
ps=int(input("Enter Player Score:"))
pr=int(input("Enter Player Rank:"))
for i in range (len(reclst)):
if reclst[i] Pcode =pc:
reclst[i]['Pname'] = pn
reclst[i]['Score']= ps
reclst[i]['Rank']=pr
f=open('sports.dat','wb')
for i in reclst:
pickle.dump(i,f)
f.close( )
bf_update( )
Multiple choice Questions
1. Which file mode can be used to open a binary file in both append and read mode?
a) w+ b) wb+ c) ab+ d) a+
 2. Nila wants to store a list of dictionaries into a binary file. Which of the following Python
modules should she use?
a) os b) csv c) pickle d) json
3. Pick the correct syntax to read a binary file using pickle:
a) pickle.read(file) b) pickle.load(file)
c) pickle.open(file) d) pickle.input(file)
4. What does the pickle.dump(obj, file) function do?
a) Reads binary data from a file
b) Writes text data to a file
c) Converts a Python object into byte stream and writes it to a file
d) Appends an object to a list
5. Which file mode should be used to write a binary file in Python?
a) 'w' b) 'r' c) 'wb' d) 'rb'
6. What will happen if you try to read a binary file using 'r' mode instead of 'rb'?
a) It will read data correctly.
b) It will raise a SyntaxError.
c) It will convert binary data into text
d) It may raise an error or return incorrect data
7. Which of the following is a key advantage of binary files over text files?
a) Easy to read with any text editor
b) Allows direct storage of complex Python objects
b) Consumes more storage space
d) Cannot be shared across system
Answers :

1 C 2 C 3 B 4 C
5 C 6 D 7 B

Assertion and Reasoning

Mark the correct choice as:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
1. Assertion (A): A binary file in python is used to store collection objects like lists and
dictionaries that can be later retrieved in their original form using pickle module.
Reasoning (A): A binary files are just like normal text files and can be read using a text
editor like notepad
2. Assertion (A): The pickle module in Python is used to store and retrieve Python objects in
binary files.
Reason (R): The pickle.dump( ) method reads data from a binary file and the pickle.load( )
method writes data to a binary file.
3. Assertion (A): Binary files are used to store data in the same format as it is stored in
memory.
Reason (R): Binary files convert Python objects into byte streams which are machine-
readable.
 4. Assertion (A): You can open a binary file using only 'r' or 'w' mode in Python.
Reason (R): Binary files should be opened with 'rb' or 'wb' modes to ensure correct
handling of byte streams.
5. Assertion (A): Binary files are preferred when large volumes of data need to be stored with
structure.
Reason (R): Binary files are human-readable and can be opened using any text editor.
Answers:
1 C 2 C 3 A 4 D
5 C

Short Answer Type Questions:

1 What is the purpose of the pickle module in Python?
2 State two advantages of using binary files over text files in Python.
3 How many times should pickle.load( ) be called while reading a binary file?
Explain your answer with reference to the number of times pickle.dump( ) was used while
writing the file.
Answers :
1 The pickle module is used for serializing and de-serializing Python objects into binary
format.
It allows saving complex data types like dictionaries, lists, etc., into a binary file and
retrieving them later.
2 Binary files can store complex Python objects (like dictionaries, lists) directly.
They are more secure and efficient in terms of storage space and speed.
3 The number of times pickle.load( ) should be called is equal to the number of times
pickle.dump( ) was called when the file was written.
If the file was written using pickle.dump( ) 3 times, then you must call pickle.load( ) 3 times to
read all the data.
Since we may not know the exact count, load( ) is usually called inside a loop until EOFError
occurs.
Long Answer Type Questions:
1. Karthik is a manager working in a recruitment agency. He needs to manage the records of
various candidates. For this, he wants the following information of each candidate to be
stored:
Candidate_ID – integer
Candidate_Name – string
Designation – string
Experience – float
You, as a programmer of the company, have been assigned to do this job for Karthik.
i. Write a function to input the data of a candidates and append it in a binary file
ii. Write a function to update the data of candidates whose experience is less than 10
years and change their designation to "Assistant Manager".
iii. Write a function to read the data from the binary file and display the data of all those
candidates who are not "Assistant Manager".
Ans import pickle
1(i) def input_candidates( ):
 f=open("candidate.dat","ab")
n = int(input("Enter the number of candidates you want to add: "))
for i in range(n):
candidate_id = Candidate ID: "))
candidate_name = input("Enter Candidate Name: ")
designation = input("Enter Designation: ")
experience = float(input("Enter Experience (in years):")):
pickle.dump([candidate_id, candidate_name, designation, experience],f)
print("Candidate data appended successfully. ")
(ii) import pickle
def update_assistant_manager( ):
updated_candidates = []
try:
with open('candidates.dat', 'rb') as file:
while True:
try:
Candidate= pickle.load(file)
if candidate[3] < 10: # If experience <10 years
candidate[2] = 'Assistant Manager'
updated_candidates.append(candidate)
except EOFError:
break # End of file reached
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No candidate data found. Please add candidates first")
with open('candidates.dat', 'wb') as file:
for candidate in updated_candidates:
pickle.dump(candidate, file)
1(iii) import pickle
def display_non_assistant_managers( ):
try:
with open('candidates.dat', 'rb') as file:
while True:
try:
candidate pickle.load(file)
if candidate[2] != 'Assistant Manager':# Check if not Assistant Manager
print("Candidate ID: ",candidate[0])
print("Candidate Name:",candidate[1])
print("Designation:",candidate[2])
print("Experience:",candidate[3])
print(" ")
except EOFError:
break # End of file reached
except FileNotFoundError:
print("candidate data found. Please add candidates first.")
2 A school is maintaining student records in a binary file records.dat. Each record stores the
following data:
Roll Number (int)
Name (str)
 Percentage Marks (float)
Write Python functions to do the following
i. Create a binary file by entering student data in the form of dictionaries.
ii. Count and display the number of students who scored less than 40% (i.e., need
academic improvement).
Ans import pickle
2(i) def create_file( ):
with open('records.dat', 'wb') as file:
n = int(input("Enter number of students:"))
for I in range(n):
student = {}
student['roll'] = int(input("Enter Roll No:"))
student['name'] =input("Enter Name:")
student['percentage'] = float(input("Enter Percentage:"))
pickle.dump(student, file)
2(ii) import pickle
def count_low_score( ):
count = 0
try:
with open('records.dat', 'rb') as file:
while True:
try:
student = pickle.load(file)
if student['percentage'] < 40:
Count+= 1
except EOFError:
break
print("Number of students with less than 40% marks:", count)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")
3 A binary file books.dat contains records of books. Each record is stored as a dictionary with
the following fields:
bid- (Book ID – integer)
title- (Book Title – string)
price- (Book Price – float)
The librarian wants to perform the following operations efficiently:
i. Define a function add_books(n) that adds n book records to the binary file.
ii. Define a function update_price(Bid, new_price) that updates the price of the book
whose Book ID is Bid.
iii. Define a function count_books_in_range(low, high) that returns the number of books
whose price lies between low and high (inclusive).
3(i) import pickle
def add_books(n):
with open("books.dat","ab") as f:
for i in range(n):
book ={}
book['bid'] int(input("Enter Book ID:")
book['title'] = (input("Book Title:")
 book['price'] = float(input("Enter Book Price: "))
pickle.dump(book, f)
(ii) import pickle
def update_price(Bid, new_price):
updated = False
temp_list =[]
try:
with open("books.dat", "rb") as f:
while True:
try:
book = pickle.load(f)
if book['bid'] == Bid:
book['price'] = new_price
updated = True
temp_list.append(book)
except EOFError:
break
with open("books.dat", "wb") as f:
for book in temp_list:
pickle.dump(book, f)
if updated:
print("Price updated successfully.")
else:
print("Book ID not found.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
(iii) import pickle
def count_books_in_range(low,high):
count = 0
try:
with open("books.dat","rb") as f:
while True:
try:
book = pickle.load(f)
if low <=book['price'] <=high:
count +=1
except EOFError:
break
print("Total books priced between",low,"and",high,":",count)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
4. A binary file patient.dat stores records of patients in a hospital. Each record is stored as a
dictionary with the following fields:
pid- (Patient ID – integer)
pname- (Patient Name – string)
age- (integer)
bill- (float – hospital bill amount)
Perform the following tasks using three user-defined functions:
 i. Define a function add_patients(n) to add n new patient records to patient.dat.
ii. Define a function update_bill(Pid, amount) that updates the bill of a patient by adding
the given amount to the existing bill using their Patient ID.
iii. Define a function list_senior_patients( ) to display details of all patients aged 60 and
above.
Ans import pickle
4(i) def add_patients(n):
with open("patient.dat", "ab") as f:
for i in range(n):
patient = {}
patient['pid'] = int(input("Enter Patient ID: "))
patient['pname'] = input("Enter Patient Name: ")
patient['age'] = int(input("Enter Age: "))
patient['bill'] = float(input("Enter Bill Amount: "))
pickle.dump(patient, f)
4(ii) import pickle
def update_bill(Pid, amount):
updated = False
patients = []
try:
with open("patient.dat", "rb") as f:
while True:
try:
patient = pickle.load(f)
if patient['pid'] == Pid:
patient['bill'] += amount
updated = True
patients.append(patient)
except EOFError:
break
with open("patient.dat", "wb") as f:
for p in patients:
pickle.dump(p, f)
if updated:
print("Bill updated successfully.")
else:
print("Patient ID not found.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
4(iii) import pickle
def list_senior_patients( ):
try:
with open("patient.dat", "rb") as f:
print("Senior Patients (Age 60+):")
found = False
while True:
try:
patient = pickle.load(f)
 if patient['age'] >= 60:
print(patient)
found = True
except EOFError:
break
if not found:
print("No senior patients found.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
5. A binary file, EMP.DAT has the following structure : [Emp_Id, Name, Salary] where
Emp_Id : Employee id
Name: Employee Name
Salary: Employee Salary
Write a user defined function, disp_Detail( ), that would read the contents of the file
EMP.DAT and display the details of those employees whose salary is below 25000.
Ans import pickle
def Copy_new( ):
F2=open("new_items.dat", "wb")
try:
F1=open("items.dat","rb")
Datal=pickle.load(F1)
Data2={}
for K,V in Datal.items( ):
if v[1]>1000:
Data2 [K]=V
pickle.dump (Data2, F2)
F2.close( )
except:
print("File not found!")
F1.close( )
6. Mr. Ashok is working on a Toy Shop project to manage toys records using Python. The toys
data is stored in a binary file named TOYDATA.DAT. The binary file TOYDATA.DAT
contains each record in given format:
{“Toy_ID”: T_ID, “TName”:toy_name, “Price”:price}
Where
● Toy_ID: Toy ID (string)
● TName: Toy name (string)
● Price: Price of toy (integer)
You as a programmer, help him to write following python functions:
i. ADD_Data( ) : To write n records in binary file TOYDATA.DAT by taking the values
for each record from user.
ii. SHOW_Data( ) : Read all records from binary file and display them.
iii. Remove_Toy( ) : that deletes the record of a toy in the file TOYDATA.DAT based on
the Toy ID provided by the user. If the Toy ID does not exist in the file, display an
appropriate message.
Ans import pickle
6(i) def ADD_Data( ):
f=open("TOYDATA.DAT", "wb")
 L=[ ]
n=int(input("How many records you want to enter: "))
for i in range(n):
T_ID=input("Enter Toy ID: ")
toy_name=input("Enter Toy Name: ")
price=int(input("Enter Price: "))
D={"Toy_ID":T ID, "TName": toy name, "Price":price}
L.append(D)
pickle.dump(Lf)
f.close( )
6(ii) def SHOW_Data( ):
f=open("TOYDATA.DAT", "rb")
L=pickle.load(f)
print(L)
f.close( )
6(iii) def Remove_Toy( ):
Toy_ID=input("Enter Toy ID: ")
f=open("TOYDATA.DAT", "rb+")
found=0
L=pickle.load(f)
M=[ ]
for D in L:
if Toy ID not in D["Toy_ID"]:
M.append(D)
else:
found=1
if found==1:
f.seek(0)
pickle.dump(M,f)
print("Record Deleted successfully")
else:
print("Record not found")
f.close( )
7. A file, PASSENGERS.DAT, stores the records of passengers using the following structure :
[PNR, PName, BRDSTN, DESTN, FARE]
where :
PNR – Passenger Number (string type)
PName – Passenger Name (string type)
BRDSTN – Boarding Station Name (string type)
DESTN – Destination Station Name (string type)
FARE – Fare amount for the journey (float type)
Write user defined functions in Python for the following tasks :
(i) Create( ) – to input data for passengers and write it in the binary file PASSENGERS.DAT.
(ii) SearchDestn(D) –to read contents from the file PASSENGERS.DAT and display the
details of those Passengers whose DESTN matches with the value of D.
(iii) UpdateFare( ) – to increase the fare of all passengers by 5% and rewrite the updated
records into the file PASSENGERS.DAT.
Ans import pickle
7(i) def Create( ):
F=open ("PASSENGERS.DAT", "wb")
PNR=input("PNR No: ")
PName=input("Name: ")
BRDSTN=input ("Boarding at: ")
DESTN=input("Destination: ")
FARE=float(input("Fare: "))
Rec= [PNR, PName, BRDSTN, DESTN, FARE]
pickle.dump (Rec, F)
F.close( )
7(ii) def SearchDestn (D):
try:
F=open ("PASSENGERS.DAT", "rb")
Rec=pickle.load(F)
for R in Rec:
if R[3]==D;
print (R)
F.close( )
except:
print("File not found!")
7(iii) def UpdateFare( ):
try:
FR=open ("PASSENGERS.DAT", "rb+")
Rec=pickle.load(FR)
for I in range (len (Rec)):
Rec [1] [4] += (Rec [I] [4] * 0.05)
print("Updation Done!")
FR.seek(0)
pickle.dump (Rec, FR)
FR.close( )
except:
print("File not found!")
8. Consider a binary file, Cinema.dat containing information in the following structure :
[Mno, Mname, Mtype]
Write a function, search_copy( ), that reads the content from the file Cinema.dat and copies
all the details of the "Comedy" movie type to file named movie.dat.
Ans import pickle
def search_copy( ):
try:
F1=open("Cinema.dat","rb")
F2=open("movie.dat", "wb")
Datal=pickle.load(F1)
Data2=[ ]
for D in Datal:
if D[2]=="Comedy":
Data2.append(D)
pickle.dump (Data2, F2)
F1.close( )
 F2.close( )
except:
print("File not found!")
9. Consider a binary file, items.dat, containing records stored in the given format : {item_id:
[item_name,amount]}
Write a function, Copy_new( ), that copies all records whose amount is greater than 1000
from items.dat to new_items.dat.
Ans import pickle
def Copy_new( ):
F2=open("new_items.dat", "wb")
try:
F1=open("items.dat","rb")
Datal=pickle.load(F1)
Data2={ }
for K,V in Datal.items( ):
if v[1]>1000:
Data2 [K]=V
pickle.dump (Data2, F2)
F2.close( )
except:
print("File not found!")
F1.close( )

COMMA SEPARATED VALUES(CSV) FILES

CSV stands for Comma Separated Values CSV file is a type of plain text file means data stored in form of
ASCII or Unicode characters Each line is a row and in row each piece of data is separated by a comma
It is common format for data interchange.
Steps to Process CSV Files:
1. First of all we have to import csv module for file operation.
2. For writing to CSV Files ,
i. We open file in ‘w’ writing or ‘a’ append mode using open( ) method
f=open(‘filename.csv’,’w’,newline=’ ’)
By setting newline='', Python don’t modify the newline characters at all. This is commonly used
when working with the csv module to ensure that the csv.writer handles the newline characters
correctly (i.e., without adding extra blank lines between rows).
i. Creating a writer object, associated with the file object. The writer object allows you to write rows
of data into the file in CSV format. Through csv.writer( ) method ,we create it.
w_obj=csv.writer(f)
ii. Perform writing operation (read data from user and write on to csv
file) writerow( ) used for writing single row
writerows( )used for writing multiple rows
3. For Reading from CSV File
i. Creating a reader object, associated with the file object we use csv.reader( ) method. It Creates a
CSV reader object that can iterate over the rows of the file object.
r_obj=csv.reader(f)
ii. Perform reading operation (read data from csv file and display using python)
4. Close the file using close( )
method f.close( )

csv.reader( ) The csv.reader( ) function in Python is used to read data from a CSV (Comma
Separated Values) file. It is part of Python’s built-in csv module.
csv.reader(file_object, delimiter=',')
Parameters:
 file_object: A file object opened using open( ).
 delimiter: (Optional) Specifies the character used to separate fields. Default
is comma (,).
It returns an iterator that returns each row in the CSV file as a list of strings.
Example
import csv
with open('data.csv', 'r') as file:
reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in reader:
print(row)

csv.writer( ) The csv.writer( ) function in Python is used to write data to a CSV file. It is part of
Python’s built-in csv module and writes rows as comma-separated values.
csv.writer(file_object, delimiter=',')
 Parameters:
 file_object: A file object opened in write ('w') or append ('a') mode.
 delimiter: (Optional) Character that separates values. Default is comma (,).
 It returns a writer object that lets you write rows (lists or tuples) to the CSV
file.
Common Methods:
 writer.writerow(row) → Writes a single row.
 writer.writerows(list_of_rows) → Writes multiple rows.
Example:
import csv
with open('output.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
# Write header
writer.writerow(['Name', 'Age', 'City'])
# Write multiple data rows
writer.writerows([['Alice', 23, 'Delhi'],['Bob', 30, 'Mumbai'] ])

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Syntax for opening Student.csv file in write mode is
myfile = open("Student.csv","w",newline='').
What is the importance of newline=''?
a. A newline gets added to the file b. Empty string gets appended to the first line.
c. Empty string gets appended to all lines. d. EOL translation is suppressed
2. Which of the following is not a function / method of csv module in Python?
a. read( ) b. reader( ) c. writer( ) d. writerow( )
3. A CSV file
a. is a text file b. can store images
c. is a type of python program d. is a Computer Software Validation file
4. What does the csv.reader( ) function do?
a. Reads JSON files b. Reads CSV files row by row as lists
c. Converts CSV to a dictionary d. Writes to CSV files
5. What mode should be used to open a file for reading in CSV format?
a. 'w' b. 'x' c. 'r' d. 'rw'
6. What is the default delimiter in a CSV file?
a. Semicolon (;) b. Tab (\t) c. Pipe (|) d. Comma (,)
7. State True or False:
CSV file is also known as delimited text file which can be opened in Notepad and Spreadsheet
both.
8. Which of the following is not a correct way to open a CSV file for writing?
a. open('file.csv', 'r') b. open('file.csv', 'a')
c. open('file.csv', 'w') d. open('file.csv', 'rw')
9. Which method writes multiple rows at once in a CSV file?
a. writerows( ) b. writeall( )
c. write( ) d. writemultiple( )
10. When using the csv.reader( ) object to read from a CSV file, what type of data structure is
each row of data represented as?
a) String b) Dictionary c) List d) Tuple
 ANSWERS:
1 D 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 C
6 D 7 True 8 A 9 A 10 C

ASSERTION REASONING QUESTIONS.

Mark the correct choice as
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but(R) is true
1 Assertion (A) : CSV file is a human readable text file where each line has a number of fields,
separated by comma or some other delimiter.
Reason (R): writerow( ) method is used to write a single row in a CSV file.
2 Assertion (A): The csv.reader( ) object returns each row as a list of strings.
Reason (R): The csv.reader( ) reads the entire file content at once into memory
3 Assertion (A): csv.writer( ) can be used to write data row by row into a CSV file.
Reason (R): writerow( ) method of the csv.writer object writes a single row to the CSV file.
4 Assertion (A): The newline='' parameter is used while opening a CSV file in Python.
Reason (R): It helps prevent insertion of blank lines between rows on Windows systems.
5 Assertion (A): csv.writer(file) returns an object that can be used to read data from a CSV file.
Reason (R): csv.writer( ) is used for writing data into CSV files.
ANSWERS:
1 Ans: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A).
2 Answer: c) A is true but R is false
Explanation: csv.reader( ) reads the file line by line (not all at once), and returns rows as lists.
3 Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
4 Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
5 Answer: d) A is false but R is true
Explanation: csv.writer( ) is for writing, not reading.
Long Answer Questions
1. Write a Program in Python that defines and calls the following user defined functions:
(i)ADD( ) – To accept and add data of an employee to a CSV file ‘record.csv’. Each record
consists of a list with field elements as empid, name and salary to store employee id,
employee name and employee salary respectively.
(ii) COUNTR( ) – To count the number of records present in the CSV file named
‘record.csv’.
Ans import csv
1(i) def ADD( ):
f=open('record.csv','a')
wr=csv.writer(f)
eid=int(input("Enter Employee ID"))
name=input("Enter name of employee")
sal=float(input("enter salary"))
data=[eid,name,sal]
wr.writerow(data)
ADD( )
1(ii) import csv
def COUNTR( ):
f=open('record.csv','r')
c=0
data=csv.reader(f)
for x in data:
c=c+1
print(c)
COUNTR( )
2. Create a function maxsalary( ) in Python to read all the records from an already existing file
record.csv which stores the records of various employees working in a department. Data is
stored under various fields as shown below:
E_code E_name Scale Salary
A01 Bijesh Mehra S4 65400
B02 Vikram Goel S3 60000
C09 Suraj Mehta S2 45300
Function should display the row where the salary is maximum.
Note: Assume that all employees have distinct salary.
Ans import csv
def maxsalary( ):
f=open('record.csv', 'r')
reader=csv.reader (f)
skip_header = True
m= 0
for row in reader:
if skip_header:
skip_header = False
else:
if(int(row[3])>m):
m=int(row[3])
rec=row
print('Row with the highest salary: ', rec)
f.close( )
maxsalary( )
3. A csv file "Happiness.csv" contains the data of a survey. Each record of the file contains the
following data:
 Name of a country
 Population of the country
 Sample Size (Number of persons who participated in the survey in that country)
 Happy (Number of persons who accepted that they were Happy)
For example, a sample record of the file may be:
[‘Signiland’, 5673000, 5000, 3426]
Write the following Python functions to perform the specified operations on this file:
 (I) Read all the data from the file in the form of a list and display all those records for which
the population is more than 5000000.
(II) Count the number of records in the file.
Ans def show( ):
3(i) import csv
f=open("happiness.csv",'r')
records=csv.reader(f)
next(records, None) #To skip the Header row
for i in records:
if int(i[1])>5000000:
print(i)
f.close( )
3(ii) def Count_records( ):
import csv
f=open("happiness.csv",'r')
records=csv.reader(f)
next(records, None) #To skip the Header row
count=0
for i in records:
count+=1
print(count)
f.close( )
4 Vedansh is a Python programmer working in a school. For the Annual Sports Event, he has
created a csv file named Result.csv, to store the results of students in different sports
events. The structure of Result.csv is :
[St_Id, St_Name, Game_Name, Result]
Where
St_Id is Student ID (integer)
ST_name is Student Name (string)
Game_Name is name of game in which student is participating(string)
Result is result of the game whose value can be either 'Won', 'Lost' or 'Tie'
For efficiently maintaining data of the event, Vedansh wants to write the following user
defined functions:
Accept( ) – to accept a record from the user and add it to the file Result.csv. The column
headings should also be added on top of the csv file.
wonCount( ) – to count the number of students who have won any event.
As a Python expert, help him complete the task.
Ans def Accept( ):
sid=int(input("Enter Student ID "))
sname=input ("Enter Student Name ")
game= input ("Enter name of game ")
res=input ("Enter Result")
headings=["Student ID", "Student Name", " Game Name", "Result"]
data=[sid, sname, game, res]
f=open('Result.csv', 'a', newline='')
 csvwriter=csv.writer (f)
csvwriter.writerow(headings)
csvwriter.writerow(data)
f.close( )

def wonCount( ):
f=open('Result.csv','r')
csvreader=csv.reader (f, delimiter=',')
head=list (csvreader)
print (head [0])
for x in head:
if x[3]=="WON":
print (x)
f.close( )
5 Mr. Mahesh is a Python Programmer working in a school. He has to maintain the records of
the sports students. He has created a csv file named sports.csv, to store the details. The
structure of sports.csv is :
[sport_id, competition, prize_won]
where
sport_id, is Sport id (integer)
competition is competition name
(string) prize_won is ("Gold", "Silver",
"Bronze")
Mr. Mahesh wants to write the following user-defined functions :
Add_detail( ): to accept the detail of a student and add to a csv file,
"sports.csv".
Count_Medal( ): to display the name of competitions in which students have
won "Gold" medal.
Help him in writing the code of both the functions.
Ans import csv
def Add_detail( ):
F=open("sports.csv","a")
W=csv.writer(F)
sport_id=int(input("Sport id:"))
competition=input("Competition:")
prize_won=input("Prize won:")
L=[sport_id,competition,prize_won]
W.writerow(L)
F.close( )

def Count_Medal( ):
F=open("sports.csv","r")
L=list(csv.reader(F))
for D in L:
if D[2]=="Gold":
print("Competition:",D[1])
F.close( )
6. Sangeeta is a Python programmer working in a computer hardware company. She has to
maintain the records of the peripheral devices. She created a csv file named Peripheral.csv,
to store the details.
The structure of Peripheral.csv is:
[P_id,P_name,Price]
where
P_id is Peripheral device ID (integer)
P_name is Peripheral device name (String)
Price is Peripheral device price (integer)
Sangeeta wants to write the following user defined functions :
Add_Device( ) : to accept a record from the user and add it to a csv file,
Peripheral.csv
Count_Device( ) : To count and display number of peripheral devices whose price
is less than 1000.
Ans import csv
def Add_Device( ):
F=open("Peripheral.csv","a",newline='')
W=csv.writer(F)
P_id=int(input("Enter the Peripheral ID"))
P_name=input("Enter Peripheral Name")
Price=int(input("Enter Price"))
L=[P_id,P_name,Price]
W.writerow(L)
F.close( )
def Count_Device( ):
F=open("Peripheral.csv","r")
L=list(csv.reader(F))
Count=0
for D in L:
if int(D[2])<1000:
Count+=1
print(Count)
F.close( )
7 Write a program in Python that defines and calls the following user defined functions:
(i) Add_Teacher( ) : It accepts the values from the user and inserts record of a teacher to a
csv file ‘Teacher.csv’. Each record consists of a list with field elements as T_id,Tname and
desig to store teacher ID, teacher name and designation respectively.
(ii) Search_Teacher( ) : To display the records of all the PGT (designation) teachers.
Ans import csv
def Add_Teacher( ):
fout=open("Teacher.csv","a",newline="\n")
T_id=int(input("Enter Teacher id: "))
Tname=input("Enter Teacher name: ")
desig=input("Enter Designation: ")
rec=[T_id,Tname,desig]
csvw=csv.writer(fout)
csvw.writerow(rec)
fout.close( )
 def Search_Teacher( ):
fin=open("Teacher.csv")
csvr=csv.reader(fin)
for record in csvr:
if record[2]=="PGT":
print(record)
fin.close( )
Add_Teacher( )
Search_Teacher( )
8. Write a program in Python that defines and calls the following user defined functions:
(i) Add_Device( ) : The function accepts and adds records of the peripheral devices to a csv
file ‘peripheral.csv’. Each record consists of a list with field elements as P_id, P_name and
Price to store peripheral device ID, device name, and price respectively.
(ii) Count_Device( ) : To count and display number of peripheral devices, whose price is less
than ₹ 1000.
Ans import csv
def Add_Device( ):
fout=open("perpheral.csv","a",newline="\n")
P_id=int(input("Enter Device Id: "))
P_name=input("Enter Device name: ")
Price=int(input("Enter Price: "))
rec=[P_id,P_name,Price]
csvw=csv.writer(fout)
csvw.writerow(rec)
fout.close( )
def Count_Device( ):
fin=open("peripheral.csv")
csvr=csv.reader(fin)
ctr=0
for record in csvr:
if int(record[2])<1000:
ctr=ctr+1
print("Count of Price<1000 is",ctr)
fin.close( )
Add_Device( )
Count_Device( )
 DATA STRUCTURES

 Data structure is A set of rules and operations to organize and store data in an efficient manner.
It is a way to store data in a structured way.
 Operations on data structure-
o Traversal
o Insertion
o Deletion
 Types of data structures:
├── Linear Data Structures
│ ├── List (or Array)
│ ├── Stack
│ ├── Queue
│ └── Linked List
│
└── Non-Linear Data Structures
├── Tree
└── Graph
 Built-in data structures available in Python: List, Tuple, Dictionary and Set.
  User Defined data structures in Python: Stack, Queue, Tree, Linked List etc.
STACK:
 A Stack is a Linear data structure which works in LIFO (Last In First Out) manner (or we can say
FILO i.e. First In Last Out manner
 Insertion and Deletion of elements will be done only from one end known as TOP.
 In Python, we can use List data structure to implement Stack.
Application of Stack:
1. Expression Evaluation
2. String Reversal
3. Function Call
4. Browser History
5. Undo/Redo Operations
Operations on Stack:
The Stack supports following operations:
1. Push: It adds an element to the TOP of the Stack.
2. Pop: It removes an element from the TOP of the Stack.
3. Peek: It is used to know/display the value of TOP without removing it.
4. isEmpty: It is used to check whether Stack is empty.
OVERFLOW: It refers to the condition in which we try to PUSH an item in a Stack which is already FULL.

UNDERFLOW: It refers to the condition in which we are trying to POP an item from an empty Stack.

Stack Implementation in Python (Using List)

stack = []
# Function to push element into the stack
def push( ):
element = input("Enter element to push: ")
stack.append(element)
print("Element pushed to stack.")
# Function to pop element from the stack
def pop_element( ):
if not stack:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
element = stack.pop( )
print("Element popped from stack.")
# Function to display stack
def display( ):
if not stack:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
print("Stack elements (top to bottom):")
for item in reversed(stack):
print(item)

# Menu-driven program
while True:
print("\nSTACK OPERATIONS")
print("1. Push")
print("2. Pop")
print("3. Display")
print("4. Exit")
choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-4): "))
if choice == 1:
push( )
elif choice == 2:
pop_element( )
elif choice == 3:
display( )
elif choice == 4:
print("Exiting program...")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice! Please try again.")
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the principle of a stack?
a) FIFO – First In First Out b) LIFO – Last In First Out
c) FILO – First In Last Out d) LILO – Last In Last Out
2. Which Python list method is used to add an element to the stack?
a) insert( ) b) add( ) c) append( ) d) push ( )
3. Which method is used to remove the top element from a stack implemented using a list?
a) remove( ) b) delete( ) c) pop( ) d) discard ( )
4. What will be the output of the following code?
stack = [10, 20, 30]
stack.pop( )
print(stack)
 a) [10, 20, 30] b) [10, 20]
c) [20, 30] d ) Error
5. What happens if you call pop ( ) on an empty stack?
a) Returns None b) Raises IndexError
c) Returns -1 d) Does nothing
Answers
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B

ASSERTION REASONING QUESTIONS.

Mark the correct choice as
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but(R) is true.
1. Assertion (A): In Python, a stack can be implemented using a list.
Reason (R): A stack is an ordered linear list of elements that works on the principle of First
In First Out (FIFO).
2. Assertion (A): A stack can be used to reverse the contents of a text file line by line.
Reason (R): In a stack, the last element inserted is the first to be removed (LIFO).
3. Assertion (A): Using a stack is an efficient method for checking matching brackets in a file
containing Python code.
Reason (R): Stack allows multiple ends for insertion and deletion of elements.
4. Assertion (A): A stack can be implemented using a list in Python to read a file and store each
word for later processing.
Reason (R): Lists in Python do not support push and pop operations.
Answers
1 C 2 A 3 C 4 C
Long Answer Questions
1. A dictionary, d_city contains the records in the following format: {state:city}
Define the following functions with the given specifications:
(i) push_city(d_city): It takes the dictionary as an argument and pushes all the cities in
the stack CITY whose states are of more than 4 characters.
(ii) pop_city( ): This function pops the cities and displays "Stack empty" when there are
no more cities in the stack.
Ans CITY=[ ]
1(i) def push_city(d_city):
for c in d_city:
if len(c) > 4:
CITY.append(d_city[c])
1(ii) def pop_city( ):
while CITY:
 print(CITY.pop( ))
else:
print("Stack empty")
2. Consider a list named Nums which contains random integers. Write the following user
defined functions in Python and perform the specified operations on a stack named
BigNums.
(i) PushBig( ): It checks every number from the list Nums and pushes all such numbers
which have 5 or more digits into the stack, BigNums.
(ii) PopBig( ): It pops the numbers from the stack, BigNums and displays them. The
function should also display "Stack Empty" when there are no more numbers left in the
stack.
For example: If the list Nums contains the following data:
Nums = [213, 10025, 167, 254923, 14, 1297653, 31498, 386, 92765]
Then on execution of PushBig( ), the stack BigNums should store:
[10025, 254923, 1297653, 31498, 92765]
And on execution of PopBig( ), the following output should be displayed:
92765
31498
1297653
254923
10025
Stack Empty
Ans def PushBig(Nums,BigNums):
for N in Nums:
if len(str(N)) >= 5:
BigNums.append(N)
def PopBig(BigNums):
while BigNums:
print(BigNums.pop( ))
else:
print("Stack Empty")
3. A list contains following record of course details for a University:
[Course_name, Fees, Duration]
Write the following user defined functions to perform given operations on the stack
named 'Univ' :
(i) Push_element( ) - To push an object containing the Course_name, Fees and Duration
of a course, which has fees greater than 100000 to the stack.
(ii) Pop_element( ) - To pop the object from the stack and display it. Also, display
“Underflow” when there is no element in the stack.
For example:
If the lists of courses details are:
 ["MCA", 200000, 3]
["MBA", 500000, 2]
["BA", 100000, 3]
The stack should contain
["MBA", 500000, 2]
["MCA", 200000, 3]
Ans Univ=[]
def Push_element(Course):
for Rec in Course:
if Rec[1]>100000:
Univ.append(Rec)
def Pop_element( ):
while len(Univ)>0:
print(Univ.pop( ))
else:
print("Underflow")
4. Write separate user defined functions for the following:
(i) PUSH(N) - This function accepts a list of names, N as parameter. It then pushes only
those names in the stack named OnlyA which contain the letter 'A'.
(ii) POPA(OnlyA) - This function pops each name from the stack OnlyA and displays it.
When the stack is empty, the message "EMPTY" is displayed.
For example :
If the names in the list N are
['ANKITA', 'NITISH', 'ANWAR', 'DIMPLE', 'HARKIRAT']
Then the stack OnlyA should store
['ANKITA', 'ANWAR', 'HARKIRAT']
And the output should be displayed as
HARKIRAT ANWAR ANKITA EMPTY
Ans OnlyA=[ ]
def PUSH(N):
for aName in N :
if 'A' in aName :
OnlyA.append(aName)
def POPA(OnlyA):
while OnlyA :
print(OnlyA.pop( ), end=' ')
else :
print('EMPTY')
5. Write the following user defined functions:
(i) pushEven(N) - This function accepts a list of integers named N as parameter. It then
pushes only even numbers into the stack named EVEN.
 (ii) popEven(EVEN) - This function pops each integer from the stack EVEN and displays
the popped value. When the stack is empty, the message "Stack Empty" is displayed.
For example:
If the list N contains:
[10,5,3,8,15,4]
Then the stack, EVEN should store
[10,8,4]
And the output should be
4 8 10 Stack Empty
Ans EVEN=[ ]
def pushEven(N):
for z in N :
if z%2==0 :
EVEN.append(z)
def popEven(EVEN):
while EVEN :
print(EVEN.pop( ), end=' ')
else :
print('Stack Empty')
6. Write the definition of a user defined function PushNV(N) which accepts a list of strings
in the parameter N and pushes all strings which have no vowels present in it, into a list
named NoVowel.
Write a program in Python to input 5 Words and push them one by one into a list named
All.The program should that use the function PushNV( ) to create a stack of words in the
list NoVowel so that it stores only those words which do not have any vowel present in it,
from the list All.Thereafter, pop each word from the list NoVowel and display the popped
word. When the stack is empty, display the message "EmptyStack".
Ans def PushNV(N):
for W in N :
for C in W :
if C.upper( ) in 'AEIOU':
break
else:
NoVowel.append(W)
All=[ ]
NoVowel=[ ]
for i in range(5) :
All.append(input('Enter a Word: '))
PushNV(All)
while NoVowel :
print(NoVowel.pop( ), end=' ')
else :
print('EmptyStack')
 UNIT 2
COMPUTER
Concept NETWORKS
Map:

Network: A group of two or more similar things or people interconnected with each other is
called network. Examples are social network and mobile network
Computer Network: A Computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers
or computing devices. The advantages of computer networks are:
 Resource Sharing
 Collaborative Interaction
 Cost Saving
 Increased storage
 Time Saving
EVOLUTION OF NETWORK:
(I) ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
 It came into existence in 1960s
 A project for interconnecting, US department of defense with academic and research
organization across different places for scientific collaboration.
(II) NSFNET (National Science Foundation Networks)
 It came into existence in 1986
 It was the first large-scale implementation of Internet technologies in a complex environment
of many independently operated networks
(III) INTRANET
 It is a local or restricted communication system
 It is managed by a person or organization.
 Intranet users can avail services from internet but Internet user cannot access intranet directly
(IV) INTERNET
 It came into existence in 1960s
 It is known as Network of Networks
 A global computer network providing variety of information and communication facilities
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
DATA: Data means information in digital form such as text, audio, video which is stored processed and
exchanged between digital devices like computer, mobile phones or laptop. Computers process the
raw data into meaningful information. Information is processed data.
COMMUNICATION: The exchange of information between two or more networked or interconnected
devices is called communication
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
a) SENDER: Sender is a device which is capable of sending data over a communication network. In
data communication Sender is also called Source.
b) RECEIVER: Receiver is a device which is capable of receiving data over a communication network.
In data communication Receiver is also called Destination.
c) MESSAGE: message is the information being exchanged between a sender and a receiver over a
communication network.
d) COMMUNICATION MEDIUM: Communication medium is the path or channel through which the
information is moved from the sender to the receiver. A communication medium can be either
wired/guided or wireless/unguided.
e) PROTOCOLS: The set of standard rules which are followed in data communication are known as Data
Communication Protocols. All the communicating devices like sender receiver and other connected
devices in the network should follow these protocols.
Why Protocols are needed?
The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas. The speed of these devices may be
different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may be different. These complexities make
it necessary to have a common set of rules to ensure the secure communication of data. Some
commonly used Protocols in data communication are:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

Capacity of a communication channel means the maximum quantity of signals that a communication
channel can carry. The capacity of a communication medium is measured by its bandwidth and data
transfer rate.
BANDWIDTH: Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies a transmission
media can carry. The unit of bandwidth is Hertz.
DATA TRANSFER RATES: Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted through a channel per
unit of time. Data transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps). It is also measured in Kilobits per
second (Kbps), Megabits per second (Mbps) or Gigabits per second (Gbps).

IP ADDRESS: IP address or Internet Protocol address is a unique numeric address assigned to every
device connected to a network. It uniquely identifies every node connected to a local network or
internet. Example IP address: 24.171.248.170

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
In large networks, there may be more than one paths for transmitting data from sender to receiver.
The process of selecting a path of data out of the available paths is called switching. There are two
popular switching techniques – circuit switching and packet switching.
1. Circuit Switching : In circuit switching, whenever a source end node wants to send a message to the
destination end node a physical link is first established between the source and the destination. Then
only the data transmission takes place. Example: telephone network
2. Packet Switching : In the packet switching technique, the whole message is split into small packets.
Now, these packets are transmitted one by one from sender to the receiver through the intermediary
switches in the network. The packets will take shortest path as possible.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Transmission media are the channels used to carry data signals.
 They are broadly classified into
o Wired / Guided Media
Includes:
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber-optic cable
Features:
 High Speed
  Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances
o Wireless/Un-guided media
Includes:
 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared waves.
Features:
 The signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances

Wired Communication Media:

 Twisted Pair Cable:
o Consists of two separately insulated copper wires twisted together to
reduce electromagnetic interference.
o It is commonly used for telephone lines and local area networks (LANs).
o Twisted Pair is of two types:
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
 UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another.
 This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend
on a physical shield for this purpose.
 It is used for telephonic
applications. Advantages of Unshielded
Twisted Pair
 Least expensive
 Easy to install
 High-speed capacity
Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair
 Lower capacity and performance in comparison to STP
 Short distance transmission due to attenuation
2. Shielded Twisted Pair
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable consists of
a special jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block external
interference.
 It is used in fast data rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines.
Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
 Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
 Eliminates crosstalk
 Comparatively faster
Disadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
 Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
 More expensive
 Bulky
 Coaxial Cable:
o Coaxial cable has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC
or Teflon and 2 parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover.
o The coaxial cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated
cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges).
o Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.

Advantages of Coaxial Cable

 Coaxial cables have high bandwidth.
 It is easy to install.
 Coaxial cables are more reliable and durable.
 Less affected by noise or cross-talk or electromagnetic inference.
 Coaxial cables support multiple channels
Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cables are expensive.
 The coaxial cable must be grounded in order to prevent any crosstalk.
 As a Coaxial cable has multiple layers it is very bulky.
 There is a chance of breaking the coaxial cable and attaching a “t-joint” by hackers, this
compromises the security of the data.

 Optical Fiber Cable

o Optical Fibre Cable uses the concept of total internal reflection of light through a core
made up of glass.
o The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the coating.
o It is used for the transmission of large volumes of data.
o The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
o The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional
and bidirectional mode.
Advantages of Optical Fibre Cable
 Increased capacity and bandwidth
 Lightweight
 Less signal attenuation
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference
 Resistance to corrosive materials
Disadvantages of Optical Fibre Cable
 Difficult to install and maintain
 High cost
Applications of Optical Fibre Cable
o Medical Purpose: Used in several types of medical instruments.
o Defence Purpose: Used in transmission of data in aerospace.
o For Communication: This is largely used in formation of internet cables.
o Industrial Purpose: Used for lighting purposes and safety measures in designing the interior
and exterior of automobiles.

Wireless Communication Media:

Radio Waves
Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and receiving
antennas need not be aligned.
Frequency Range:3KHz - 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for
transmission.
Types of Radio Waves:
 Short Wave: AM Radio
 VHF (Very High Frequency): FM Radio/TV
 UHF (Ultra High Frequency): TV
Radio Wave Components:
 Transmitter: Responsible for encoding the signal.
 Receiver: Responsible for decoding the signal.
Microwaves
It is a line-of-sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly aligned
with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the
antenna.
Frequency Range:1GHz - 300GHz.
Micro waves are majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution.
Advantages:
 Cheaper than using cables
 Freedom from land acquisition
 Ease of communication in difficult terrains
  Communication over oceans
Disadvantages:
 Insecure communication.
 Out of phase signal.
 Susceptible to weather conditions.
 Bandwidth is limited.
 High cost of design, implementation, and maintenance.
Infrared
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through
obstacles. This prevents interference between systems.
Frequency Range:300GHz - 400THz.
It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.

Difference Between Radio Waves, Micro Waves, and Infrared Waves

Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared wave
Direction omni-directional unidirectional unidirectional
Penetration At low frequency, they At low frequency, they They cannot penetrate
can penetrate through can penetrate through through any solid object
solid objects and walls solid objects and walls. at and walls.
but high frequency high frequency, they
they bounce off the cannot penetrate.
obstacle.
Frequency range 3 KHz to 1GHz. 1 GHz to 300 GHz. 300 GHz to 400 GHz.
Security These offers poor These offers medium These offers high
security. security. security.
Attenuation is high. is variable. is low.
Government Some frequencies in Some frequencies in the There is no need of
License the radio-waves microwaves require government license to
require government government license to use use these waves.
license to use these. these.
Usage Cost moderate. high. very less.
Communication used in long distance Used in long distance not used in long distance
communication. communication. communication.

NETWORK DEVICES
Modem: Stands for "modulator-demodulator.", converts digital data from a computer into analog
signals for transmission over telephone lines or cable systems. Also it converts incoming analog signals
back into digital data for the computer. Used to connect to the internet via ISP (Internet Service Provider).
Ethernet Card: Also known as a network interface card (NIC)., enables a computer to connect to an
Ethernet network using Ethernet cables, Essential for wired network connections. Provides a physical
interface for networking using an RJ45 connector
RJ45 Connector: Registered Jack 45 connector, used to connect Ethernet cables to devices such as
computers, switches, and routers, Ensures a secure and reliable physical connection. Repeater:
Amplifies and retransmits signals in a network, extends the range of network signals, especially in
large or congested environments. Used to combat signal loss over long distances.
Hub: A basic networking device that connects multiple devices in a network, Broadcasts data to all
connected devices, causing network congestion and inefficiency, which can lead to collisions.
Switch: Intelligent device that connects devices in a network, Forwards data only to the device that
needs it, improving network performance and efficiency by reducing collisions.
Router: Manages traffic between different networks, such as your home network and the internet,
performs functions like assigning IP addresses, directing data, and providing security.
Gateway: Acts as an entry and exit point for data traveling between different networks or protocols
(e.g., LAN to WAN), translates data between different formats or protocols to ensure smooth
communication.
Wi-Fi Card: A wireless network adapter that allows a computer to connect to Wi-Fi networks.
Commonly found in laptops and mobile devices for wireless internet access

COMPUTER NETWORK TYPES

A computer network can be categorized by their size, complexity and geographical spread. A computer
network is mainly of four types:
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network): Personal Area Network is a network of information technology
devices (laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations) arranged within the range of an
individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters / covers an area of 30 feet.
LAN (Local Area Network): Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a
small area such as a building, office through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial
cable, etc to share resources.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger
geographic area that is spread over an area as big as a city by interconnecting different LAN to form a
larger network through a telephone exchange line.
WAN (Wide Area Network): A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite
links. The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
NETWORKING TOPOLOGIES
Bus
It uses a single cable, called a trunk or segment, along which all the computers of the network are
connected

Star
All computers are connected using cable segments to a central component called a switch. The signals
from the transmitting computer go through the switch to all the others.

Tree
Tree Topology is a topology which is having a tree structure in which all the computers are connected
like the branches which are connected with the tree.

NETWORK PROTOCOL: A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. Protocols
defines standardized formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors etc.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
 The IP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is assigned an IP
address, which is used to identify each node independently.
 TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks, called IP packets. Each of
these packets are routed (transmitted) through the Internet, along a path from one router to the
next, until it reaches the specified destination. TCP guarantees the delivery of packets on the
 designated IP address. It is also responsible for ordering the packets so that they are delivered
in sequence.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): It is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for
transmitting the files from one host to another. It is mainly used for transferring the web page files
from their creator to the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet. It is also
used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.): SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow
software to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is protocol that is used to directly connect one computer system to
another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) Protocol: (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive
emails from a remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows you to download email messages on
your local computer and read them even when you are offline. J, and JVM
Telnet: Telnet is a program that allows a user to log on to a remote computer. Telnet provides a
connection to the remote computer in such a way that a local terminal appears to be at the remote
side. VoIP: VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is also referred to as IP telephony,
internet telephony, or internet calling.
Web Services: Web Services means the services provided by World Wide Web. The World Wide Web
provides services like chatting, emailing, video conferencing, e-learning, e-shopping, e-reservation, e-
groups and social networking.
World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web is
an interconnected system of public webpages accessible through the Internet. It was invented by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989. Major components of WWW are:
1. Web Server – It is a computer that stores website resources (web pages, images, videos, etc.).
2. Web Browser (Client) - A software application used to access the web resources.
3. Webpage - Hypertext documents formatted in Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and
displayed in a web browser.
4. Website - A website is a collection of inter-linked web pages that is identified by a common
domain name (website name) and stored on a web server.
5. HTTP Protocol - It governs data (web page) transfer between a server and a client.
6. HTML- A mark-up language used to specify the structure of a webpage.
7. URL- Address used to identify documents and other web resources on the internet.
WEB ARCHITECTURE
Web is working based on a client-server architecture.

Client: It is a computer capable of requesting, receiving & displaying information in the form of web
pages or using a particular service from the service providers (Servers).
Servers: It is a remote computer which provides/transfers information to the client (in the form of
web pages) or access to particular services.
Difference between Internet and WWW
Internet World Wide Web(WWW)
Internet stands for Interconnected Networks WWW stands for World wide Web
Internet is a means of connecting a computer World Wide Web which is a collection of
to any other computer anywhere in the world. information which is accessed via the Internet.
Internet is infrastructure. WWW is service on top of that infrastructure.
Internet is primarily hardware-based WWW is more software-oriented as compared to
the Internet.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol. WWW uses HTTP Protocol.
HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language): It is a mark-up language that tells web browsers how to
structure the web pages you visit. It has a variety of tags and attributes for defining the layout and
structure of the web document. A HTML document has the extension .htm or .html. Hypertext is a text
which is linked to another html document via clickable links known as hyperlinks.
XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language): XML is a mark-up language like HTML but it is designed to
transport or store data. It does not have predefined tags but allows the programmer to use customized
tags. An XML document has the extension .xml.
HTML v/s XML
HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language XML stands for eXtensible Mark-up Language
HTML is a case insensitive. XML is case sensitive.
Predefined tags (commands). User defined tags (commands).
It is used for presentation of the Data. It is used for transportation of the Data.
Small errors can be ignored. Errors not allowed.
Closing tags are optional. Compulsory to use closing tags.
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: HTTP is used to transfer data across the web. HTTP specifies
how to transfer hypertext (linked web documents) between two computers. It allows users of the
World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the HTTP which is used for secure
communication over a computer network.
Domain Names: Every device connected to the Internet has a numeric IP address which is very
difficult to remember. Each computer server hosting a website or web resource is given a name known
as Domain Name corresponding to unique IP addresses. For example, IP addresses and domain names
of some websites are as follows:
Domain Name IP Address
ncert.nic.in 164.100.60.233
cbse.nic.in 164.100.107.32
The process of converting a hostname (such as www.google.com) into the corresponding IP address
(such as 172.217.14.196) is called domain name resolution. Specialized DNS servers are used for
domain name resolution (DNS resolution).
URL-Uniform Resource Locator: Every web page that is displayed on the Internet has a specific
address associated with it, this address is known as the URL. The structure of a URL can be
represented as follows:
http://www.example.com/planet/earth/river.jpg

Protocol Domain name foldername filename

The URL consists of four basic parts, namely, protocol, hostname, folder name and the filename.
Each one of these has a specific function.
1) The “protocol” indicates the type of Protocol (http/https/ftp etc.) being used. The protocol is
always followed by “://” and the host name.
2) The host name/domain name is the Internet address of a remote computer on which the files
reside.
3) The folder name indicates the name of the directory in which the files are located.
4) The filename specifies the name of the specific document to be displayed in the browser. The
filename itself consists of two pieces of information, the name of the file to be displayed and the
file extension, which specifies the file type (.htm for HTML file, .txt for a text file, .bmp for a
bitmap image, etc.)
The structure of a URL can be represented as follows:
Websites: A website is a collection of linked web pages (plus their associated resources) that share a
unique domain name.
Web page: Web page is an electronic document designed using HTM linked with hyperlinks.
Web Browser: Web browser is software program to navigate the web pages on the internet. E.g., Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera etc.
Cookie: A cookie is a small text file that stores information stored on your computer. Cookies often store
your settings for a website, such as your preferred language or location, pages visited.
Web Server: A web server is a computer or a group of computers hosting one or more websites. E.g.,
Apache, IIS etc.
Web Hosting: Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the web content on a web server to
make it available on WWW.
Multiple Choice Questions
1 What are the three common types of computer networks?
a. ROM, MAN, LAN b. RAM, WAN, LAN
c. MAN, LAN, WAN d. None of the above
2 What is the Full form of LAN?
a. Local Area Network b. Local Access Network
c. Line And Networking d. Line-less Networking
3 Define what a LAN is?
 a. Connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small
geographic area
b. Normally find within a business and school
c. These are computers that share resources over a large area
d. None of the above
4 Mr. John is a small businessman who runs Hardware store. He has been experiencing
problems with his small accounting department, which he depends on to provide sales
reports. Mr. John wants to share information between his 7 computer stations and have one
central printing area. What type of network would you recommend to Mr. John?
a. MAN b. LAN c. WAN d. SAN
5 WAN covers a larger geographical area than MAN?
a. True b. False
6 A network that consists of both LANs and MANs is called a Wide area network?
a. True b. False
7 Arrange the Following Types of Networks according to their size, from largest to smallest?
a. LAN, WAN, MAN b. WAN, LAN, MAN
c. MAN, LAN, WAN d. WAN, MAN, LAN
8 You are a member of a club that deals with computer networks. The club has to take a project
to build a MAN. Where would this project likely take place?
a. A small building/organization b. University or college
c. Home d. None of the above
9 What is the full form of MAN ?
a. Magnetic Access Network b. Metropolitan Area Network
c. Multi-Area Network d. Multi-Access net
10 In your school there is a library, and you can use the internet to do research, this library will
most likely be a WAN network?
a. True b. False
11 Types of Networks are Categories by their Geographical Area cover?
a. True b. False
12 What’s a web browser?
a) A kind of spider
b) A computer that store www files
c) A person who likes to look at websites
d) A software program that allows you to access sites on the World Wide Web
13 A is a document commonly written and is accessible through the internet or other
network using a browser?
a) Accounts b) Data c) Web page d) Search engine
14 Which of the following is used to read HTML code and to render Webpage?
a) Web Server b) Web Browser c) Web Matrix d) Weboni
15 Which of the following is a Web Browser?
a) MS-office b) Notepad c) Firefox d) Word 2007
 16 Which of the following is not a web browser?
a) Chrome b) Microsoft Edge c) Safari d) Ubuntu
17 URL stands for
(a) Uniform Research Limited (b) Uniform Resource Locator
(c) Uniform Resource Labs (d) Uniform Research Locator
18 LinkedIn is an example for website.
(a) E-learning (b) E-commerce
(c) Video conferencing (d) Social networking
19 Which of the following is not a web service?
(a) Distance Learning (b) E-mailing
(c) Video conferencing (d) Social networking
20 Web browsers are also called as
(a) Web Servers (b) Web Clients (c) Web Hosting (d) Web Designing
21 Working of WWW based on architecture.
(a) Peer-To-Peer architecture (b) Client-Client architecture
(c) Client-Server architecture (d) Server-Server architecture
22 is computer software capable of requesting, receiving & displaying information
in the form of webpages.
(a) Web Servers (b) Web Browser (c) Web Designers (d) Web Camera
23 is a mark-up language that helps in developing web pages.
(a) HTTP (b) HTML (c) XML (d) C++
24 is a language used to transport data over internet.
(a) HTTP (b) HTML (c) XML (d) C++
25 . is a set of rules for communication between two computers over a network.
(a) Modem (b) Protocol (c) Switch (d) IP address
ANSWERS
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. a
6. a 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. a
11. a 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. c
16. d 17. b 18. d 19. a 20. b
21. c 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. b
Assertion Reason Questions
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
1 Assertion (A): A Repeater is a device that amplifies the network over geographical distance.
Reasoning (R): A Hub is a device which is used to connect more than one device in the
network.
2 Assertion (A): VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol.
 Reasoning (R): VolP is a technology that allows us to make voice calls using a broadband
connection instead of a regular phone line.
3 Assertion (A): A protocol defines the set of rules that are applicable for data sharing and
communication over a network.
Reasoning (R): Local Area Network (LAN) is an example of protocol.
4 Assertion (A): A Gateway is a network device that connects dissimilar networks.
Reasoning (R): A Gateway establishes a connection between local network and external
network.
5 Assertion(A): On a computer network the users work on network nodes only.
Reason(B): A server cannot act as a network node.
Assertion Reason Answers
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 C

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1 Name the transmission media best suitable for connecting to hilly areas
2 How many pair of wires are there in twisted pair cable (Ethernet)?
3 Name a device that forwards data packets along networks.
4 What is the full form of WWW?
5 What is the full form of Internet?
6 Who invented the WWW in 1989?
7 Special software’s that is used to view webpages are
8 are used to store webpages, so whenever a request, it will serve the request.
9 are programs /computers used to store information’s in the form of webpages.
10 Web pages that are linked to each other via
11 protocol is used to transfer web pages over internet.
12 Full form of HTTP?
13 . is a massive collection of digital pages to access information over the Internet
14 Write any 2 differences between HTML & XML?
15 . is a real-time communication between two or more users via computer.
ANSWERS
1 Microwave / Radio wave
2 Two insulated copper wires
3 Router
4 World Wide Web
5 Interconnected Networks
6 Tim Berners-Lee
7 Web browsers
8 Web servers
9 Web servers
10 Hyperlinks
11 HTTP- HyperText Transfer Protocol
 12 HyperText Transfer Protocol
13 World Wide Web(WWW) or Web
14 HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up XML stands for eXtensible Mark-
Language up Language
HTML is a case insensitive. XML is case sensitive.
Predefined tags (commands). User defined tags (commands).
It is used for transportation of the
It is used for presentation of the Data.
Data.
Small errors can be ignored. Errors not allowed.
Closing tags are optional. Compulsory to use closing tags.
15 Chat
Short Answer Type Questions
1 What are Protocols? Name the protocol used to transfer a file from one device to the other.
2 What is meant by an IP Address? Give an example for IP Address
3 Explain how an IP Address become helpful in investigating cyber-crimes
4 Why Protocols are needed in the case of Data Communication?
5 What is the difference between World Wide Web & Internet?
6 What is a protocol, give some examples?
7 What is the difference between E-mail and chat?
8 What are cookies?
9 What is the difference between domain name and IP address?
10 Give one suitable example of each URL and domain name?
ANSWERS
1 Protocols are set of rules that are followed while transmitting data through a computer
network. Protocols determines how to data can be moved securely from a source device to a
destination device. The protocol used for transferring a file from one device to another is the
File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
2 An IP Address is a numerical address that uniquely identifies every device connected to a
network or internet. The user’s physical location can be tracked by using an IP Address. IP V4
(IP Version 4) is a popular version of IP Address. IP Address (in IP V4) consists of four set of
numbers separated by a dot. These numbers can range from 0 to 255.
An example IP Address format is given below:
192.158.12.38
3 IP address can be used to trace the physical location of a user connected to a network. By this
many cyber crime can be investigated and traced out efficiently tracking the exact location from
where the cybercrime is carried out.
4 The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas. The speed of these devices
may be different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may be different. These
complexities make it necessary to have a common set of rules i.e., Protocols to ensure the secure
communication of data
5 Internet means interconnected networks that spread all over the world (i.e. the physical
infrastructure), while WWW means the information’s (available in the form of webpages) that
can be accessed through internet.
6 Protocols are set of rules that are followed while transmitting data through a computer
network. Protocols determines how to data can be moved securely from a source device to a
destination device. The protocol used for transferring a file from one device to another is the
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
7 In order to chat, you need to have an account on the same service as the person you are chatting
with. e.g. on the other hand, in case of E-mail, it is not necessary, i.e. you can have an account
from any provider and you can establish your own.
8 Cookies are files stored temporarily on www browser’s computer, which allow the www server
to store persistent information associated with browsing user on user’s system
9 IP addresses look like this: 192.168.12.134.
Domain names look like this: “www.google.com”
Domain names are easier for us to remember and use, while computers are quite handy with
numbers. Thus, we use DNS (Domain Naming System) to translate domain names into the IP
addresses.
IP address is a unique identifier for a computer or device on internet. A domain name (website
name) is a name that identifies one or more IP addresses (when hosted at different servers for
load balancing).
10 URL: https://kvsangathan.nic.in/hq-gyan-kosh
Domain name: kvsangathan.nic.in
 UNIT 3
DATABASE MANAGEMENT

A database is an organized collection of interrelated data that serves many applications. Its is generally
a computer record keeping system. In a database we can not only store the data but we can also change
the data as per the user requirement. These databases are generally managed by special software
called DBMS (Database Management System)

Database Management System (DBMS):

It is software which is responsible for storing, manipulating, maintaining and utilizing the databases.
Database System:
A database along with the DBMS is referred to as database system.
Eg: Oracle, MySQL Server, MySQL, Sybase, SQLite, PostgreSQL, FoxPro, SAP , dBase
Need for DBMS:
 Databases reduce redundancy i.e. it removes the duplication of data.
  Database controls inconsistency i.e. when two copies of the same data do not agree to each
other it is called inconsistency. By controlling redundancy, the inconsistency is also controlled
 Databases allows sharing of data
 Database ensures data security by the process of authentication and does not allow
unauthorized access. Database Maintains integrity
 Database is maintained in a standard format which helps to interchange the data between two
systems.

RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL

In Relational Database Model, the data is stored in the form of tables i.e. rows and columns.
 In Relational Database Model a table is referred to as a Relation.
 In Relation Database Model a column is referred to as an attribute
 In relational database model a row is referred to as a tuple.

Relation: A Relation is logically related data organized in the form of tables.

Attribute/ Field: Column of a table is called Attribute or Field.
Tuple/ Entity/ Record: Rows of a table is called Tuple or Record.
Domain: It is collection of values from which the value is derived for a column.
Degree - Number of columns (attributes) in a table.
Cardinality - Number of rows (Records) in a table.
Keys:
In a relation each record should be unique i.e. no two records can be identical in a database. A key
attribute identifies the record and must have unique values.
Primary Key – A primary is an attribute or set of attributes in a relation that uniquely identifies tuples
(rows) in that relation.
Candidate Key –It is an attribute or a set of attributes or keys participating for Primary Key, to uniquely
identify each tuples in that relation.
Alternate Key – A candidate key that is not the primary key is called alternate key or secondary key.
Foreign Key – Foreign keys are the attributes of a relation that points to the primary key of another
relation
Multiple choice Questions(MCQ):
1 DBMS stands for
a)Data Base Management Software b) Data Base Maintenance System
c)Data Basic Management System d) Data Base management system
2 In RDBMS, R stands for
a)Relational b) Rotational c) Rational d)None of the above
3 A Database contains one or more
a)Data b) Tables c) Files d)Links
4 What is not true in respect of DBMS?
a)Database enforces standards b)Database increases redundancy
c)Database facilitates sharing of data d) Database helps to maintain integrity
5 Cardinality is total
a)number of rows in a table b)number of columns in a table
c)number of data items in a table d) none of the above
6 Degree refers to total
a) number of rows in a table b) number of columns in a table
c) number of data items in a table d) none of the above
7 Data about data is
a) Data redundancy b) Meta Data
b) Database schema d) None of the above
8 Repetition of data is called
a) Data redundancy b) Data Description
c) Data inconsistency d) None of the above
9 Mismatched redundant copies of data is known as data
a)Dependence b) Inconsistency c) Isolation d) Redundancy
10 A is an organized collection of structured data.
a)Database b) File c) DBMS d) Information
11 A data is a set of rules that define valid data.
a)Query b) Constraint c) Dictionary d) All of the above
12 A relational database consists of a collection of
a)Fields b) Records c) Keys d) Tables
13 A row in a database is called
a)Fields b) Records c) Keys d) Tables
14 The term is used to refer to a field in a table.
a) Attribute b) Row c) Tuple d) Instance
15 Which of the following statements is not true about relational database?
a) Relational data model is the most widely used data model.
b) The data is arranged as a collection of tables in relational database.
c) Relational database increases data redundancy and inconsistency.
d) None of the above.
ANSWERS:

1 d 2 a 3 b 4 b
5 a 6 b 7 b 8 a
9 b 10 a 11 b 12 d
13 b 14 a 15 c
Very Short Answer Questions
1 What is meant by a database?
2 Define primary key?Give an example.
3 What do you mean by candidate key?
4 What is meant by degree and cardinality of a table?
5 What is meant by DBMS?
6 What is meant by database schema?
7 What is meant by data constraint?
8 What is meant by relation?
Very Short Answer Questions: Answers
1 A database is an organized collection of structured information, or inter-related data,
typically stored in a computer system.
2 A primary key is a column or set of columns that contain values that uniquely identify
each row in a table.
For example Rno can be primary key of the table student.
Table:Student
RNO NAME MARK
100 Tanay 30
101 Kiran 50
102 Manu 30
3 It is an attribute or a set of attributes capable of being the Primary Key, to uniquely
identify each record in that table.

4 Degree refers to the number of attributes/columns in a relation. Cardinality refers to the

number of tuples/rows in a relation.
5 RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) is the software used to store,
manage, query, and retrieve data stored in a relational database.
6 Database schema is also called the visual or logical architecture as it tells us how the
data are organized in a database.
7 Restrictions or limitations on the type of data that can be inserted in one or more
columns of a table to ensure accuracy and reliability of data in the database.
8 A relation is a named, two dimensional table storing logically related data.

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE(SQL)

SQL(Structured Query Language) is a language that is used to manage data that is held in a relational
database management system. It uses tables to manipulate and retrieve information from databases
for analysis.
By using SQL commands, one can search for any data in the database and perform other
functions like creating tables, adding records, modifying data, removing rows, dropping tables etc.
 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert, update and delete records in a database
 SQL can create new databases,new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
  SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
SQL Commands
 SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also used
to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
 SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table, modify
the table, set permission for users.
Types of SQL Commands
 There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL

DDL or Data Definition Language

DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can be used to define the
database schema. It simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and
modify the structure of database objects in the database. DDL is a set of SQL commands used to create,
modify, and delete database structures but not data.
List of DDL commands:
CREATE: This command is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function,
views, store procedure, and triggers).
DROP: This command is used to delete objects from the database.
ALTER: This is used to alter the structure of the database.
DML (Data Manipulation Language):
The SQL commands that deal with the manipulation of data present in the database belong to DML or
Data Manipulation Language and this includes most of the SQL statements. It is the component of the
SQL statement that controls access to data and to the database. Basically, DCL statements are grouped
with DML statements.
List of DML commands:
INSERT : It is used to insert data into a table.
UPDATE: It is used to update existing data within a table.
DELETE : It is used to delete records from a database table.
Difference between DDL and DML:
DDL DML
It stands for Data Definition Language. It stands for Data Manipulation Language.
It is used to create database schema and can be used to It is used to add, retrieve or update the data.
define some constraints as well.
 It basically defines the column (Attributes) of the table. It add or update the row of the table. These
rows are called as tuple.
DATATYPES
 Text Data types
Char(size) – fixed length of size bytes
Varchar(size)-variable length of size
bytes Varchar2(size)-variable length
of size bytes
 Number Data types
Integer(size)or Int- It represents a number without
decimal point Float(Size)-It represents a floating point
number
Real-Same as float but no size argument is used
 Date data type
Date , Time

CONSTRAINTS
A Constraint is a condition or check applicable on a field or set of fields.
Types of Constraints:
 Unique Constraint :-This ensures that no rows have the same value in the specified
column(s)
Example
CREATE TABLE EMP (ecode integer
unique, ename char(20),sex char(1),
grade char(2));
Unique constraint applied on ecode of EMP table ensures that no rows have the same
ecode value .
 Primary key Constraint:-
This declares a column as the primary key of the table. This is similar to unique constraint
except that one column (or one group of columns) can be applied in this constraint .
The primary key cannot allow NULL values but Unique key allows NULL values.
The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the "ID" column when the "Persons" table is
created:
CREATE TABLE
Persons (ID int
NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT
NULL, FirstName varchar(255),
Age int PRIMARY KEY (ID));
 Not null: -This constraint ensures column should not be NULL
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMP(
ecode integer Not null
unique, ename char(20),
sex
char(1),
grade
char(2));
DATABASE COMMANDS IN MYSQL
 CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE is the SQL command used for creating a database in MySQL.
Imagine you need to create a database with name “movies”. You can create a database in MySQL by
executing following SQL command
Syntax: mysql>CREATE DATABASE movies;
 SHOW DATABASES
You can see list of existing databases by running following SQL command.
Syntax: mysql>SHOW DATABASES;
 USE
You can use SQL command USE to select a particular database.
Syntax: mysql>USE database_name;
 DROP DATABASE
The DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing SQL database.
Syntax: mysql>DROP DATABASE database_name;
CREATE TABLE
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype, column2 datatype, column3 datatype,.......);
Example: The following example creates a table called "Persons" that contains five columns:
PersonID, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City:
CREATE TABLE Persons
( PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) );
SHOW TABLES
We can get the number of table information of a database using the following statement:
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
DESCRIBE TABLE
Use the DESCRIBE command to show the structure of the table, such as column names, constraints on
column names, etc. The DESC command is a short form of the DESCRIBE command. Both DESCRIBE
and DESC commands are equivalent.
Syntax The following are the syntax to display the table structure:
mysql> DESCRIBE | DESC table_name;
ALTER TABLE
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table. The ALTER
TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various constraints on an existing table.
ALTER TABLE - ADD Column/Attribute
 ALTER TABLE - ADD A COLUMN
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
Example ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email varchar(255);

 ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN

 To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Example ALTER TABLE Customers DROP COLUMN Email;

 ALTER TABLE- ADD PRIMARY KEY

To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" column when the table is already created, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (Column_name);
Example : ALTER TABLE Persons ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

 ALTER TABLE-DROP PRIMARY KEY

To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following
SQL: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PRIMARY
KEY;
Example : ALTER TABLE Persons DROP PRIMARY KEY;

DROP TABLE
The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an existing table in a database.
Syntax DROP TABLE table_name;
DROP TABLE Shippers;

INSERT:
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
INSERT INTO Syntax:
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways:
1. Specify both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

2. If you are adding values for all the columns of the table, you do not need to specify the column
names in the SQL query. However, make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the
columns in the table. Here, the INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

DELETE:
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.
DELETE Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Note: Be careful when deleting records in a table! Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE statement.
The WHERE clause specifies which record(s) should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records in the table will be deleted!
The following SQL statement deletes all rows in the "Customers" table, without deleting the
table: DELETE FROM Customers;

UPDATE
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.
UPDATE Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
UPDATE Table
The following SQL statement updates the first customer (CustomerID = 1) with a new contact person
and a new city.
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;

SELECT
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
SELECT Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2, ... are the field names of the table you want to select data from. If you want to
select all the fields available in the table, use the following syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;

WHERE Clause:
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
WHERE Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Operators in The WHERE Clause

The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:
Operator Description
= Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=
BETWEEN Between a certain range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN To specify multiple possible values for a column
AND, OR and NOT Operators
The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:
 The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
 The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.
 The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT
TRUE. AND Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
OR Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
NOT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
 FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
IN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.
BETWEEN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.
There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
 The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or multiple characters
 The underscore sign (_) represents one, single character
The percent sign and the underscore can also be used in combinations!
LIKE Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

LIKE Operator Description

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 2
characters in length
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a %' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3
characters in length
WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"

SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a temporary name.
Aliases are often used to make column names more readable.
An alias only exists for the duration of that query.
An alias is created with the AS keyword.
Alias Column Syntax: SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
Alias Table
Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;

DISTINCT
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.
Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the
different (distinct) values.
SELECT DISTINCT Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name;
SELECT Example Without DISTINCT
The following SQL statement selects all (including the duplicates) values from the "Country" column in
the "Customers" table:
Eg: SELECT Country FROM Customers;
Now, let us use the SELECT DISTINCT statement and see the result.
SELECT DISTINCT Examples
The following SQL statement selects only the DISTINCT values from the "Country" column in the
"Customers" table:
SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
The following SQL statement lists the number of different (distinct) customer countries:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Country) FROM Customers;

NULL value
A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.
If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or update a record without adding a
value to this field. Then, the field will be saved with a NULL value. It is not possible to test for NULL
values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>.
We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.
IS NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;
IS NOT NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
The IS NULL Operator
The IS NULL operator is used to test for empty values (NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a NULL value in the "Address" field:
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address FROM Customers WHERE Address IS NULL;
The IS NOT NULL Operator
The IS NOT NULL operator is used to test for non-empty values (NOT NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a value in the "Address" field:
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address FROM Customers WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;

ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in
descending order, use the DESC keyword.
ORDER BY Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
 ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country;
ORDER BY DESC Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted DESCENDING by
the "Country" column:
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country DESC;
ORDER BY Several Columns Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the "Country"
and the "CustomerName" column. This means that it orders by Country, but if some rows have the
same Country, it orders them by CustomerName:
Eg: SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

AGGREGATE (GROUP) FUNCTIONS

 Aggregate functions are the functions that operate on a set of rows to give one result per group.
 These sets of rows on which group function is applied may be the whole table or the table split
into groups.
Types of Group Functions
Function Description
sum( ) Find the sum of numeric values
avg( ) Find the average of numeric values
count( ) Counts the number of rows in a table
max( ) Find the maximum among all the values in a column
min( ) Find the minimum among all the values in a column
Remember the following points about group functions:
 All group functions, except count(*) ignore NULL values
 Functions -sum( ),avg( ) are used with NUMERIC data.
 Functions -min( ) and max( ) can be used with any data type.
Example: Consider the following table employee

sum( ), average( ), minimum( ), maximum( ) function

Q: Find the sum, average, minimum, maximum value of salaries of employees in the employee table
count( ) function
Count ( ) has got three formats:

count(*)
This function returns the number of rows in the table that satisfy the criteria of select
statement. In its counting, it includes duplicate rows and rows with NULL values in any of the
column Example:
Q: Count the number of employees in the employee table.

count(<col name>)
This function returns the number of not null values in the specified column, but includes duplicate
values in counting
Example

Q: Count the number of grades of employees in the employee table.

count(DISTINCT <col name>)

This function returns the number of unique, not null values in the specified column.
Example
Q: Count the number of different grades of the employee
Grouping Records (Group by clause)
 To divide the rows in a table into smaller groups of information, group by clause is used.
 It combines all identical rows in a group of fields.
 A column name is used for
grouping Syntax: -
SELECT [DISTINCT] <COL LIST> FROM <TABLE NAME>
[WHERE <CONDITION>]
[GROUP BY < GROUP BY EXPR>]
[HAVING <CONDITION>]
ORDER BY <COL NAME>/<EXPR> ASC/DESC];
NOTE -
 Group by expression specifies the columns whose values determine the basics for grouping rows
 WHERE clause is always before GROUP BY if required.
Example
Q. Display the no of employees in each zone.

Q. Display the no of employees in each zone whose salary is greater than 32000

Having clause
 This clause is used to restrict rows resulting after grouping.
 Steps followed in execution of select with group by and having clause-
1. Rows are grouped according to the columns in the group by clause.
2. Then the group function is applied.
3. Groups matching with having clauses are displayed.
Example
Q. Display only whose departments with sum of salaries whose total salary is greater than 70000.

Cartesian Product (Cross Join or Unrestricted Join)

 Returns all the rows in the two tables listed in the query.
 Each row of the first table is paired with all the rows in the second table.
 This happens when there is no relationship between two
tables. Example- Consider the following tables

Q: To display the name of the employees and their department name.

JOINS IN MYSQL
 A join is used when data from two or more tables is required.
 Rows in one table can be joined to the rows in another table based on the common values
existing in corresponding columns of two tables.
 Joins are used to retrieve data from tables related to each other with primary- foreign key
relationships.
 There are many types of joins:
EQUI JOIN
 Specified columns from the joining tables are checked for equality.
 Values from joining tables are retrieved only if the condition in where clause is
satisfied. SYNTAX:-
SELECT <column_name (s)>
FROM <table_name1>, <table_name2>,....., <table_nameN>
WHERE <table_name1>.<column_name> = <table_name2>.<column_name>;
Q: To display the name of the employee and their department

Note-You should always qualify the columns when joining tables having the same name as
corresponding columns. To qualify the columns we use “.” (dot) operator.
Natural Join
This clause is based on all the columns in the two tables that have the same name. It selects the rows
from two tables that have equal values in the matched columns.
SYNTAX:-
SELECT [column_names / *] FROM table_name1 NATURAL JOIN table_name2;
Example- consider the same tables employee and department.
Q: To display the name of employee and department of all employee.

Note-No need to specify the column names to join. Works with same column name in both the tables.
The Resulting table has unique columns.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following SQL commands is used to use/select a particular database?
a. use b. select c. view d. project
2 Which SQL command is used to define and maintain physical structure or schema of table
in database like creating, altering and deleting database object such as table and
constraints?
a. DDL b. DML c. DCL d. TCL
3 Which commands is used to show all table in current using database?
a. display tables; b. show tables; c. view tables; d. select all tables;
4 Identify the MySQL Commands that belongs to DML category :
a. ALTER b. DROP c. DELETE d. CREATE
5 Which command is used in where clause to search NULL values in a particular column?
a. IS NULL b. IN NULL c. NOT NULL d. IS NOT NULL
6 Wild card operator (%,_) are used with?
a. count b. max c. like d. min
7 Prapti is presently working in the database SUBJECT. She wants to change and go to
the database RECORD. Choose the correct statement in MySQL to go to the database
RECORD.
a. GO TO DATABASE RECORD; b. USE DATABASE RECORD;
c. CHANGE DATABASE RECORD; d. USE RECORD;
8 Which SQL clause is used in database table to eliminate duplicate rows from the query
result?
a. group by b. distinct c. describe d. duplicate
9 Which SQL function is used to count the entire number of row in database table?
a. count b. count(*) c. max d. min
10 Which SQL function is used to determine the no. of row or non-null values?
a. min b. max c. count d. sum
ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a
6 c 7 b 8 b 9 b 10 c
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS
Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
1 Assertion(A): The resultset refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the
database executing an SQL Query.
Reason (R): Resultset stored in a cursor object can be extracted by using fetch(…)
functions.
2 Assertion(A): In SQL, aggregate function avg( )calculates the average value on a set of
values and produce a single result.
Reason (R): The aggregate functions are used to perform some fundamental arithmetic
tasks such as min( ), max( ), sum( ) etc.
 3 Assertion(A): Primary key is a set of one or more attributes that identify tuples in a
relation.
Reason (R): The primary key constraint is a combination of the NOT NULL and UNIQUE
constraints.
4 Assertion(A): Foreign key is a non-key attribute whose value is derived from primary key
of another table.
Reason (R): Each foreign key refers a candidate key in a relation.
5 Assertion(A): The SELECT statement in SQL is used to retrieve data from one or more
tables.
Reason(R): The SELECT statement can be used to retrieve all columns or a subset of
columns from a table.
ANSWERS
1 b 2 B 3 a 4 b 5 a
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 Deepika wants to remove all rows from the table BANK. But she needs to keep the structure
of the table. Which command is used to implement the same?
2 While creating table ‘customer’, Rahul forgot to add column ‘price’. Which command is used
to add new column in the table. Write the command to implement the same.
3 Mitali is a database programmer, She has to write the query from EMPLOYEE table to search
for the employee who are not getting any commission, for this she has written the query as:
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE commission=null; But the query is not producing the
correct output, help her and correct the query so that she gets the desired output.
4 Which clause is used to eliminate the duplicate rows from output?
5 Which command is used to see information like name of columns, data type, size.
6 Differentiate between order by and group by clause in SQL with appropriate example.
7 Categorize the following commands as DDL or DML: INSERT, UPDATE, ALTER, DROP.
8 Muneer has created a database “school” and table “student”. Now he wants to view all the
databases present in his laptop. Help him to write SQL command for that , also to view the
structure of the table he created
9 Ms. Minakshi has just created a table named “Staff” containing Columns Sname,
Department and Salary. After creating the table, she realized that she has forgotten to add a
primary key in the table. Help her in writing an SQL command to add a primary key - StaffId
of integer type to the table Staff.Thereafter, write the command to insert the following
record in the table: StaffId – 111,Sname- Shalu,Department: Marketing,Salary: 45000
10 Meera working as database developer in Syntel Pvt Ltd Company Agra. She is designing as
SQL table names A & B .If a MySQL table A has 5 columns and 6 rows and another table B has
3 columns and 4 rows, then what will be the degree and cardinality of the cartesian product
of A and B?
11 Sunil decides to delete phoneno column from a table student . Write the SQL command to
remove the column in the student table. Also mention the type of SQL command.
12 Write SQL command to remove the Primary Key constraint from a table, named M_ID is the
primary key of the table MOBILE.
13 Write SQL command to make the column M_ID the Primary Key of an already existing table,
named MOBILE.
14 What constraint should be applied on a table column so that duplicate values are not
allowed in that column, but NULL is allowed.
ANSWERS:
1 delete from BANK;
2 ALTER TABLE customer add price int;
3 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE commission is null;
4 Distinct
5 DESCRIBE or DESC
6 ORDER BY is used to sort the result set based on one or more columns, either in ascending
(ASC) or descending (DESC) order whereas group by is used to group rows that have the
same values in specified columns into summary rows, often used with aggregate functions.
Eg: SELECT name, salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
This will list all employees and their salaries, sorted by salary from highest to lowest.
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS average_salary FROM employees GROUP BY
department;
This will group employees by department and show the average salary for each department.
7 DDL –ALTER , DROP
DML-INSERT , UPDATE
8 SHOW DATABASES;
SHOW TABLES;
9 ALTER TABLE Staff ADD StaffId INT;
ALTER TABLE Staff ADD CONSTRAINT pk_staff PRIMARY KEY (StaffId);
INSERT INTO Staff (StaffId, Sname, Department, Salary) VALUES (111, 'Shalu', 'Marketing',
45000);
10 Degree = 8 Cardinality = 24
11 ALTER TABLE student DROP phoneno
It’s a DDL command.
12 ALTER TABLE mobile DROP PRIMARY KEY;
13 ALTER TABLE mobile ADD PRIMARY KEY (M_ID);
14 UNIQUE constraint makes sure that duplicate values are not allowed in that column, but
NULL will be allowed.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS II
1 Meenu has been entrusted with the management of NSE Database. She needs to access some
information from STOCK and TRADERS tables for a survey analysis.
Help him extract the following information by writing the desired SQL queries as mentioned
below.

Table Name: TRADERS

TCODE TNAME CITY
T01 RELIANCE DIGITAL MUMBAI
T02 TATA DIGITAL BHUBANESWAR
T03 BIRLA DIGITAL NEW DELHI
Table name: STOCK
SCODE SNAME QTY PRICE BRAND TCODE
1001 COMPUTER 90 45000 DELL T01
1006 LCD PROJECTOR 40 42000 NEC T02
1004 IPAD 100 55000 APPLE T01
1003 DIGITAL CAMERA 160 15000 SAMSUNG T02
 1005 LAPTOP 600 35000 HP T03
Write SQL queries for the following:
(i) Display the SNAME, QTY, PRICE, TCODE, and TNAME of all the stocks in the STOCK
and TRADERS tables.
(ii) Display the details of all the stocks with a price >= 35000 and <=50000 (inclusive).
(iii) Display the SCODE, SNAME, QTY*PRICE as the “TOTAL PRICE” of BRAND “NEC”
or “HP” in ascending order of QTY*PRICE.
iv) Display the number of stock items in each TCODE.
OR
To display the Cartesian Product of these two tables
2 Consider the following tables employees, empsalary.
Table : Employees
Empid Firstname Lastname Address City
010 Ravi Kumar Raj nagar GZB
105 Harry Waltor Gandhi nagar GZB
152 Sam Tones 33 Elm St. Paris
215 Sarah Ackerman 440 U.S. 110 Upton
244 Manila Sengupta 24 Friends street New Delhi
300 Robert Samuel 9 Fifth Cross Washington
335 Ritu Tondon Shastri Nagar GZB
400 Rachel Lee 121 Harrison St. New York
441 Peter Thompson 11 Red Road Paris
Table: EmpSalary
Empid Salary Benefits Designation
010 75000 15000 Manager
105 65000 15000 Manager
152 80000 25000 Director
215 75000 12500 Manager
244 50000 12000 Clerk
300 45000 10000 Clerk
335 40000 10000 Clerk
400 32000 7500 Salesman
441 28000 7500 salesman
Write the SQL commands for the following:
a) To show first name, last name, address and city of all employees who lives in Paris.
b) To display the details of Employees table in descending order of First name.
c) To display the first name, last name and salary of all employees from the tables
Employee and EmpSalary, who are working as Manager.
Give the Output of following SQL commands:
d) Select designation, sum(salary) from empsalary group by
designation having count(*) > 2;
OR
d) Select sum(benefits) from empsalary where designation =’clerk’;
3 Consider the table PRODUCT and CLIENT given below:
PR_ID PR_NAME MANUFACTURER PRICE QTY
BS101 BATH SOAP PEARSE 45.00 25
 SP210 SHAMPOO SUN SILK 320.00 10
SP235 SHAMPOO DOVE 455.00 15
BS120 BATH SOAP SANTOOR 36.00 10
TB310 TOOTH BRUSH COLGATE 48.00 15
FW422 FACE WASH DETOL 66.00 10
BS145 BATH SOAP DOVE 38.00 20
C_ID C_NAME CITY PR_ID
01 DREAM MART COCHIN BS101
02 SHOPRIX DELHI TB310
03 BIG BAZAR DELHI SP235
04 LIVE LIFE CHENNAI FW422
Write SQL Queries for the following:
i) Display the details of those clients whose city is DELHI
ii) Increase the Price of all Bath soap by 10
iii) Display the details of Products having the highest price
iv) Display the product name, price, client name and city with their corresponding
matching product Id.
4 Write SQL Commands for (a) to (e) and write the outputs for (f) on the basis of table:
FURNITURE
NO ITEM NAME TYPE DATEOFSTOCK PRICE DISCOUNT
1 White Lotus Double Bed 2002-02-23 3000 25
2 Pink feathers Baby Cot 2002-01-29 7000 20
3 Dolphin Baby Cot 2002-02-19 9500 20
4 Decent Office Table 2002-02-01 25000 30
5 Comfort zone Double Bed 2002-02-12 25000 30
6 Donald Baby cot 2002-02-24 6500 15
7 Royal Finish Office Table 2002-02-20 18000 30
8 Royal tiger Sofa 2002-02-22 31000 30
9 Econo sitting Sofa 2001-12-13 9500 25
10 Eating Paradise Dinning Table 2002-12-19 11500 25
1. To show all the information about the Baby cots from the furniture table.
2. To list the itemname which are priced at more than 15000 from the furniture table.
3. To list itemname and type of those items, in which dateofstock is after 2002-02-01
from the furniture table in descending order of itemname
4. To display itemname and dateofstock of those items, in which the discount
percentage is more than 25 from the furniture table.

ANSWERS:
1 i) select sname, qty, price , stock.tcode, tname
from stock, traders where stock.tcode = traders.tcode;
ii) select * from stock where price between 35000 and 50000;
iii) select scode, sname, qty * price as "total price" from stock
where brand in ('nec', 'hp') order by qty * price asc;
iv) select tcode, count(*) as stock_count from stock group by tcode;
2 i) select firstname, lastname, address, city from employees where city = 'paris';
 ii) select * from employees order by firstname desc;
iii) select e. firstname, e. lastname, s. salary from employees e
join empsalary s on e.empid = s.empid where s.designation = 'manager';
iv) manager 215000
clerk 135000
or
32000
3 A) D_NAME
GUPTA
HANEEF
B) D_DEPT
ENT
MEDICINE
ORTHO
CARDIOLOGY
SKIN
C) D_NAME EXPERIENCE
DEEPTI 6
SUMAN 7
JOSEPH 10
GUPTA 12
HANEEF 12
VEENA 12
4 i) select * from client where city = 'delhi';
ii) update product set price = price + 10 where pr_name = 'bath soap';
iii) select * from product where price = (select max(price) from product);
iv) select p.pr_name, p.price, c.c_name, c.city from product p join client c on p.pr_id = c.pr_id;
5 i) select * from furniture where lower(type) = 'baby cot';
ii) select item_name from furniture where price > 15000;
iii) select item_name, type from furniture where dateofstock > '2002-02-01'
order by item_name desc;
iv) select item_name, dateofstock from furniture where discount > 25;

INTERFACE PYTHON WITH MySQL DATABASE

1. Installation of mysql.connector module

a) USE COMMAND : pip install mysql_connector_python

b) After Installation, check by connecting to MYSQL.

import mysql.connector as m
con = m.connect(host='localhost',user='root', passwd='1234', database='class')
 print(con.is_connected( ))
>>> True (OUTPUT)
The output came True, meaning successful connection with MYSQL has been established
2. Steps involved in MySQL-Python connectivity
1. Open python editor
2. Import the package required (import mysql.connector)
3. Open CONNECTION to the database
4. Create a CURSOR instance
5. Execute the QUERY via CURSOR object
6. Extract data from CURSOR object
7. Clean up the environment
3. Importing mysql.connector in python
 import mysql.connector
Or
 import mysql.connector as m
Note: “m” is an alias, which can be used in place of “mysql.connector” whenever a
function of module “mysql.connector” is required. We can use any valid IDENTIFIER as an
alias.
4. Open a connection to MySQL Database
To create connection, connect( ) function is used
Its syntax is:
import mysql.connector as m
con = connect (host= H , user= U, passwd= P , database= D)
 host ‘H’ means where the MySQL database is hosted, generally it is given as “localhost”
 user ‘U’ means user by which we connect with mysql generally it is given as “root”
 passwd ‘P’ is the password of MySQL for user “root”
 database ‘D’ is the name of database whose data(table) we want to use

After forming connection, check by using is_connected( )

is_connected( ) : This function returns True if connection has been formed.
import mysql.connector as m
con = m.connect(host='localhost',user='root', passwd='1234', database='class')
print(con.is_connected( ))
>>> True (OUTPUT)
The output came True, meaning successful connection with MYSQL has been established.
5. Creating the CURSOR Object :
 cursor object in MySQL-Python connectivity acts as a middleman between your Python
code and the MySQL database.
 It's used to execute SQL queries and fetch results from the database.
 Cursor object can be created using Connection object.
import mysql.connector as m
con = m.connect(host='localhost',user='root', passwd='1234', database='class')
 cur = con.cursor( )
Here ‘cur’ is the cursor object created on ‘con’ connection object. What the Cursor Object Does:
a) Execute SQL Commands.
b) Fetch Result from Database.
6. Executing Queries using execute( ) function with cursor object.
 The execute( ) function accepts the QUERY in the form of a STRING.
 The RESULT of the query is received in the cursor object.
import mysql.connector as m
con= m.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='1234', database='class')
cur = con.cursor( )
query = "SELECT * FROM users"
cur.execute(query)
7. Fetching the Result
 Fetching/Extracting the Data/Result stored inside CURSOR object after Executing the
QUERY.
 For this we have 3 functions which are applied on the CURSOR object ‘cur’.
a) fetchall( ): It will return list of all the records retrieved in tuple form.
b) fetchone( ): It will return one record from the result set.
c) fetchmany(n): It will return number of records as per value of n and by default only
one records in tuple form.
The SYNTAX for extracting data –
import mysql.connector as m
con= m.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='1234', database='class')
cur = con.cursor( )
query = "SELECT * FROM users"
cur.execute(query)
data = cur.fetchall( )
or
data = cur.fetchone( )
or
data = cur.fetchmany(n)
for row in data:
print(row) # Displaying Each Record of the TABLE.
As ROWS of the table are received inside a TUPLE, we can display each ROW by iterating over
data/result extracted from the cursor in python.

8. ROWCOUNT
 It is the property of the cursor object that returns the number of rows fetched from the
cursor object till that moment and not the number of records the executed query will
give.
SYNTAX –
count = cur.rowcount
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( ) # ASSUME TABLE HAS 10 ROWS
 cur.execute("select * from student") # All 10 ROWS are now in CURSOR
object data = cur.fetchone( ) # Only 1 ROW is fetched from CURSOR till now
print(cur.rowcount) # Output = 1
data = cur.fetchmany(4) # Total 5 ROWS have been fetched from CURSOR
print(cur.rowcount) # Output = 5
data = cur.fetchone( ) # Total 6 ROWS have been fetched from CURSOR
print(cur.rowcount) # Output = 6
data = cur.fetchall( ) # Remaining 4 ROWS have been fetched as well
print(cur.rowcount) # Output = 10
9. commit( )
After executing insert or update query we must commit our transaction using commit method of
connection object.
Eg: con.commit( )
10. con.close( )
Closing the connection, Since the database can keep limited number of connections at a time, we
must close the connection using connection_object.close( ).
Eg: con.close( )

STATIC QUERIES
Queries which are formed without passing any python object/variable/data.
Now we can execute any MySQL query through Python. Below are few examples static queries.
a) TO CREATE A TABLE IN MYSQL USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("CREATE TABLE FEES (ROLLNO INT, NAME VARCHAR(20), AMOUNT INT);")
b) TO SHOW THE TABLES IN MYSQL USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("SHOW TABLES")
for data in cur:
print(data)
c) TO DESCRIBE TABLE STRUCTURE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
mycursor.execute("DESC STUDENT")
for data in cur:
print(data)
d) TO EXECUTE SELECT QUERY USING A PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("select * from student")
 r=cur.fetchone( )
while r is not None:
print(r)
r=cur.fetchone( )
e) TO EXECUTE SELECT QUERY WITH WHERE CLAUSE USING A PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("select * from student where marks>90")
r=cur.fetchall( )
count=cur.rowcount
print("total no of rows:",count)
for row in r:
print(row)
f) TO UPDATE A DATA IN A TABLE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("UPDATE STUDENT SET MARKS=100 WHERE MARKS=40")
con.commit( )
print(cur.rowcount,"RECORD UPDATED")
g) TO DELETE A RECORD FROM THE TABLE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE MARKS<50")
con.commit( )
print(cur.rowcount,"RECORD DELETED")
h) TO DROP AN ENTIRE TABLE FROM MYSQL DATABASE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("DROP TABLE STUDENT")
i) TO ADD A COLUMN IN THE EXISTING TABLE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD AGE NT”)
con.commit( )
j) TO DROP A COLUMN FROM THE TABLE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("ALTER TABLE DROP AGE ”)
con.commit( )
k) TO ALTER THE DATATYPE OF A COLUMN IN A TABLE USING PYTHON INTERFACE
import mysql.connector as m
 con =m.connect(host="localhost",user="root", passwd="system", database="student")
cur=con.cursor( )
cur.execute("ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY GRADE CHAR(3)")

PARAMETERIZED QUERIES
Parameterize the query to add python variables/object into the string query to access values as
per the user’s input.
Example: to display record of a particular rollno.
There are two ways to use parameterized queries:
a) with { }.format pattern
b) with fstring & { } braces
1) Using {}.format pattern
(a)
rn = int(input(‘Enter Roll no. ‘)) # SUPPOSE USER ENTERS 10 AS ROLL NO
query = "select * from student where rollno = { }".format(rn)
cur.execute(query)
Note: “Here the format function will assign the value 10 in place of { } braces inside the
string query. python will convert it to-> query = "select * from student where rollno = 10"

(b)
Suppose we want to display the data based on the column name & value given by user
col_name = eval(input(‘Enter Column Name ‘)) # User entered Rollno
col_value = eval(input(‘Enter Column Value ‘)) # User entered 12
query = "select * from student where { } = { }".format(col_name , col_value)
# python will convert it to ->>> query = "select * from student where Rollno = 12 "
cur.execute(query)

(c)
Suppose we want to display the data from a specific class & section given by user
cls = eval(input(‘Enter Class ‘)) # User entered 12
sec = eval(input(‘Enter Section ‘)) # User entered A
query = "select * from student
where class = { } and section = ‘{ }’ ".format(cls , sec)
# python will convert it to ->>> query = "select * from student
where class = 12 and section = ‘A’ "
cur.execute(query)

2) Using fstring & { } braces

(a)
rn = int(input(‘Enter Roll no. ‘)) # SUPPOSE USER ENTERS 10 AS ROLL NO
query = f"select * from student where rollno = {rn}"
cur.execute(query)

Note: Here we add ‘f’ before the string & write the variable inside { } braces which
assigns the value 10 in place of {rn} inside the string query. python will convert it to->
query= "select * from student where rollno = 10"
 (b)
Suppose we want to display the data based on the column name & value given by user
col_name = eval(input(‘Enter Column Name ‘)) # User entered Rollno
col_value = eval(input(‘Enter Column Value ‘)) # User entered 12
query = f”select * from student where { col_name } = { col_value } “
cur.execute(query)
Note: python will convert it to ->>> query = "select * from student where Rollno = 12 "

(c)
Suppose we want to display the data from a specific class & section given by user
cls = eval(input(‘Enter Class ‘)) # User entered 12
sec = eval(input(‘Enter Section ‘)) # User entered A
query = f ”select * from student where class = {cls} and section = ‘{sec}’ “
cur.execute(query)

Note: python will convert it to ->>> query = "select * from student where class = 12
and section = ‘A’ "

Multiple Choice Questions

1 Which of the following command is used to connect Python with MySQL?
a) mysql.connect( ) b) MySQL.connector.connect( )
c) mysql.connector.connect( ) d) connect.mysql( )
2 Which module needs to be imported to use MySQL in Python?
a) mysql b) sqlite3 c) MySQL d) mysql.connector
3 What does the cursor( ) method do in MySQL Python connector?
a) Executes the SQL commands directly
b) Establishes a connection to the database
c) Creates a cursor object to interact with the database
d) Creates a database
4 Which method is used to execute SQL queries in Python?
a) executeQuery( ) b) run( ) c) execute( ) d) query( )
5 Which method is used to retrieve all rows from the executed query?
a) fetchone( ) b) fetchall( ) c) getrows( ) d) read( )
6 After performing an INSERT operation, which method is used to save the changes in the
database?
a) commit( ) b) save( ) c) flush( ) d) update( )
7 Which of the following is not a valid parameter in mysql.connector.connect( )?
a) host b) username c) user d) password
8 What is the purpose of the close( ) method?
a) To close the database file b) To shut down the MySQL server
c) To close the cursor or connection d) To delete the database
9 Which of the following is correct for selecting a database after connection?
a) cursor.select("mydb") b) connection.database("mydb")
c) cursor.execute("USE mydb") d) connect.use("mydb")
10 What is the output type of fetchall( )?
a) List of strings b) Tuple of strings
c) List of tuples d) Dictionary
Answers
1 C 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 B
6 A 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 C

Assertion Reasoning Questions

Each question contains Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

1 Assertion (A): The cursor( ) method is used to execute SQL queries in Python.
Reason (R): The cursor object allows interaction with the database.
2 Assertion (A): cursor.fetchall( ) is used to delete all records from a table.
Reason (R): fetchall( ) retrieves all records returned by a SELECT query.
3 Assertion (A): mysql.connector.connect( ) requires parameters like host, user, password,
and database to connect successfully.
Reason (R): mysql.connector.connect( ) is used to establish a connection between Python
and MySQL.
4 Assertion (A): commit( ) is used after every SELECT query to save the fetched results.
Reason (R): commit( ) saves changes made by INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations.
5 Assertion (A): The close( ) method is mandatory after the database operations are
completed.
Reason (R): Keeping database connections open unnecessarily may lead to resource
leakage.
Answers
1 A 2 D 3 A 4 D 6 A

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 Which command is use to install MySQL library in python?
2 Which method we use to establish the connection?
3 Which statement we use to access the MySQL module?
4 What is the Database Connector?
5 Which function is used to check the successful connection?
Answers
1 pip install MySQL. Connector
2 connect( ) method with connection object.
3 import mysql.connector
4 A database connector is a software that connects an application to any database.
5 .is_connected( ) method

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 What are the steps for creating database connectivity applications?
2 What is a connection? What is its role?
3 What is a resultset?
4 What is a database cursor?
 5 How to retrieve data from a table?
Answers
1 To create database connectivity, follow the given steps:
Step 1: Start Python
Step 2: Import mysql.connector
Step 3: Open a connection to the database
Step 4: Create a cursor instance
Step 5: Execute a query
Step 6: Extract data from result set
Step 7. Clean up the environment
2 A connection (represented by the connection object) is the session between the application
program and database. To do anything with database, one must have a connection object.
3 A result set refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by
executing a query and made available to the application program.
4 A database cursor is a special control structure that facilitates row by row processing of
records in the result set, i.e., the set of records retrieved as per the query.
5 There are multiple ways to retrieve data:
i. fetchall( ) – fetches all the remaining rows of a query result, current pointer position
forwards
ii. fetchone( ) – fetches the next row as a sequence; returns None when no more data
iii. fetchmany(n) :It will return number of records as per value of n and by-default only one
record.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Write a Python code to connect to a database
2 How to create a database in MySQL through Python ?
3 Write the Python code to display the present databases in MySQL
4 How to create a table in MySQL through Python ?
5 Write the Python code to insert data into student table of database kvs .
6 How to fetch data in Python from a student table of education database?
7 Write the Python code to update a record in the student table of education database.
8 Write the Python code to delete a record from the student table of education database
9 Mr.Harsh want to interface python with mysql and write some code help him to write the
code
import .connector as m #Line1
mydb=m. (host=”localhost”,user=”root”,
passwd=”tiger”,database=” choo ”) # Line2
cursor=mydb. () #Line3
cursor. (“select * from student”) #Line4
data=cursor. () #Line5 To retrieved all records
count=cursor__________________________________________________#Line6
10 What is the difference between fetchone( ), fetchmany( ), fetchall( )?
Answers
1 import mysql.connector as m
Mycon=m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”, password=”tiger”,database=”project”)
print(mycon)
2 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“create database education”)
mycon.commit( )
3 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“show databases”)
for i in cursor:
print(i)
4 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”, password=”tiger”)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
query = “create table student(admn_no int primary key, sname varchar(30), gender char(2),
DOB date, stream varchar(10), mark float”
cursor.execute(query)
mycon.commit( )
5 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
no=int(input(“Enter admission no “))
n=input(“Enter name “)
g=input(“Enter gender ”)
dob=input(“Enter DOB “)
st=input(“Enter stream “)
m=float(input(“Enter m rk ”))
query= “insert into student values( {}, ‘{}’ , ‘{}’ , ’{}’ , ’{}’ , {} )”.format( no,n,g,dob, st,m)
cursor.execute(query)
mycon.commit( )
6 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”,
database = ‘education’)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“select * from student”)
for row in cursor:
print(row)
7 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”, database = ‘education’)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“update student set marks =67 where admn_no=306”)
mycon.commit( )
8 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”, database = ‘education’)
cursor=mycon.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“delete from student where admn_no=308 ”)
mycon.commit( )
 9 Line1:-mysql, Line2:-connect, Line3:cursor, Line4: execute, Line5: fetchall, Line6: rowcount
10 fetchone( )
 Returns: A single row from the result set as a tuple (or None if no more rows).
fetchmany(size)
 Returns: A list of up to size rows, each as a tuple.
fetchall( )
 Returns: A list of all remaining rows as tuples in the result set.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 A table, named STATIONERY, in ITEMDB database, has the following structure:
Field Type
itemNo int(11)
itemName varchar(15)
price float
qty int(11)
Assume the following for Python-Database connectivity:
Host: localhost, User: root, Password: Pencil
Write the following Python function to perform the specified operation:
Add( ): To input details of an item and store it in the table STATIONERY.
Display( ): The function should then retrieve and display all records from the STATIONERY
table where the Price is greater than 120.
2 Sartaj has created a table named CLASS in MYSQL database, CLASS:
rno(Roll number )- integer
name(Name) - string
DOB (Date of birth) – Date
Fee – float
Note the following to establish connectivity between Python and MySQL:
Username – root, Password – tiger, Host – localhost, DB – SC
Sartaj, now wants to display the records of students whose fee is more than
5000. Help Sartaj to write the program in Python.
3 Kabir wants to write a program in Python to insert the following record in the table named
CLASS in MYSQL database SC, CLASS:
rno(Roll number)- integer
name (Name) - string
DOB (Date of birth) –
Date Fee – float
Note the following to establish connectivity between Python and MySQL:
Username – root, Password – tiger, Host – localhost, DB – SC
The values of fields rno, name, DOB and fee has to be accepted from
the user. Help Kabir to write the program in Python.
4 Rehaan wants to write a program in Python to insert the following record in the table named
EMP in MYSQL database COMPANY:
a. eno(Empno)- integer
b. ename(Name) - string
c. DOB (Date of birth) – Date
d. Salary – float
 Note the following to establish connectivity between Python and MySQL:
Username – root, Password – password, Host - localhost
The values of fields eno, name, DOB and salary has to be accepted from the user. Help Rehaan to
write the program in Python.

Answers:
1 import mysql.connector as m
mycon= m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”Pencil”)
mycursor=mycon.cursor( )
def Add(mycursor):
mycursor.execute(‘use ITEMDB’)
n = int(input(‘Enter no. of Items to be entered: ’))
for i in range(n):
ino = int(input(‘Enter Item no: ’))
inm = input(‘Enter Item name: ’)
ipr = float(input(‘Enter Item price: ’))
iq = int(input(‘Enter Item quantity: ’))
query = f ”insert into STATIONARY values({ino},’{inm}’,{ipr},{iq})”
mycursor.execute(query)
mycon.commit( )
def Display(mycursor):
mycursor.execute(‘use ITEMDB’)
query = ‘Select * from STATIONARY where price > 120’
mycursor.execute(query)
data = mycursor.fetchall( )
for record in data:
print(‘Item No = ‘ , record[0])
print(‘Item Name = ‘ , record[1])
print(‘Item Price = ‘ , record[2])
print(‘Item Qty = ‘ , record[3])
Add(mycursor)
Display(mycursor)
mycon.close( )
2 def Display(mycursor):
query = ‘Select * from CLASS where Fee > 5000’
mycursor.execute(query)
data = mycursor.fetchall( )
for record in data:
print(‘Roll No = ‘ , record[0])
print(‘Name = ‘ , record[1])
print(‘DOB = ‘ , record[2])
print(‘Fee = ‘ , record[3])
import mysql.connector as m
mycon=m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”, database=’SC’)
mycursor=mycon.cursor( )
Display(mycursor)
 mycon.close( )
3 def Add(mycursor):
n = int(input(‘Enter no. of Student Records to be entered: ’))
for i in range(n):
rn = int(input(‘Enter Student Roll No: ’))
nm = input(‘Enter Student name: ’)
dob = input(‘Enter Student DOB as ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ : ’))
fee = float(input(‘Enter Student Fee: ’))
query = f ”insert into CLASS values({rn},’{nm}’,’{dob}’,{fee})”
mycursor.execute(query)
mycon.commit( )
import mysql.connector as m
mycon=m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”tiger”, database=’SC’)
mycursor=mycon.cursor( )
Add(mycursor)
mycon.close( )
4 def Add(mycursor):
mycursor.execute(‘use COMPANY’)
n = int(input(‘Enter no. of Records to be entered: ’))
for i in range(n):
en = int(input(‘Enter Student Roll No: ’))
enm = input(‘Enter Student name: ’)
dob = input(‘Enter Student DOB as ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ : ’))
sal = float(input(‘Enter Student Fee: ’))
query = f ”insert into EMP values({en},’{enm}’,’{dob}’,{sal})”
mycursor.execute(query)
mycon.commit( )
import mysql.connector as m
mycon=m.connect(host=”localhost”,user=”root”,password=”password”)
mycursor=mycon.cursor( )
Add(mycursor)
mycon.close( )
 All Important Abbreviations for CBSE Board Exams

🔹 1. Network Types
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
PAN Personal Area Network Network within a few meters (Bluetooth).
LAN Local Area Network Network within school/building.
MAN Metropolitan Area Network Network across a city.
WAN Wide Area Network Network across countries (Internet).

🔹 2. Network Devices
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
NIC Network Interface Card Connects a computer to the network.
MAC Media Access Control Unique address of a device.
HUB — Simple device that broadcasts data.
SWITCH — Smart device that filters and forwards data.
ROUTER — Connects multiple networks.
MODEM Modulator-Demodulator Converts digital ↔ analog signals.
RJ45 Registered Jack 45 Connector for Ethernet cable.

🔹 3. Communication Media
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair Common cable in LAN.
STP Shielded Twisted Pair Cable with extra protection.
OFC Optical Fiber Cable High-speed data cable.
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity Wireless networking.
Li-Fi Light Fidelity Data through light waves.

🔹 4. Internet Protocols
Abbreviation Full Form Use
IP Internet Protocol Addressing system for devices.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Reliable data transfer.
UDP User Datagram Protocol Fast but unreliable.
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Web communication.
HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure Secure web connection.
FTP File Transfer Protocol File transfer between systems.
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Sending emails.
POP3 Post Office Protocol v3 Downloading emails.
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol Email access without download.
DNS Domain Name System Converts domain to IP address.
URL Uniform Resource Locator Web address of a site.
ISP Internet Service Provider Provides Internet connection.

5. Security & Networking Concepts

Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
VPN Virtual Private Network Secure Internet connection.
SSL Secure Socket Layer Data encryption protocol.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 1
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
OTP One Time Password Temporary password.
IDS Intrusion Detection System Detects network attacks.
DoS Denial of Service Attack that makes network unavailable.
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service Large-scale DoS attack.
FIREWALL — Security barrier between networks.

🔹 6. Networking Techniques / Topologies

Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection Ethernet access method.
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance Wi-Fi access method.
IPX/SPX Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequenced Packet Exchange Old Novell protocol.

🔹 7. Advanced / Rarely Asked (but appear in Case Studies)

Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
ARP Address Resolution Protocol Maps IP to MAC address.
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Maps MAC to IP address.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Assigns IP automatically.
NAT Network Address Translation Converts private IPs to public IPs.
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Used by ping command.
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Voice communication over Internet.
IoT Internet of Things Smart connected devices.
XML eXtensible Markup Language Data storage format.
JSON JavaScript Object Notation Lightweight data format.
🔹 8. Web Technology
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language Creates web pages.
CSS Cascading Style Sheets Styles web pages.
JS JavaScript Adds interactivity to web pages.
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor Server-side scripting.
SQL Structured Query Language Database language.
🔹 9. Miscellaneous
Abbreviation Full Form Meaning
GUI Graphical User Interface Visual interface using icons.
CLI Command Line Interface Text-based command interface.
Mbps Megabits per second Internet speed measure.
Bps Bits per second Data transfer rate.
TLD Top Level Domain Last part of website (e.g., .com, .in).

XII CS CBSE SAMPLE PAPER BLUEPRINT 2025-26

SECTIONS TOTAL QUES Q.NO MARKS TOTAL MARKS
SECTION A 21 1-21 01 21
SECTION B 07 22-28 02 14
SECTION C 03 29-31 03 09
SECTION D 04 32-35 04 16

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 2
 SECTION E 02 36-37 05 10
37 70

SECTIONS🡪 A(1) B(7) C(3) D(4) E(2)

UNIT1

Q.22
Revision of Python topics covered in Q.23
11 Q.31
Class XI. Q.24
Q.26

Functions: Q.25

Exception handling 1

Introduction to files

Text file: Q.29

Binary file: Q.36

CSV file: Q.33

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 3
 Data Structure: Q.30

UNIT2

Evolution of networking:

Data communication terminologies:

Transmission media:

Network devices 1 Q.28

Q.37

Network topologies and Network

types:

Network protocol: 1

Introduction to web services: 1 Q.28

UNIT3

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 4
 Database concepts:

Relational data model: 3

Q.32
Structured Query Language: 3 Q.27
Q.34

Interface of python with an SQL

Q.35
database:

NUMBER OF QUESTION 21 7 3 4 2
TOTAL MARKS 21 14 09 16 10

COMPUTER SCIENCE – Code No. 083

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER*
Class - XII - (2025-26)
Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
This question paper contains 37 questions.
All questions are compulsory. However, internal choices have been provided in some
questions. Attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
The paper is divided into 5 Sections- A, B, C, D and E.
Section A consists of 21 questions (1 to 21). Each question carries 1 Mark.
Section B consists of 7 questions (22 to 28). Each question carries 2 Marks.
Section C consists of 3 questions (29 to 31). Each question carries 3 Marks.
Section D consists of 4 questions (32 to 35). Each question carries 4 Marks.
Section E consists of 2 questions (36 to 37). Each question carries 5 Marks.
All programming questions are to be answered using Python Language only.
In-case of MCQ, text of the correct answer should also be written.

Q No. Section-A (21 x 1 = 21 Marks) Marks

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 5
 1 State if the following statement is True or False: 1
Using the statistics module, the output of the below statements will be 20: import
statistics
statistics.median([10, 20, 10, 30, 10, 20, 30])

2 What will be the output of the following code? 1

L = ["India", "Incredible", "Bharat"]
print(L[1][0] + L[2][-1])

a) IT b) it c) It d) iT
3 Consider the given expression: 1
print(19<11 and 29>19 or not 75>30)
Which of the following will be the correct output of the given expression?
a) True b) False c) Null d) No output
4 In SQL, which type of Join(s) may contain duplicate column(s)? 1
5 What will be the output of the following Python code? 1
str= "Soft Skills"
print(str[-3::-3])
a) lSf b) Stkl c) StKi d) l
6 Write the output of the following Python code : 1
for k in range(7,40,6):
print ( k + '-' )
7 What will be the output of the following Python statement: 1
print(10-3**2**2+144/12)
8 Consider the given SQL Query: 1
SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees HAVING COUNT(*) > 5 GROUP BY
department;
Saanvi is executing the query but not getting the correct output. Write the correction.
9 What will be the output of the following Python code? 1
try:
x = 10 / 0
except Exception:
print("Some other error!")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by zero error!")
a) Division by zero error! b) Some other error!
c) ZeroDivisionError d) Nothing is printed
10 What will be the output of the following Python code? 1
my_dict = {"name": "Alicia", "age": 27, "city": "DELHI"}
print(my_dict.get("profession", "Not Specified"))
a) Alicia b)DELHI c)None d)Not Specified
11 What possible output is expected to be displayed on the screen at the time of execution of 1
the Python program from the following code?

import random
L=[10,30,50,70]
Lower=random.randint(2,2)
Upper=random.randint(2,3)
for K in range(Lower, Upper+1):
*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 6
 17 is a protocol used for retrieving emails from a mail server. 1
a) SMTP b) FTP c) POP3 d) PPP
18 Which of the following is correct about using a Hub and Switch in a computer network? 1
a) A hub sends data to all devices in a network, while a switch sends data to the
specific device.
b) A hub sends data only to the devices it is connected to, while a switch sends data to all
devices in a network.
c) A hub and switch function the same way and can be used interchangeably.
d) A hub and switch are both wireless networking devices.
19 Which of the following is used to create the structure of a web page? 1
a) CSS b) HTML c) JavaScript d) FTP
Q20 and Q21 are Assertion(A) and Reason(R) based questions. Mark the correct choice as:
a) Both A and R are True and R is the correct explanation for A.
b) Both A and R are True and R is not the correct explanation for A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) A is False but R is True.
20 Assertion (A): The expression (1, 2, 3, 4).append(5) in Python will modify the original 1
sequence datatype.
Reason (R): The append() method adds an element to the end of a list and modifies the list
in place.
21 Assertion (A): A primary key must be unique and cannot have NULL values. 1
Reasoning (R): The primary key uniquely identifies each row in the table.

Q No. Section-B ( 7 x 2=14 Marks) Marks

22 A. Explain the difference between explicit and implicit type conversion in Python with a 2
suitable example.
OR
B. Explain the difference between break and continue statements in Python with a suitable
example.
23 The code provided below is intended to remove the first and last characters of a given 2
string and return the resulting string. However, there are syntax and logical errors in
the code.
Rewrite it after removing all the errors. Also, underline all the corrections made. define
remove_first_last(str):
if len(str) < 2:
return str
new_str = str[1:-2]
return new_str
result = remove_first_last("Hello")
Print("Resulting string: " result)

24 A. (Answer using Python built-in methods/functions only): 2

I. Write a statement to find the index of the first occurrence of the substring
"good" in a string named review.
II. Write a statement to sort the elements of list L1 in descending order.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 7
 OR
B. Predict the output of the following Python code:
text="Learn Python with fun and practice"
print(text.partition("with"))
print(text.count("a"))

25 A. Write a function remove_element() in Python that accepts a list L and a number n. If the 2
number n exists in the list, it should be removed. If it does not exist, print a message
saying "Element not found".
OR
B. Write a Python function add_contact() that accepts a dictionary phone_book, a name,
and a phone number. The function should add the name and phone number to
the dictionary. If the name already exists, print "Contact already exists" instead of
updating it.
26 Predict the output of the Python code given below : 2
emp = {"Arv": (85000,90000),"Ria": (78000,88000),"Jay": (72000,80000),"Tia":
(80000,70000)}
selected = [ ]
for name in emp: salary
= emp[name]
average = (salary[0] + salary[1]) / 2
if average > 80000:
selected.append(name)
print(selected)
27 A. Write suitable commands to do the following in MySQL. 2
I. View the table structure.
II. Create a database named SQP
OR
B. Differentiate between drop and delete query in SQL with a suitable example.
28 A. Define the following terms: 2
I. Modem
II. Gateway
OR
B.
I. Expand the following terms: HTTP and FTP
II. Differentiate between web server and web browser.
Q No. Section-C ( 3 x 3 = 9 Marks) Marks
29 A. Write a Python function that displays the number of times the word "Python" 3
appears in a text file named "Prog.txt".
OR
B. Write and call a Python function to read lines from a text file STORIES.TXT and
display those lines which doesn’t start with a vowel (A, E, I, O, U) irrespective of
their case.
30 A list containing records of products as 3
L = [("Laptop", 90000), ("Mobile", 30000), ("Pen", 50), ("Headphones", 1500)] Write
the following user-defined functions to perform operations on a stack named Product
to:
I. Push_element() – To push an item containing the product name and price of

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 8
 products costing more than 50 into the stack.
Output: [('Laptop', 90000), ('Mobile', 30000), ('Headphones', 1500)]
II. Pop_element() – To pop the items from the stack and display them. Also, display
"Stack Empty" when there are no elements in the stack.
Output: ('Headphones',
1500)
('Mobile', 30000)
('Laptop', 90000)
Stack Emply
31 A. Predict the output of the following Python code: 3
s1="SQP-25"
s2=""
i=0
while i<len(s1):
if s1[i]>='0' and s1[i]<='9':
Num=int(s1[i])
Num-=1
s2=s2+str(Num)
elif s1[i]>='A' and s1[i]<='Z':
s2=s2+s1[i+1]
else:
s2=s2+'^'
i+=1
print(s2)
OR
B. Predict the output of the following Python code:
wildlife_sanctuary = ["Kaziranga", "Ranthambhore", "Jim Corbett", "Sundarbans",
"Periyar", "Gir", "Bandipur"]
output = [ ]
for sanctuary in wildlife_sanctuary:
if sanctuary[-1] in 'aeiou':
output.append(sanctuary[0].upper())
print(output)
Q No. Section-D ( 4 x 4 = 16 Marks) Marks
32 Consider the table SALES as given below: 4

A. Write the following queries:

I. To display the total quantity sold for each product whose total quantity sold
exceeds 12.
II. To display the records of SALES table sorted by Product name in descending
order.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page 9
 III. To display the distinct Product names from the SALES table.
IV. To display the records of customers whose names end with the letter 'e'.
OR
B. Predict the output of the following:
I. SELECT * FROM Sales where product='Tablet';
II. SELECT sales_id, customer_name FROM Sales WHERE product LIKE 'S%';
III. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Sales WHERE product in ('Laptop', 'Tablet');
IV. SELECT AVG(price) FROM Sales where product='Tablet';
33 Raj is the manager of a medical store. To keep track of sales records, he has created a CSV 4
file named Sales.csv, which stores the details of each sale.

The columns of the CSV file are: Product_ID, Product_Name, Quantity_Sold and
Price_Per_Unit.

Help him to efficiently maintain the data by creating the following user-defined functions:

I. Accept() – to accept a sales record from the user and add it to the file Sales.csv.

II. CalculateTotalSales() – to calculate and return the total sales based on the
Quantity_Sold and Price_Per_Unit.
34 Pranav is managing a Travel Database and needs to access certain information from the 4
Hotels and Bookings tables for an upcoming tourism survey. Help him extract the
required information by writing the appropriate SQL queries as per the tasks mentioned
below:
Table: Hotels

Table: Bookings

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page
10
 I. To display a list of customer names who have bookings in any hotel of 'Delhi' city.
II. To display the booking details for customers who have booked hotels in
'Mumbai', 'Chennai', or 'Kolkata'.
III. To delete all bookings where the check-in date is before 2024-12-03.
IV. A. To display the Cartesian Product of the two tables.
OR
B. To display the customer’s name along with their booked hotel’s name.

35 MySQL database named WarehouseDB has a product_inventory table in MySQL which 4

contains the following attributes:
• Item_code: Item code (Integer)
• Product_name: Name of product (String)
• Quantity: Quantity of product (Integer)
• Cost: Cost of product (Integer)
Consider the following details to establish Python-MySQL connectivity:
• Username: admin_user
• Password: warehouse2024
• Host: localhost
Write a Python program to change the Quantity of the product to 91 whose Item_code is
208 in the product_inventory table.
Q No. Section-E (2 X 5 = 10 Marks) Marks
36 Mr. Ravi, a manager at a tech company, needs to maintain records of employees. Each 2+3
record should include: Employee_ID, Employee_Name, Department and Salary.
Write the Python functions to:
I. Input employee data and append it to a binary file.
II. Update the salary of employees in the "IT" department to 200000.
37 XYZNova Inc. is planning a new campus in Hyderabad while maintaining its headquarters 5
in Bengaluru. The campus will have four buildings: HR, Finance, IT, and Logistics. As a
network expert, you are tasked with proposing the best network solutions for their needs
based on the following:
From To Distance (in meters)

HR Finance 50
HR IT 175
HR Logistics 90
Finance IT 60
Finance Logistics 70
IT Logistics 60
Number of Computers in Each Block:
Block Number of Computers
HR 60
Finance 40
IT 90

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session i.e.
2025-26.
Page
11
 Logistics 35
I. Suggest the best location for the server in the Hyderabad campus and explain your
reasoning.
II. Suggest the placement of the following devices:
a) Repeater b) Switch
III. Suggest and draw a cable layout of connections between the buildings inside the
campus.
IV. The organisation plans to provide a high-speed link with its head office using a
wired connection. Which of the cables will be most suitable for this job?
V. A. What is the use of VoIP?
OR
B. Which type of network (PAN, LAN, MAN, or WAN) will be formed while
connecting the Hyderabad campus to Bengaluru Headquarters?

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 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER (THEORY)
CLASS: XII SESSION: 2025-26
COMPUTER SCIENCE (083)
Time allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

● This question paper contains 37 questions.

● All questions are compulsory. However, internal choices have been provided
in some
● questions. Attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
● The paper is divided into 5 Sections- A, B, C, D and E.
● Section A consists of 21 questions (1 to 21). Each question carries 1 Mark.
● Section B consists of 7 questions (22 to 28). Each question carries 2 Marks.
● Section C consists of 3 questions (29 to 31). Each question carries 3 Marks.
● Section D consists of 4 questions (32 to 35). Each question carries 4 Marks.
● Section E consists of 2 questions (36 to 37). Each question carries 5 Marks.
● All programming questions are to be answered using Python Language only.
● In-case of MCQ, text of the correct answer should also be written.

Q Section-A (21 x 1 = 21 Marks) Mark

No. s

1 Treu / False Statistics Module 1

2 MCQ 1
What will be the output of the following code?
List slicing

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3 MCQ 1
Consider the given expression:
Python Relational & Logical expression in print()
Which of the following will be the correct output of the given
expression?

4 SQL, a join based question 1

MCQ
What will be the output of the following Python code?
5 String slicing 1

Write the output of the following Python code :

For loop
6 1

What will be the output of the following Python statement:

Python expression in print()
7 1

Consider the given SQL Query:

Correct the SQL query based on having & Group by
8 1

MCQ
What will be the output of the following Python code?
9 Exception handling based 1

MCQ
What will be the output of the following Python code? Dictionary
10 based 1

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 MCQ
What possible output is expected to be displayed on the screen at
11 the time of execution of the Python program from the following 1
code?
Random randint fn
MCQ
What will be the output of the following Python code?
12 Using global fn 1

MCQ based on Cardinality

13 1

MCQ What is the output of the given Python code? String Fn

14 1

MCQ based on Degree

15 1

MCQ based on DDL

16 1

MCQ
Fill in the blank Protocol based
17 1

MCQ Hub Switch

18 1

MCQ Webpage

19 1

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 Q20 and Q21 are Assertion(A) and Reason(R) based questions.
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(C) A is True but R is False
(D) A is False but R is True

20 Append() 1

21 Primary Key 1

Q Section-B ( 7 x 2=14 Marks) Mark

No. s

22 A. explicit and implicit type conversion 2

OR
B. Explain the difference between break and continue with a
suitable example.

23 The code provided below is intended to <condition> from a given 2

string and return the resulting string. However, there are syntax
and logical errors in the code. Rewrite it after removing all the
errors. Also, underline all the corrections made.

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24 A. (Answer using Python built-in methods/functions only): 2
I. String based
II. List based.
OR
B. Predict the output of the following Python code:
print( String fn)
print( String fn)

25 A. Write a function <fn name> in Python that accepts a list L and a 2

number n. If the number n exists in the list, it should be removed.
If it does not exist, print a message saying "Element not found".
OR
B. Write a Python function <fn name> that accepts a dictionary
<dict element> . The function should add <element> to the
dictionary. If alerady exists, print "Contact already exists" instead
of updating it.

26 Predict the output of the Python code given below : 2

Dictionary based code

27 A. Write suitable commands to do the following in MySQL. 2

I. Simple SQL Command
II. Simple SQL Command
OR
B. Differentiate between DDL/DML query in SQL with a suitable
example.

A. Define the following terms:

I. Network Device
28 II. Network Device 2
OR
B.
I. Expand the following terms: and
II. Differentiate between web server and web browser.

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 Q Section-C ( 3 x 3 = 09 Marks) Mark
No. s

29 A. Write a Python function that <condition> in a text file named . 3

OR
B. Write and call a Python function to read lines from a text file
<name of file> and <condition>

A list containing records as

Sample
30 Write the following user-defined functions to perform operations 3
on a stack named <name of stack> to:
I. Push_element() – To push an item containing <condition>
Output sample :
II. Pop_element() – To pop the items from the stack and display
them. Also, display "Stack Empty" when there are no elements in
the stack.
Sample Output:

31 A. Predict the output of the following Python code: 3

Class XI Based
OR
B. Predict the output of the following Python code:
Class XI Based

Q Section-D ( 4 x 4 = 16 Marks) Mark

No. s

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32 Consider the table <tablename> as given below: 4

A. Write the following queries:

I. Query based on group by and having
II. Query based on Orderby
III. Query based on distinct
IV. Query based on like
OR
B. Predict the output of the following:
I. based on where
II. based on Like
III. based on count() where
IV. based on avg () where

CSV file named <>, which stores the details of <>

The columns of the CSV file are: <column list>
33 4
Help him/her to efficiently maintain the data by creating the
following user-defined functions:
I. function1() – to accept a record from the user and add it to the
csv file.
II. function2() – to calculate and return the….

34 Question based on 2 tables 4

I. query based on joins
II. query based on joins.
III. normal query
IV. A. To display the Cartesian Product of the two tables.
OR
B. query based on joins

35 MySQL database has a table in MySQL which contains the 4

following attributes:
Consider the following details to establish Python-MySQL
connectivity:
• Username:
• Password:
• Host: localhost
Write a Python program to change a value with a given condition

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 Q Section-E ( 3 x 5 = 15 Marks) Mark
No. s

Binary files based question

Write the Python functions to:
36 I. Input data and append it to a binary file. 2+3
II. Update the data.

37 Networking based question 5

(i) Server
(ii) Placement of hub/Switch
(iii) Suggest cable layout
(iv) Use of appropriate cable
(v) VOIP
OR
PAN/LAN/WAN/MAN

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 MARKING SCHEME
Class: XII Session: 2024-25 Computer
Science (083)

Time allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 70

Q No. SECTION A (21X1=21) Marks
1. False (1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
2. (A) #THONPROGRAM
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
3. (A) not (True) and False
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
4. (B) ['I', 'ter', 'atio', 'al']
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
5. ce lo
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
6. (B) False
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
7. (B) print(my_dict['apple', 'banana'])
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
8. (B) Removes the first occurrence of value x from the list
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
9. (C) 3
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
10. file.seek(0) ( OR file.seek(0,0) )
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
11. False
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
12. (C) 12#15%
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)

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13. Alter (or Alter Table) (1)
(1 mark for correct answer)

14. (A) Details of all products whose names start with 'App'
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
15. (D) CHAR
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
16. (B) count()
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
17. (B) FTP
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
18. (B) Gateway
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
19. (B) Packet Switching
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
20. (C) A is True but R is False.
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)
21. (C) A is True but R is False.
(1)
(1 mark for correct answer)

Q No. SECTION B (7 X 2 =14) Marks

22. A mutable object can be updated whereas an immutable object cannot be
updated.
Mutable object: [1,2] or {1:1,2:2} (Any one)
(2)
Immutable object: (1,2) or ‘123’ (Any one) (1
mark for correct difference)
(½ x 2 = 1 Mark for selecting correct objects)
23. (I) Arithmetic operators: +,-

(II) Relational operators: >, >= (2)

(½ x 4 = 2 Marks for each correct operator)

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24. (I)
A) L1.count(4)
OR
B) L1.sort() (2)
(1 mark for correct answer)

(II)
A) L1.extend(L2)
OR
B) L2.reverse()
(1 mark for correct answer)
25. (A), (C)
(½ x 2 = 1 Mark)
(2)
Minimum and maximum possible values of the variable b: 1,6
(½ x 2 = 1 Mark)
26. def swap_first_last(tup):
if len(tup) < 2:
return tup
new_tup = (tup[-1],) + tup[1:-1] + (tup[0],)
return new_tup
(2)

result = swap_first_last((1, 2, 3, 4))

print("Swapped tuple:", result)

(½ mark each for correcting 4 mistakes)

27. (I)
A) UNIQUE
OR
B) NOT NULL
(1 mark for correct answer)
(2)
(II)
A) ALTER TABLE MOBILE DROP PRIMARY KEY;
OR
B) ALTER TABLE MOBILE ADD PRIMARY KEY (M_ID);
(1 mark for correct answer)

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28. A) Advantage: Network extension is easy.

Disadvantage: Failure of switch/hub results in failure of the network.

(1 mark for correct Advantage)
(2)
(1 mark for correct Disadvantage)

OR

B) SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

SMTP is used for sending e-mails from client to server.

(1 mark for correct expansion)
(1 mark for correct usage)

Q No. SECTION C (3 X 3 = 9) Marks

29. (A)

def show():
f=open("Email.txt",'r'
) data=f.read()
words=data.split()
for word in words:
if '@cmail' in word:
print(word,end='
')
f.close()
(½ mark for correct function header)
(½ mark for correctly opening the file)
(½ mark for correctly reading from the file)
(½ mark for splitting the text into words) (3)

(1 mark for correctly displaying the desired words)

OR
(B)
def display_long_words():
with open("Words.txt", 'r') as file:
data=file.read()
words=data.split()
for word in words:

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 if len(word)>5:
print(word,end='
')
(½ mark for correct function header)
(½ mark for correctly opening the file)
(½ mark for correctly reading from the file)
( ½ mark for splitting the text into words)
(1 mark for correctly displaying the desired words)

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30. (A)
(I)
def push_book(BooksStack, new_book):
BooksStack.append(new_book)
(II)
def pop_book(BooksStack): if
not BooksStack:
print("Underflow")
else:
return(BookStack.pop())
(III)
def peep(BooksStack): if
not BooksStack:
print("None")
else:
print(BookStack[-1])
(3x1 mark for correct function body; No marks for any function header as it
was a part of the question)
OR
(B)
def push_even(N): (3)
EvenNumbers = []
for num in N:
if num % 2 == 0:
EvenNumbers.append(num)
return EvenNumbers

VALUES = []

for i in range(5):
VALUES.append(int(input("Enter an integer: ")))

EvenNumbers = push_even(VALUES)

def pop_even():
if not EvenNumbers:
print("Underflow")
else:
print(EvenNumbers.pop())

pop_even()

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 def Disp_even():
if not EvenNumbers:
print("None")
else:
print(EvenNumbers[-1])
Disp_even()
(1/2 for identifying even numbers)
(1/2 mark for correctly adding data to stack)
(1/2 mark for correctly poping data on the stack and 1/2 mark for checking
condition)
(1/2 mark for correctly displaying the data with none)
(1/2 mark for function call statements)
31. (A) 15@
7@
9

OR
(3)
(B) 1 #2 #3#
1 #2 #3 #
1#

(1 mark for each correct line of output)

(deduct ½ mark for not printing @/#)

Q No. SECTION D (4 X 4 = 16) Marks

32. (A)
(I) select Product, sum(Quantity) from orders group by product
having sum(Quantity)>=5;
(II) select * from orders order by Price desc;
(III) select distinct C_Name from orders;
(IV) select sum(price) as total_price from orders where Quantity IS
NULL;

(4 x 1 mark for each correct query) (4)

OR
(B)
(I)

C_Name | Total_Quantity
|
Jitendra |1
Mustafa |2
Dhwani |1

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 (II)

O_Id | C_Name | Product | Quantity | Price

| | | |
1002 | Mustafa | Smartphone | 2 | 10000
1003 | Dhwani | Headphone | 1 | 1500

(III) O_Id | C_Name | Product | Quantity | Price

| | | |
1001 | Jitendra | Laptop |1 | 12000
1002 | Mustafa | Smartphone | 2 | 10000
1003 | Dhwani | Headphone | 1 | 1500

(IV)
MAX(Price)

12000

(4 x 1 mark for each correct output)

33. (I)
def show():
import csv
f=open("happiness.csv",'r')
records=csv.reader(f)
next(records, None) #To skip the Header row for
i in records:
if
int(i[1])>500000
0: print(i)
f.close()
(½ mark for opening in the file in right mode)
(½ mark for correctly creating the reader object)
(4)
(½ mark for correctly checking the condition)
(½ mark for correctly displaying the records)
(II)
def Count_records():
import csv
f=open("happiness.csv",'r')
records=csv.reader(f)
next(records, None) #To skip the Header row
count=0
for i in records:
count+=1
print(count)
f.close()

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 (½ mark for opening in the file in right mode)
(½ mark for correctly creating the reader object)
(½ mark for correct use of counter)
(½ mark for correctly displaying the counter)
Note (for both parts (I) and (II)):
(i) Ignore import csv as it may be considered the part of the
complete program, and there is no need to import it in
individual functions.
(ii) Ignore next(records, None) as the file may or may not have the
Header Row.
34. (I) Select * from FACULTY natural join COURSES where Salary<12000; Or
Select * from FACULTY, COURSES where Salary<12000 and
facuty.f_id=courses.f_id;
(II) Select * from courses where fees between 20000 and 50000;
(III) Update courses set fees=fees+500 where CName like
'%Computer%';
(IV)
(A) Select FName, LName from faculty natural join courses where
Came="System Design";
Or (4)
Select FName, LName from faculty, courses where Came="System
Design" and facuty.f_id=courses.f_id;

OR

(B) Select * from FACULTY, COURSES;

(4x1 mark for each correct query)

35. def AddAndDisplay():

import mysql.connector as mycon
mydb=mycon.connect(host="localhost",user="root",
passwd="Pencil",database="ITEMDB")
mycur=mydb.cursor()
no=int(input("Enter Item Number: "))
nm=input("Enter Item Name: ")
pr=float(input("Enter price: "))
qty=int(input("Enter qty: "))
(4)
query="INSERT INTO stationery VALUES ({},'{}',{},{})"
query=query.format(no,nm,pr,qty)
mycur.execute(query)
mydb.commit()
mycur.execute("select * from stationery where price>120")
for rec in mycur:
print(rec)

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 (½ mark for correctly importing the connector object)
(½ mark for correctly creating the connection object)
(½ mark for correctly creating the cursor object)
(½ mark for correctly inputting the data)
(½ mark for correct creation of first query)
(½ mark for correctly executing the first query with commit)
(½ mark for correctly executing the second query)
(½ mark for correctly displaying the data)

Q No. SECTION E (2 X 5 = 10) Marks

36. (I) (5)
import pickle

def input_candidates():
candidates = []
n = int(input("Enter the number of candidates you want to add: "))
for i in range(n):
candidate_id = int(input("Enter Candidate ID: "))
candidate_name = input("Enter Candidate Name: ")
designation = input("Enter Designation: ")
experience = float(input("Enter Experience (in years): "))
candidates.append([candidate_id, candidate_name, designation,
experience])
return candidates
candidates_list = input_candidates()

def append_candidate_data(candidates):
with open('candidates.bin', 'ab') as file:
for candidate in candidates:
pickle.dump(candidate, file)
print("Candidate data appended successfully.")

append_candidate_data(candidates_list)

(II)
import pickle

def update_senior_manager():
updated_candidates = [] try:
with open('candidates.bin', 'rb') as file:
while True:
try:
candidate = pickle.load(file)
if candidate[3] > 10: # If experience > 10 years candidate[2]
= 'Senior Manager'
updated_candidates.append(candidate)
except EOFError:

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 break # End of file reached
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No candidate data found. Please add candidates first.")
return

with open('candidates.bin', 'wb') as file:

for candidate in updated_candidates:
pickle.dump(candidate, file)

print("Candidates updated to Senior Manager where applicable.")

update_senior_manager()

(III)

import pickle

def display_non_senior_managers(): try:

with open('candidates.bin', 'rb') as file:
while True:
try:
candidate = pickle.load(file)
if candidate[2] != 'Senior Manager': # Check if not Senior
Manager
print(f"Candidate ID: {candidate[0]}")
print(f"Candidate Name: {candidate[1]}")
print(f"Designation: {candidate[2]}")
print(f"Experience: {candidate[3]}")
print(" ")
except EOFError:
break # End of file reached
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No candidate data found. Please add candidates first.")

display_non_senior_managers()

(1/2 mark of import pickle)

(1/2 mark for input)
(1/2 mark for opening file in append mode and 1/2 mark for using dump)
(1/2 mark for opening file in read mode and 1/2 mark for using load)
(1 mark for checking the condition and updating the value)
(1 mark for checking the condition and displaying data correctly)
37. (I) ADMIN Block as it has maximum number of computers. (5)
(1 mark for correct answer)

(II) Switch
(1 mark for correct answer)

(III)

Page:
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 (or Any other correct layout)

Cable: Coaxial cable

(½ mark for correct layout + ½ mark for correct table type)

(IV) There is no requirement of the Repeat as the optical fibre cable used for the
network can carry the data to much longer distances than within the
campus.
(1 mark for correct answer)

(V) (A) a) Video Conferencing OR

(B) LAN
(1 mark for correct answer)