Italian Renaissance
1300-1600
Italian States
The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking. Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists.
During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. In northern Italy, the city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice became major centers of the Renaissance civilization. Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy, while the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies embraced most of southern Italy.
Italian States
Florence Papal States Oligarchy Renaissance Medici family Popes Savonarola Julius II Milan Kingdom of the Condottiere Two Sicilies Spanish empire Poor land Venice Spanish empire Great Council Doge Monopoly on spice and luxury trade
Renaissance Literature
Tuscan Triumvirate - Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince --> vernacular
Dante Alighieri
Divine Comedy
Bladassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier
Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6) Literary humanism
Benvenuto Cellini
Autobiography
Lorenzo Valla
Linguistic/historical analysis
Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron
Italian Renaissance Art
Religious scenes focused on expressions Holy as human Gods beauty in world Neo-Platonism Nude body Uniqueness - self-portraits Pagan myths as Christian icons Individual-secular-profane
Giotto
Religious subjects in more human fashion and realistic setting Illusion of depth
Masaccio
Used light and shade to perspective The Holy Trinity
Sandro Botticelli
Vivid colors Classical mythology The Adoration of the Magi The Birth of Venus Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci
First Italian artist to use oil paints Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Virgin of the Rocks Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci
Studying fossils Anatomy from dissections First accurate description of human skeleton Remained on paper
Raphael Santi
Humanized Madonna paintings Sistine Madonna School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Sistine Chapel
Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
The Last Judgment David Moses Pieta Dying Slave Night
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Titian
Tiziano Vecellio Most famous Venetian painter One painting a month Titian red The Assumption of the Virgin
The Northern Renaissance
The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward. The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.
Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries
Printing press w/ moveable type
Johannes Gutenberg 1456 - the Bible Rapid spread of knowledge
Christian Humanism
Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith Erasmus
Prince of the Humanists Praise of Folly Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting
Jan and Hubert van Eyck
First to use oil paints The Adoration of the Lamb Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Hieronymus Bosch
Nightmarish fantasy worlds Garden of Earthly Delight
Peter Brueghel
Earthly and lively activities of peasants Peasant Wedding Childrens Games
German Painting
Albrecht Durer
Mastery of expression Woodcuts Self-Portrait
Hans Holbein the Younger
Portraits
Henry VIII Erasmus Thomas More The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature
Edmund Spenser
Leading poet
Christopher Marlowe
playwright Brief career Doctor Faustus
William Shakespeare
Most famous playwright
Ben Jonson
Last major literary figure
Spanish Renaissance
Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote
Felix Lope de Vega
Most prolific playwright
El Greco
Greatest painter of SR Studied with Titian Intense religious mysticism Mannerism
El Escorial
The Protestant Reformation
1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses 1534 - Act of Supremacy 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
Martin Luther
Planned to be a lawyer Religious conversion to Augustinian monk Theology teacher at university of Wittenberg The just shall live by faith. Romans (1:17)
Justification by faith
Johann Tetzel
Indulgence controversy
95 Theses Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Justification by faith Sola scriptura Baptism and holy communion Priesthood of believers German translation of Bible Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy
Lutheranism
Lutheranism
Peasants Revolt Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Diet of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg
German prince right to determine religion of his state
Lutheran or Roman Catholic No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists
Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia
Calvinism
Ulrich Zwingli
Humanist and Catholic priest Sacraments only symbolic ceremonies Rejected celibacy of clergy Emphasized simplicity in worship Killed by Catholic forces
John Calvin
Protestant Exile in Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination
Salvation by election
Puritanism
Theocracy
Spread of Calvinism
Switzerland France
Huguenots
John Knox
Presbyterians
England
Puritans
Netherlands Max Webers theory of the Protestant work ethic
Anglicanism
King Henry VIII
Divorce of Catherine of Aragon Thomas Cramner
Edward VI
42 Articles
More Protestant Cramners Book of Common Prayer
Act of Supremacy
King head of Church of England Six Articles
No papal supremacy
Bloody Mary
Executed Cramner Married Philip II
Sold monasteries Supported by English people
Papal taxes Babylonian Captivity Monastic land
Elizabeth I
Last Tudor 39 Articles Opposition
Pilgrims - Separatists Mary Queen of Scots Philip II
Execution of Thomas More
Anabaptism
Radicals of the PR Rejection of infant baptism Active in Peasants Revolt Thomas Munzer John of Leyden Menno Simons
Mennonites
