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Digital Communication Concepts

This document discusses key concepts in digital communication including: 1. Digital information is represented using bits which can define different numbers of objects depending on the number of bits (e.g. 1 bit = 2 objects, 2 bits = 4 objects). 2. Information transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps) and represents the rate at which digital data is transmitted. Signaling or baud rate represents the rate of change of the signal and may be lower than the information transfer rate. 3. System capacity, also called information capacity, represents the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted and depends on factors like bandwidth, transmission time, and signaling rate.

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Srinivas Ktrp
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48 views13 pages

Digital Communication Concepts

This document discusses key concepts in digital communication including: 1. Digital information is represented using bits which can define different numbers of objects depending on the number of bits (e.g. 1 bit = 2 objects, 2 bits = 4 objects). 2. Information transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps) and represents the rate at which digital data is transmitted. Signaling or baud rate represents the rate of change of the signal and may be lower than the information transfer rate. 3. System capacity, also called information capacity, represents the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted and depends on factors like bandwidth, transmission time, and signaling rate.

Uploaded by

Srinivas Ktrp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Digital Communication Concepts


12.1 Digital Information

Bit
Coding
Coding Efficiency
One bit can define 2 objects
2 bit can define 2 of 2 = 2 . 2 = 2
2
= 4 object
3 bit can define 2 of 2 of 2 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 2
3
= 8 object
4 bit can define 2 of 2 of 2 of 2 = 2.2.2.2 = 2
4
= 16 object






2
2
n
= M
the number of required bits = n
different things or levels = M


M n
2
log =
Actual number of digits used
Exact number of digits required
Coding Efficiency =
7 bits
6.46 bits
e.g Coding Eff : = = 0.923 = 92.3%
3
12.2 Information Transfer rate (f
i
)
Unit bit/ sec or bps
e.g Serial digital word 101001 (6 bits)
Time taken = 6 ms

) 1 sec( / 000 , 1
6
6
kbps bit
ms
bits
f
i
= =
4
12.3 Signaling (BAUD) Rate (f
b
)
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Signal level (V)
t (ms)
T
b
= 1 ms
f
b
= 1/T
b
= 1 k baud
Note In a purely binary system
the bit rate = the baud rate
Fig 12.1 Binary transmission
0
1
0
5
e.g.
Binary message 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Quaternary transmission 2V 2V 1V 3V
f
b
= 1 k baud (bit/sec)
f
i
= 1 kbps
Volts
1
0
2
3
4
1 4 5 6 2 3
t (ms)
f
i
(transfer rate) = 8 bits/4ms = 2 kbps
f
b
(band rate) = 4 symbols/4ms =1 k baud
Fig 12.2 Four level transmission of a
binary message
6
12.4 System Capacity (OR) Imformation Capacity (C)
C = information x ( 1/T
m
)= (1/T
b
)
M f C
c 2
(min
log 2 =
where T
m
is the message time
1/T
b
is the signaling rate
log
2
M is the number of bits (OR)
Hartly Law C B X T
Where C = information capacity
B = bandwidth ,
T = transmission time


bps
N
S
B C ) 1 ( log
2
+ =
M
2
log
7
12.5 Bandwidth Considerations
the minimum possible bandwidth required for a given
pulse rate
how pulses can be shaped to minimize the bandwidth and
distortion of the data pulses
f
cmim

cut off
> (1/2T
b
) = f
b
Eg. If 1000 bit/s are transmitted NRZ,
f
cmim

cut off
= f
b
= x 1000 = 500 Hz



T
b
T

t
0 1 0
1
0
Fig 11.17 Squarewave
and fundamental
frequency
8
Continued

T
b
= 1/ f
b

f = 1/T = 1/ 2T
b
= f
b

BW
min
= f
b

f
b
= the transmission line bit-rate (baud rate)
9
t
T
A
Volts
Time domain description
t
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = .........
2
2 cos 2 sin
2
1 1
2 cos sin
2
) ( t
T T
t
T T
A
T
t v t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
The pulse repetition rate is f = 1/T (symbols/sec)
Amplitude
(Volts)
) ( sin
2
volts
T
A t
t
t
( )
( ) T n
T n
T
A
/
/ sin
2
tt
tt t
0 1/T 2/T
f = 1/T
f = 2/T
Frequency domain description
f (Hz)
Figure 12-5 Time and frequency description of a rectangular pulse train
10
t
1 1 1 0 0
Figure 12-6 Return-to-zero (RZ) data stream
11
12.6 Power in Digital Signal
Compare the power of an NRZ square wave to NRZ-
bipolar







t A
0
v
1 0 1
NRZ
1 0 1
t
NRZ-B
v B
-v/2
v/2
Fig 12.2 Comparison of NRZ and NRZ-bipolar
12
Comparison of NRZ and NRZ- bipolar
power in an NRZ signal NRZ signal

P
NRZ
= v
2
m
/2R

P
NRZ-B
= 2(V/2)
2
/ 2R = V
2
/ 4R
It is seen that the on/off NRZ signal has twice the power of the
NRZ-bipolar signal.
Also, the instantaneous (peak) power for
NRZ is V
2
/R and NRZ-B = V
2
/ 4R,
For a 4:1 difference in peak power dc power for rectangular RZ
and NRZ signal.

13
Digital Transmission Formats

1. NRZ : Non-return to zero
2. NRZ-B : NRZ-Bipolar
3. RZ : Return to zero (~ 50% duty cycle)
4. Biphase (Bi- ), also called Manchester code
5. AMI : Alternate mark inversion
|

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