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Chapter 16

This document discusses adaptive filters and the LMS adaptive algorithm. It introduces adaptive filters and their applications. The LMS adaptive algorithm is then described, which uses instantaneous gradient estimates to update filter coefficients and minimize error. Pseudocode is provided to implement an adaptive filter using the LMS algorithm. Source code examples using fixed point and floating point implementations in C and assembly language are also referenced.

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121 views10 pages

Chapter 16

This document discusses adaptive filters and the LMS adaptive algorithm. It introduces adaptive filters and their applications. The LMS adaptive algorithm is then described, which uses instantaneous gradient estimates to update filter coefficients and minimize error. Pseudocode is provided to implement an adaptive filter using the LMS algorithm. Source code examples using fixed point and floating point implementations in C and assembly language are also referenced.

Uploaded by

Alexandra Sufanu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 16

Adaptive Filters
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 2
Learning Objectives
Introduction to adaptive filtering.
LMS update algorithm.
Implementation of an adaptive filter
using the LMS algorithm.
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 3
Introduction
Adaptive filters differ from other filters
such as FIR and IIR in the sense that:
The coefficients are not determined by a
set of desired specifications.
The coefficients are not fixed.
With adaptive filters the specifications
are not known and change with time.
Applications include: process control,
medical instrumentation, speech
processing, echo and noise calculation
and channel equalisation.
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 4
Introduction
To construct an adaptive filter the
following selections have to be made:
Which method to use to update the
coefficients of the selected filter.
Whether to use an FIR or IIR filter.
Digital
Filter
Adaptive
Algorithm
-
+
e[n] (error signal)
d[n] (desired signal)
y[n] (output signal)
x[n] (input signal)
+
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 5
Introduction
The real challenge for designing an
adaptive filter resides with the adaptive
algorithm.
The algorithm needs to have the
following properties:
Practical to implement.
Adapt the coefficients quickly.
Provide the desired performance.
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 6
The LMS Update Algorithm
The basic premise of the LMS algorithm is the
use of the instantaneous estimates of the
gradient in the steepest descent algorithm:
It has been shown that (Widrow and
Stearns, 1985):
Finally:
| = step size parameter
A
n,k
= gradient vector that makes H(n)
approach the optimal value H
opt

( ) ( ) .
, 1 k n n n
k h k h A + =

|
( ) ( ).
,
k n x n e
k n
= A
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
1
k n x n e k h k h
n n
+ =

|
e(n) is the error signal,
where: e(n) = d(n) - y(n)
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 7
LMS algorithm Implementation
Initialisation 1
h[n] = 0
Initialisation 2
y = 0
Acquisition
read the input samples: x[n],
d[n]
Computation 1

=
=
1
0
] [ ] [
N
i
i x i h y
Computation 2
e = d - x
e e = | |
Computation 3
( ) ( ) ( ) k n x e k h k h
n n
+ =

|
1
Update
x(i) = x(i-1)
Output y
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 8

temp = MCBSP0_DRR; // Read new sample x(n)

X[0] = (short) temp;
D = X[0]; // Set desired equal to x(n) for this
// application
Y=0;

for(i=0;i<N;i++)
Y = Y + ((_mpy(h[i],X[i])) << 1) ; // Do the FIR filter

E = D -(short) (Y>>16); // Calculate the error
BETA_E =(short)((_mpy(beta,E)) >>15); // Multiply error by step size parameter

for(i=N-1;i>=0;i--)
{
h[i] = h[i] +((_mpy(BETA_E,X[i])) >> 15); // Update filter coefficients
X[i]=X[i-1];
}

MCBSP0_DXR = (temp &0xffff0000) | (((short)(Y>>16))&0x0000ffff); // Write output
LMS algorithm Implementation
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004 Chapter 16, Slide 9
Adaptive Filters Codes
Code location:
\Code\Chapter 16 - Adaptive Filter\
Projects:
Fixed Point in C: \Lms_C_Fixed\
Floating Point in C: \Lms_C_Float\
Fixed Point in Linear Asm: \Lms_Asm_Fixed\
Further reading:
Widrow and Stearns, 1985...
Chapter 16
Adaptive Filters
- End -

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