WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS TYPES OF WATERSHED COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCE OF KERALA - THREATS AND
MANAGEMENT ISSUES CONCLUSION REFERENCES
WATER- The Source of Life
All the water that will ever be is, right now. -National Geographic
Water has become a highly precious resource. There are some places where a barrel of water costs more than a barrel of oil. - Lloyd Axworthy
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WHAT IS WATERSHED
Its a geohydrological unit draining to a common point by a system of drains. A watershed is a basin like landform defined by peaks which are connected by ridges that descend into lower elevations and small valleys. It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS
All characteristics affect the disposal of water. SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off.
SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, eg. pear, elongated etc.
PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement: CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach. DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior.
TYPES OF WATERSHED
BASED ON
SIZE
SHAPE
LAND USE PATTERN
BASED ON SIZE
Macro watershed (> 50,000 Hect) Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect) Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect) Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect) Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)
BASED ON SHAPE
FAN SHAPED
FERN SHAPED
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BASED ON LAND USE PATTERN
highland watersheds
tribal settlements
COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
LAND MANAGEMENT WATER MANAGEMENT BIOMASS MANAGEMENT
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LAND MANAGEMENT
Structural Measures
Vegetative Measures Production Measures Protection Measures
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Structural Measures
CONTOUR BUNDS CHECK DAM
FIELD BUNDS
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Vegetative Measures
AGRO-FORESTRY PLANT COVER
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Production Measures
HORTICULTURE
MIXED CROPPING
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Protection Measures
GULLY PLUGGING LANDSLIDE CONTROL
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WATER MANAGEMENT
The broad interventions for water management are
Rain Water Harvesting Ground Water Recharge Maintenance of Water Balance Preventing Water Pollution Economic use of water
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The objectives of watershed management
Conserving soil and water
Improving the ability of land to hold
water
Rainwater harvesting and recharging
Growing greenery trees, crops and
grasses
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Some simple and cost effective rainwater harvesting structures are
Percolation pits/tanks Recharge trenches/rain pits Recharge wells Farm ponds V ditch
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Rainwater harvesting and recharging
Capturing runoff from rooftops Capturing runoff from local catchments Capturing seasonal floodwaters from local streams Conserving water through watershed management
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Components of rainwater harvesting
Catchments
Coarse mesh Conduits Storage facility
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Rainwater harvesting in a house
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Rain water harvesting in a village
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Rain water recharging
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Rainwater harvesting through recharge well
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Biomass management
Major intervention areas for biomass
management are Eco-preservation Biomass Regeneration Forest Management & Conservation Plant Protection & Social Forestry Increased Productivity of Animals Eco-friendly life style of people
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KERALA WATER RESOURCETHREATS
DEFORESTATION
SAND QUARRYING AND RIVER BANK
AGRICULTURE DEGRADATION OF WATER RESOURCES LAND RECLAMATION AND CONSTRUCTION BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER SOURCE
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Prevalent illegal sand mining in rivers and streams
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Oil spill: Water contamination
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Land reclamation
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Leaky water distribution network: Source of contamination of treated water
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Solid waste dumping in a river catchment
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CONCLUSION
REMEDIES FOR WATER SCARCITY CRISIS
1.ATTENTION ABOUT WATER CONSERVATION LIKE RAIN WATER HARVESTING,RAIN PITS 2.PUBLIC EDUCATION 3.RECYCLING ANDPROPER DISPOSALOF CHEMICALS AND WASTES
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REFERENCE
Economic Review (2003). Trivandrum: State Planning Board, Government of Kerala
Chattopadhyay S., et al., 2005, Water quality variations as linked to landuse pattern: A case study in Chalakudy river basin, Kerala. Current Science, VOL. 89 (12). Pp. 2163-2169. Balchand, A. N., 1983. Kuttanad: A case study on environmental consequences of water resources mismanagement. Water International. Vol. 8 (1). Pp. 35-41.
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THANK YOU
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