UNIRG University Center

GEOPROCESSING EXERCISES
REFERÊNCIA: APOSTILA DE GEOTECNOLOGIAS NA GEOGRAFIA APLICADA (UFU 2005)
RESEARCH IN PAIRS - WORTH 1 POINT (DELIVER ON 03/11/2016)
ALUNO(A) :

1. How are Geotechnologies composed?

Geotechnologies consist of solutions in hardware, software, and peopleware that together

constitute powerful tools for decision-making. Among geotechnologies we can
highlight: geographic information systems, digital cartography, remote sensing, system of
global positioning and topography.

2. What techniques are used in Geoprocessing for the treatment of information?

spatial?

They involve at least 4 categories, namely:

1st techniques for collecting spatial information (cartography, remote sensing, GPS, topography,
collection of alphanumeric data.
2nd techniques for spatial information storage (object-oriented database,
relational, hierarchical, etc
3rd techniques for treatment and analysis of spatial information (data modeling, geostatistics,
logical arithmetic, topological functions, networks, etc.
4th techniques for the integrated use of spatial information, such as GIS systems, LIS, AM/FM and
CADD.

3. What is GIS or SIG?

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a

system based on the interaction of software, hardware, people, and spatial information. It serves to insert
and integrate spatial information.

4. Why is Cartography important for GIS?

It is by adhering to the fundamental principles of cartography that the cartographic base must be developed, period.
a starting point for any GIS.

5. The data used in a GIS can originate from various sources, classified
generically in primary and secondary. What are the primary and secondary data?

Primary: These are data collected directly in the field or products obtained by remote sensors.

Secondary: They are provided by maps and statistics, which are derived from primary sources.

6. What does remote sensing (RS) mean and how is spatial information obtained?

It is the way to obtain information about an object or target without physical contact with it;
Information is obtained using the electromagnetic radiation reflected and/or emitted by the targets.
generated by natural sources such as the sun and the earth, or by artificial sources such as Radar.

7. What is the importance of remote sensing (RS) for cartography?

It is increasingly used for updating and preparing cartographic documents that bring
images increasingly better, with agility and cost reduction.

8. Explain the two basic phases of remote sensing.

 It is the science or art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon, through
data collected by sensors that do not come into direct contact with the targets under study. Uses
imagens digitais captadas por satélites ou por fotografias aéreas, para o estudo da superfície terrestre.
With the evolution of Physics over the years, scientists have realized that light has a
behavior similar to that of theelectromagnetic wavesLight is an oscillation and propagates in a vacuum.
with a certain variation in time (frequency). We can associate it as an example for sound,
without characterizing many details, the sound is amechanical vibrationof air, where different frequencies
they would characterize low and high sounds. Just like sound, frequencies determine theheartsfor the
light, for a certain range of frequencies we can observe colors, and this range of colors is
visible light spectrum call. Infrared radiation (IR) is a non-ionizing radiation in
invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is adjacent to long wavelengths,
the red end of the visible light spectrum.

9. Which regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are important for the SR?

The visible range and the infrared range.

10. How is information collection from the Earth's surface done through remote sensing?

They are collected by a sensor. The sensor is a device capable of responding to radiation.
electromagnetic in a certain range of the electromagnetic spectrum, record it and generate a product
in a form suitable for interpretation by the user. The sensor is basically composed of a
collector, which can be a lens, mirror or antenna and a recording system, which can be a
detector or film.

11. What is the basic difference between imaging sensor systems and non-imaging sensors?

Imaging sensors: use cameras or scanners

Non-imaging sensors: use spectroradiometers.

12. What is an artificial satellite?

Manned or unmanned spacecraft placed in orbit of the Earth or another planet or the sun

13. What are the most used satellites in Brazil and what is the main purpose of these satellites?

There is a wide variety of artificial satellites currently used, among which we can
highlight: military, telecommunications, navigation, scientific, meteorological, and remote sensing
ground remote. Below are some of the most remote sensing satellites
used in Brazil. The LANDSAT system - The LANDSAT system was developed by NASA with the
objective of allowing the acquisition of spatial, spectral, and temporal data of the Earth's surface from
global, synoptic, and repetitive form. Launched in 1972 (ERTS - LANDSAT 1), 1975 (LANDSAT 2),
1978 (LANDSAT 3), 1982 (LANDSAT 4), 1984 (LANDSAT 5), 1993 (LANDSAT 6) e 1999
(LANDSAT 7) uses a NIMBUS-type platform as a satellite, where the are installed
sensors and other subsystems for data recording and transmission, measurement and control
of altitude and temperature, retransmission, etc. Currently, satellites have various
features, such as helping meteorologists have greater accuracy in weather forecasts;
to retransmit phone data and conversation, to send TV signals from one to
another point; to help scientists in discoveries such as sunspots; to serve as a form of
GPS for ships and airplanes; to search for changes and examine the planet through cameras that
most of them carry; information gathering using high technology, assisting in investigations
military, among others.

14. What is a geocentric orbit?

 Involves any object orbiting the Earth, such as the moon or an artificial satellite. In this case, it says
regarding the movement of satellites around the Earth, that is, taking it as a reference point.

15. What is the difference between Irradiance and Radiance?

Radiance is the intensity of the radiant flux that travels within the solid angle. This is the concept.
but more important for understanding what is really captured by the sensor. This intensity can
is compared to what is understood by brightness. The greater the radiance, the greater the brightness.

Irradiance is the intensity of radiant flux that comes from all directions and reaches the target.

16. What is the GPS System and who developed it?

It is a satellite-based radio navigation system developed and controlled by the Department

of the U.S. Department of Defense (U.S D.o.D) that allows any user to know their location, speed
it is 24 hours a day, under any atmospheric conditions and at any point on the globe
land

17. How are the segments of the GPS system divided? Explain the importance of each of these.
segments.

There are three segments:

Spatial: it aims to provide accurately and consistently the ephemerides for all the
points close to the Earth's surface, so that the user can use them to calculate
positions, speed and time.

Ground control: includes the operational control system, which consists of a station of
master control, global monitoring stations, and field control stations. The first
monitors the satellites that pass over the USA, gathers data from the monitoring stations and
field, processing them and generating the data that will effectively be transmitted to the satellites. A
the second continuously tracks all the satellites of the constellation and the third helps with the time of
passage of the satellites, synchronizing the data that will effectively be transmitted to the satellites.

Users: it is the system application, it captures signals from four or more satellites simultaneously,
process the data determining the position, velocity, and the moment of the observation of the points.

18. What is the expected lifespan of a satellite?

The main factor that influences the lifespan of a satellite is the amount of fuel it has.
it has. Generally, satellites tend to have a lifespan of 15 years, and when their life goes
reaching the end, the base that controls the satellite launches the object out of orbit, and when they explode
end up becoming part of space debris
19. What are the basic principles on which the GPS System is based to determine distance?
between one point and another?

Knowing the distance that separates the receiver from 3 points, we can determine its position relative to the
same. The position is the intersection of 3 circles whose radii are the distances measured between the
receiver and the satellites. In reality, at least 4 satellites are needed to determine the position.
satisfactorily.
Each satellite transmits a signal that is received by the receiver, which in turn measures the time that the
signals take a long time to reach him. Multiplying the measured time by the speed of the signal (the
speed of light), we obtain the receiver-satellite distance, (distance = speed x time). In
Meanwhile, positioning with the aid of satellites is not that simple. Achieving accurate measurement
 From a distance, it is not an easy task. The precision in GPS positioning depends on the number and geometry.
two satellites used and obviously the precision of the measurement of the distance receiver-satellite.

20. There are several methods of relative positioning, that is, methods that always involve
but more than a receiver in simultaneous observations. Among them, the most common are: the
static positioning and the Fast-Static. What is the difference between the two methods? Cite one.
practical example of the use of these methods.

Static relative positioning The observable typically adopted in relative positioning

static is the double difference of the beat phase of the carrier wave, and can also be used the
double difference of the pseudodistance or both. The best results in terms of accuracy
occur when there are two observables. In this type of positioning, two or more receivers
track, simultaneously, the visible satellites for a period of time that can vary from
dozens of minutes (at least 20 minutes) to several hours. Due to the long period of
occupation of the stations this method uses the carrier wave phase more, whose accuracy is superior to the
of the pseudodistance, which is only used in the preprocessing. This method is the most accurate and most
suitable for geodetic and geodynamic surveys.

The rapid static relative positioning differs from the static only by the time during the period.
of occupying the station, which in this case does not exceed 20 minutes. The use of this method is
favorable for surveys where high productivity is desired. In this method, one can use
simple receivers (L1) or dual frequency (L1 and L2). In the field there must be a fixed receiver
serving as a base, continuously collecting data, while the other receiver traverses the areas and
points of interest, staying about 5 to 20 minutes for each data collection. There is no
need for continuity of tracking during changes in points of interest nor of
the receiver remains connected during the journey. The data collected from the base station and the receiver of
forwarding is processed so that the ambiguity vector is solved and a one can achieve a
better accuracy. This method is suitable for surveys around a radius of ten kilometers from the
base station.