BLD305
BUILDING SCIENCE IV
. B A L K H I Z I S M A I L . F S P U , U i T M S A R AW A K .
OBJECTIVES
O B J E C T I V E S
To understand the measurement of sound power, sound intensity and sound pressure. To understand the relationship of those three basic measurement. To calculate sound levels combinations of sound levels. and
INTRODUCTION
The strength or loudness of a sound depends upon
its energy content and this affects the pressure variations it produces.
The amplitude of the sound wave, the maximum
displacement of each particle, is greater for stronger sounds.
INTRODUCTION (contd)
Amplitude
Loud Tone
+ 0 _
Soft Tone
Time
MEASUREMENT OF SOUND
The strength of the sound is usually measured or described by its energy or pressure. SOUND POWER
SOUND INTENSITY
SOUND PRESSURE
SOUND POWER
SOUND POWER (P) the rate at which sound
energy is produced at the source.
Unit : watt (W)
a fundamental property of sound source difficult to measure directly max. energy output of a voice is about 1mW typical jet engine produces only several kilowatts
SOUND INTENSITY
SOUND INTENSITY (I) the sound power distributed over unit area. Unit : watts per square meter (W/m2)
to measure the rate at which energy is received at a given surface the sound that is radiating in all direction will spreads out in the shape of a sphere
SOUND INTENSITY (contd)
The intensity is given by, I = P 4 r 2 Where; P = sound power of the source (W) r = distance from the source (m) I = intensity at distance (W/m2)
SOUND PRESSURE
SOUND PRESSURE (p) the average variation in atmospheric pressure caused by the sound. Unit : Pascal (Pa)
continuously varying between positive and negative values measured by RMS (root mean square) value a type of average which has positive values only RMS pressure = 0.707 maximum pressure
TRESHOLDS
The weakest sound that the average human ear can detect is remarkably low and occurs when the membrane in the ear is deflected by a distance less than the diameter of a single atom.
TRESHOLDS OF HEARING
THRESHOLD OF HEARING the weakest sound the average human ear can detect.
The value varies slightly from person to person
At 100 Hz:
I = 1 x 10-12 W/m2 p = 20 x 10-6 Pa
TRESHOLDS OF PAIN
THRESHOLD OF PAIN the strongest sound that the human ear can tolerate.
Very strong sounds become painful to ear.
Excessive
mechanism. Very large pressure waves will have harmful physical effects, such as those experienced in an explosion. Approximate values: I = 1 W/m2 OR p = 200 Pa
sound energy will damage the ear
DECIBELS
DECIBEL (dB) a logarithmic ratio of two quantities.
For practical measurements of sound strength, it is
convenient to use decibel scale based on constant ratios.
Calculated by the formula: N = 10 log10 (I2/I1) = 10 log10 (p2/p1)
Where
N = number of decibels I2 and I1 = two intensities being compared p2 and p1 = two pressure being compared
OR
Sound Sound pressure (Pa) level (dB) 200 20 2 0.2 0.02 140 130 120
EXAMPLES SOUND LEVELS
Typical environment Threshold of pain Aircraft take -off Loud discotheque Noisy factory Heavy lorry High Street corner Vacuum cleaner Normal conversation
110 100
90 80
70 60 50
0.002
40
30
Suburban living room Quiet countryside
0.0002
20 10
0.00002
Threshold of hearing
CALCULATION OF SOUND LEVELS
Value
of sound intensity or sound pressure are converted to decibels by comparing them with the standard value of the threshold of hearing.
The
decibels.
SIL and SPL give the same value in
CALCULATION OF SOUND LEVELS
(contd)
Sound Intensity Level (SIL) SIL = 10 log10
Where
I I0
I = the intensity of the sound being measured (W/m2) I0 = the intensity of the threshold of hearing taken as 1 x 10-12 W/m2
CALCULATION OF SOUND LEVELS
(contd)
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) SPL = 20 log10 p P0
Where p = the RMS pressure of the sound being measured (Pa) p0 = the RMS pressure of the threshold of intensity taken as 20 Pa
EXAMPLE #1
A sound has a pressure of 4.5 x 10-2 Pa when measured under certain conditions. Calculate the sound pressure level of this sound. Threshold of hearing pressure = 20 x 10-6 Pa. p = 4.5 x 10-2 Pa, p0 = 20 x 10-6 Pa, SPL = ?
SOLUTION #1
Using Formula, SPL = 20 log (p1/p2) = 20 log (4.5 x 10-2 / 20 x 10-6) = 20 log 2250 = 20 x 3.3522 = 67.04 SPL = 67 dB#
EXAMPLE #2
Calculate the change in sound level when the intensity of a sound is doubled. Let I = initial intensity, so 2I = final intensity Let L1 = initial sound level, L2 = final sound level
SOLUTION #2
GROUP TUTORIAL
1.
A certain sound has an intensity of 3.16 x 10-4 W/m2. Calculate the sound intensity level in decibels if the threshold of hearing reference intensity is 1 x 10-12 W/m2. Calculate the actual pressure of a sound which has the SPL of 72 dB. Threshold of hearing reference pressure is 20 x 10-6 Pa. Calculate the total sound pressure level caused by the combination of sounds with the following SPLs: (a) 85 dB and 87 dB (b) 90 dB, 90 dB and 90 dB
2.
3.
COMBINATION OF SOUND LEVELS
D
If two different sounds arrive at the same time, then the ear is subject to two pressure waves.
Addition of sound levels in decibels does not give the sound level of combined sounds.
For example, two jet aircraft each with a SPL of 105 dB do not combine to give a total effect of 210 dB.
COMBINATION OF SOUND LEVELS
D
Although decibels cannot be directly added, intensities can be added or the squares of pressures can be added.
OR
I = I1 + I2 p = (p12 + p22)
EXAMPLE #3
Calculate the total sound level caused by the combination of sound levels of 95 dB and 90 dB. Threshold of hearing intensity = 1 x 10-12 W/m2. Let, I1 I2 I3 = intensity of 95 dB, = intensity of 90 dB and = intensity of combined sounds.
SOLUTION #3
Using; SIL = 10 log10 (I1/I0) = 10 log (I1/I0) = 95/10 = antilog 9.5 = 3.16 x 109 = 3.16 x 109 x 1 x 10-12 = 3.16 x 10-3 W/m2 95 log (I1/I0) (I1/I0) (I1/1 x 10-12) I1 I1
90 log (I2/I0) ( I 2/ I 0) (I2/1 x 10-12) I2 I2 I3 I3 I3
= 10 log (I2/I0) = 90/10 = antilog 9.0 = 1 x 109 = 1 x 109 x 1 x 10-12 = 1 x 10-3 W/m2 = I1 + I 2 = (3.16 x 10-3) + (1 x 10-3) = 4.16 x 10-3 W/m2
Combined SIL
= 10 log (I3/I0) = 10 log (4.16 X 10-3 / 1 X 10-12) = 10 log (4.16 x 109) = 10 x 9.619
Total sound level = 96 dB
