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 The Art of Mathematics – Take Two

Lovers of mathematics, young and old, professional and amateur, will enjoy this
book. It is mathematics with fun: a collection of attractive problems that will delight
and test readers. Many of the problems are drawn from the large number that have
entertained and challenged students, guests and colleagues over the years during
afternoon tea. The problems have their roots in many areas of mathematics. They
vary greatly in difficulty: some are very easy, but most are far from trivial, and quite
a few rather hard. Many provide substantial and surprising results that form the tip
of an iceberg, providing an introduction to an important topic.
To enjoy and appreciate the problems, readers should browse the book, choose
one that looks particularly enticing, and think about it on and off for a while before
resorting to the hint or the solution.
Follow threads for an enjoyable and enriching journey through mathematics.

béla bollobás has been a Fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge, for over fifty
years, for decades as a Director of Studies in Mathematics, teaching the very best
undergraduates in England, and is the Chair of Excellence in Combinatorics at the
University of Memphis. He has had over seventy Ph.D. students. He is a Fellow of
the Royal Society and a Member of the Academia Europaea, and a Foreign Member
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Among the awards he has received are a Senior Whitehead Prize (2007), a Bocskai
Prize (2016), a Széchenyi Prize (2017) and an Honorary Doctorate from Adam
Mickiewicz University, Poznań. This is his thirteenth book.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Learning is the greatest pleasure in life

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 The Art of Mathematics – Take Two
Tea Time in Cambridge

Béla Bollobás
University of Cambridge and
University of Memphis

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
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New Delhi – 110025, India
103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108833271
DOI: 10.1017/9781108973885
© Béla Bollobás 2022
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2022
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ Books Limited, Padstow Cornwall
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-108-83327-1 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-108-97826-2 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Jump into https://ebookmeta.com today and unlock a huge
variety of test banks and solution manuals at special rates.
 Contents

Preface page xi
The Problems 1
The Hints 33
The Solutions 45
1. Real Sequences – An Interview Question 47
2. Vulgar Fractions – Sylvester’s Theorem 49
3. Rational and Irrational Sums 53
4. Ships in Fog 55
5. A Family of Intersections 56
6. The Basel Problem – Euler’s Solution 58
7. Reciprocals of Primes – Euler and Erdős 61
8. Reciprocals of Integers 65
9. Completing Matrices 66
10. Convex Polyhedra – Take One 68
11. Convex Polyhedra – Take Two 70
12. A Very Old Tripos Problem 72
13. Angle Bisectors – the Lehmus–Steiner Theorem 74
14. Langley’s Adventitious Angles 76
15. The Tantalus Problem – from The Washington Post 79
16. Pythagorean Triples 81
17. Fermat’s Theorem for Fourth Powers 84
18. Congruent Numbers – Fermat 86

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 vi Contents

19. A Rational Sum 89

20. A Quartic Equation 92
21. Regular Polygons 95
22. Flexible Polygons 99
23. Polygons of Maximal Area 100
√3
24. Constructing 2 – Philon of Byzantium 105
25. Circumscribed Quadrilaterals – Newton 108
26. Partitions of Integers 111
27. Parts Divisible by m and 2m 114
28. Unequal vs Odd Partitions 115
29. Sparse Bases 117
30. Small Intersections – Sárközy and Szemerédi 119
31. The Diagonals of Zero–One Matrices 122
32. Tromino and Tetronimo Tilings 123
33. Tromino Tilings of Rectangles 126
34. Number of Matrices 128
35. Halving Circles 129
36. The Number of Halving Circles 131
37. A Basic Identity of Binomial Coefficients 134
38. Tepper’s Identity 136
39. Dixon’s Identity – Take One 138
40. Dixon’s Identity – Take Two 140
41. An Unusual Inequality 143
42. Hilbert’s Inequality 145
43. The Central Binomial Coefficient 147
44. Properties of the Central Binomial Coefficient 149
45. Products of Primes 151
46. The Erdős Proof of Bertrand’s Postulate 153
47. Powers of 2 and 3 155
48. Powers of 2 Just Less Than a Perfect Power 156
49. Powers of 2 Just Greater Than a Perfect Power 158
50. Powers of Primes Just Less Than a Perfect Power 159

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Contents vii

51. Banach’s Matchbox Problem 164

52. Cayley’s Problem 166
53. Min vs Max 168
54. Sums of Squares 170
55. The Monkey and the Coconuts 172
56. Complex Polynomials 174
57. Gambler’s Ruin 175
58. Bertrand’s Box Paradox 179
59. The Monty Hall Problem 181
60. Divisibility in a Sequence of Integers 185
61. Moving Sofa Problem 187
62. Minimum Least Common Multiple 191
63. Vieta Jumping 193
64. Infinite Primitive Sequences 195
65. Primitive Sequences with a Small Term 197
66. Hypertrees 199
67. Subtrees 200
68. All in a Row 201
69. An American Story 203
70. Six Equal Parts 205
71. Products of Real Polynomials 208
72. Sums of Squares 210
73. Diagrams of Partitions 212
74. Euler’s Pentagonal Number Theorem 214
75. Partitions – Maximum and Parity 218
76. Periodic Cellular Automata 220
77. Meeting Set Systems 223
78. Dense Sets of Reals – An Application of the Baire Category
Theorem 225
79. Partitions of Boxes 227
80. Distinct Representatives 229
81. Decomposing a Complete Graph: The Graham–Pollak Theorem
– Take One 230

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 viii Contents

82. Matrices and Decompositions: The Graham–Pollak Theorem –

Take Two 232
83. Patterns and Decompositions: The Graham–Pollak Theorem –
Take Three 234
84. Six Concurrent Lines 236
85. Short Words – First Cases 237
86. Short Words – The General Case 239
87. The Number of Divisors 241
88. Common Neighbours 243
89. Squares in Sums 244
90. Extension of Bessel’s Inequality – Bombieri and Selberg 245
91. Equitable Colourings 247
92. Scattered Discs 249
93. East Model 251
94. Perfect Triangles 254
95. A Triangle Inequality 256
96. An Inequality for Two Triangles 258
97. Random Intersections 260
98. Disjoint Squares 262
99. Increasing Subsequences – Erdős and Szekeres 264
100. A Permutation Game 266
101. Ants on a Rod 267
102. Two Cyclists and a Swallow 268
103. Almost Disjoint Subsets of Natural Numbers 270
104. Primitive Sequences 272
105. The Time of Infection on a Grid 274
106. Areas of Triangles: Routh’s Theorem 276
107. Lines and Vectors – Euler and Sylvester 282
108. Feuerbach’s Remarkable Circle 284
109. Euler’s Ratio–Product–Sum Theorem 286
110. Bachet’s Weight Problem 288
111. Perfect Partitions 291
112. Countably Many Players 294

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Contents ix

113. One Hundred Players 296

114. River Crossings: Alcuin of York – Take One 298
115. River Crossings: Alcuin of York – Take Two 301
116. Fibonacci and a Medieval Mathematics Tournament 303
117. Triangles and Quadrilaterals – Regiomontanus 305
118. The Cross-Ratios of Points and Lines 308
119. Hexagons in Circles: Pascal’s Hexagon Theorem – Take One 312
120. Hexagons in Circles: Pascal’s Theorem – Take Two 315
121. A Sequence in Z p 318
122. Elements of Prime Order 319
123. Flat Triangulations 320
124. Triangular Billiard Tables 322
125. Chords of an Ellipse: The Butterfly Theorem 324
126. Recurrence Relations for the Partition Function 326
127. The Growth of the Partition Function 328
128. Dense Orbits 332

Published online by Cambridge University Press

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