STATISTICS

ESPEDILLON, MARIGOLD MAY L.

BS ECE 5-1 S.Y. 13-14

STATISTICS
is a scientific method of
Collection Presentation Analysis and interpretation of data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and reasonable decisions

COLLECTION OF DATA
For a large number of data or population, it is better to get a sample or just a group from the population for analyzing the data SLOVINS FORMULA:

COLLECTION OF DATA
Problem 1:

How large a sample should be chosen if we expect 6% error from a population of 3000

Problem 2:

Percentage of error we expect if we have chosen a sample of 500 from a population of 4500

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Ungrouped data if data is treated individually Grouped data if data is categorized or grouped
Stem Leaf Plot
Table which has two columns. One column is for the stem and the other for the stem

Frequency Distribution Table

Grouping the data into different classes with equal class intervals and determining the number of observations that fall within each class

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Example:
Construct a steam and leaf plot of the following data which specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a 2.2 3.5 3.2 3 year
3.4 2.5 3.3 4.7 4.1 1.6 4.3 3.1 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.2 4.5 3.3 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.1 3 4.7 3.9 1.9 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.5

Stem
1 2 3 4

Leaf
6,9 2,5,6,6,9 0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,0,7,7,7,8,8,9,9 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7

Frequency
2 5 25 8

PRESENTATION OF DATA
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Class limits
Smallest and largest value of data that fall within the class interval (range)

Class boundaries
Acquired as the midpoint of the upper limit of the lower class and upper limit of the upper class

Frequency
Number of observations falling within a particular class

Class width
Numerical difference between the upper and lower class boundaries of a class interval

Class mark
Middle element of class which represents the entire class

Cumulative frequency
Number of observations accumulate either from highest to lowest(>cf) and if on lowest to highest(<cf)

Relative frequency
Percentage frequency of the class with respect to total population which usually use in presenting pie charts that shows how the distribution of the population split into classes

PRESENTATION OF DATA
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE 1. Decide the number of class intervals
Square Root Principle: = Sturges Formula: = 1 + 3.322

2. Determine the class width: the numerical value that would be obtained here should be rounded off to the data with highest precision
=

3. Determine the lower and upper class limits of each class:

Lower limits The lower limit of the lowest class is the lowest data. Add the value of the class width to the lower class limit would result to the lower class limit of the succeeding classes Upper limits Can be obtained by taking 1 unit less of the class width to be added to the lower class limit

PRESENTATION OF DATA
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE 4. Determine the class boundaries: midpoint of the upper limit of the lower class and lower limit of the upper class 5. Determine the class mark: midpoint of the lower and upper limit of a class which represents the whole class interval 6. Determine the number of observations falling in each other

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year
2.2 3.4 2.5 3.3 4.7 4.1 1.6 4.3 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.2 4.5 3.3 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.2 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.1 3 3 4.7 3.9 1.9 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.5

PRESENTATION OF DATA
2.2 3.4 2.5 3.3 4.7 4.1 1.6 4.3 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.2 4.5 3.3 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.2 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.1 3 3 4.7 3.9 1.9 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.5

= 1 + 3.322 log 40 = 6.322 = 7

= 4.7 1.6 = 3.1 3.1 = = 7 = 0.443 = 0.5

PRESENTATION OF DATA
2.2 3.4 2.5 3.3 4.7 4.1 1.6 4.3 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.2 4.5 3.3 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.2 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.1 3 3 4.7 3.9 1.9 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.5

Determine the lower and upper limits of each class

Lower Limits 1. Find the smallest value of the data 2. Add the value of the class width to form the lower limit of the next class Upper Limits 1. Subtract 1 unit less from the class width 2. Add the value to the lower limit

Class
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lower Limits
1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6

Upper Limits
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Class 1 2 3 4 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 Class Boundaries

5
6 7

3.6 - 4.0
4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

Determine the class boundaries midpoint of the upper limit of the lower class and lower limit of the upper class
Class
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Class Interval
1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

Class Boundaries
-2.05 -2.55 -3.05 -3.55 -4.05 -4.55 -5.05

lower boundary would be the upper boundary of the previous class Class Class Interval Class Boundaries
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05

PLUS OR MINUS + (.1/2) TO THE CLASS LIMITS

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Boundaries Class Mark 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Boundaries 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 Class Mark 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8

Determine the class mark midpoint of the upper and lower limit of a class class mark represents the whole class
Frequency

3.5 5 - 4.05
4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05

Determine the number of observations that fall within each class interval

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Class
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class

Class Interval
1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Interval

Class Boundaries
1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Mark

Class Mark
1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 Frequency <cf

Frequency
2 2 5 15 8 6 2 >cf rf

Class Boundaries

1
2 3 4 5 6 7

1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

1.55 - 2.05
2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05

1.8
2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8

2
2 5 15 8 6 2

2
4 9 24 32 38 40

40
38 36 31 16 8 2

5
5 12.5 37.5 20 15 5

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Measures of Central Location
Mean Median Mode

2. Measures of Position
Quartile Decile Percentile

3. Measures of Variation
Mean Absolute Deviation Variance Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation

4. Measures of Shape
Skewness Kurtosis

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Measures of Central Location
Mean is the average of the distribution Median value the divides the distribution into two equal parts Mode is the most frequent data in the distribution
Ungrouped Data 1. MEAN Arithmetic Mean: =
=1

Grouped Data

Long method: =
Coding: = + Short: = +

Geometric Mean: = Weighted Mean: =

= =

=1

=1 =1

A = class mark of the assumed mean class C = class width N = total number of observations d = deviation f = frequency u = unit code

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

c Ungrouped Data Grouped Data < Arrange the data in ascending or 2 2.MEDIAN descending order = + - Odd number: simply the middle Lmd = lower class value boundary of the assume - Even number: average the two median class middle value cf< = less than cumulative
frequency of the class preceeding the median class fmd = frequency of the median class C = class width

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Ungrouped Data 3. Mode Grouped Data 1 Arrange the data in ascending or = + descending order 1 + 2 Determine the data that is most Lmo = lower class frequent in the distribution

boundary of the assume modal class d1 = fmed fmod-1 or the difference between the frequencies of the modal class preceeding it d2 = fmed fmod+1 or the difference between the frequencies of the modal class following it C = class width

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year

Determine the mean, median, mode

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

For ungrouped data: we just get the average of the data =
1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.9 3 3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.7

. = .

Median: Even number of observation get the average of the two middle values 34 + 34 = = 34 2 Mode: Determine the most frequent data = 3.1

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year
Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 Frequency 2

2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

2
5 15 8 6 2

Compute for the mean, median, mode

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Class 1 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 Class Boundaries 1.55 - 2.05 Class Mark Frequency 1.8 2 <cf 2 >cf 40 rf 5

2
3 4 5 6 7

2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

2.05 - 2.55
2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Mark 1.8 2.3

2.3
2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 fx 3.6 4.6

2
5 15 8 6 2 d

4
9 24 32 38 40 fd

38
36 31 16 8 2 u -3 -2

5
12.5 37.5 20 15 5 fu -6 -4

Assumed Mean: Get the average of the class mark LONG METHOD 137.5 = = . 40 CODING METHOD 0.5 11 = 3.3 + 40 = . Deviation METHOD 5.5 = 3.3 + 40 = .

Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5

Frequency 2 2

-1.50
-1.00 -0.50 0 0.50 1.00 1.50

-3.00
-2.00 -2.50 0 4.00 6.00 3.00 5.50

2.6 - 3.0
3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

5
15 8 6 2

2.8
3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8

14
49.5 30.4 25.8 9.6 137.5

-1
0 1 2 3

-5
0 8 12 6 11

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Boundaries 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Mark 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 Frequency 2 2 5 15 8 6 2 <cf 2 4 9 24 32 38 40 >cf 40 38 36 31 16 8 2 rf 5 5 12.5 37.5 20 15 5

MEDIAN: =

< 2 +

Lmd = lower class boundary of the assume median class cf< = less than cumulative frequency of the class preceeding the median class fmd = frequency of the median class C = class width

Assume Median: Determine the value of half the sample size (N/2) In <cf, determine where it would fall and that would be the class of our assumed median

Lmd = 3.05 20 9 cf< = 9 = 3.05 + 0.5 = . fmd = 24 24 C = 0.5

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Boundaries 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Mark 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 Frequency 2 2 5 15 8 6 2 <cf 2 4 9 24 32 38 40 >cf 40 38 36 31 16 8 2 rf 5 5 12.5 37.5 20 15 5

MODE: = +

Lmo = lower class boundary of the assume modal class d1 = fmod fmod-1 or the difference between the frequencies of the modal class preceeding it d2 = fmod fmod+1 or the difference between the frequencies of the modal class following it C = class width

1 1 + 2

Assume Mode: Determine the class that has the largest number of observations falling in it

Lmo = 3.05 d1 = 15-5=10 d2 = 15-8=7 C = 0.5

= 3.05 + 0.5

10 = . 10 + 7

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

USING THE STAT FUNCTION IN OUR CALCULATOR
1. Press MODE 2. Choose STAT 3. Press 1

4. Enter all the given data

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year Entering ungrouped data: Just type all the data given Press AC

To start manipulating or to compute for the mean, variance, standard deviation Press SHIFT then 1[STAT]

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year Entering grouped data
Class Interval Frequency

1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

2
2 5 15 8 6 2

(FDT given) Press SHIFT then MODE then DOWN KEY Press 4 [STAT] Choose 1 [ON]

Press SHIFT then 1[STAT] then choose 1[1-VAR] to enter our data in the FDT X column CLASS MARK! FREQ number of observations

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2. Measures of Position
Quartile
Dividing the set of data into four equal parts Dividing the set into 10 equal parts Dividing the set into 100 equal parts

Decile

Percentile

Ungrouped Data = + ( ) 1 = +1
Xf is the fractile value Xfl is the lower value in the data set where the fractile value falls Xfu is the next higher value in the data set where the fractile value falls Excess is the fractional value in the position of the fractile

Grouped Data < = +

Lfk is the lower class boundara of the fractile class cf< is the cumulative frequency of the class preceeding the fractile class Ffk is the frequency of the fractile class

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year

Compute for Q3, D7, P18

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.9 3 3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.7

= + ( ) 1 = +1

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year
Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 Frequency 2

2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0

2
5 15 8 6 2

Compute for the mean, median, mode

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 Class Boundaries 1.55 - 2.05 2.05 - 2.55 2.55 - 3.05 3.05 - 3.55 3.55 - 4.05 4.05 - 4.55 4.55 - 5.05 Class Mark 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 Frequency 2 2 5 15 8 6 2 <cf 2 4 9 24 32 38 40 >cf 40 38 36 31 16 8 2 rf 5 5 12.5 37.5 20 15 5

< = +

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3. Measures of Variation - a measure of how the data is spread out from the mean
Mean Absolute Deviation
Is the average of unsigned deviations from mean

Variance
Is the average of square deviations

Standard Deviation
Given as the square root of variance

Coefficient of Variation
Percentage of the ratio of standard deviation to the mean

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

For ungrouped data
Mean Absolute Deviation = Variance
=
2

=1

=1(

2 ) 1

Standard Deviation
=
=1(

2 ) 1

Coefficient of Variation
=

100%

Where Xi is the value of the data

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year

Compute for mean absolute deviation, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

x 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.9 3 3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 |x - mean| 1.8125 1.5125 1.2125 0.9125 0.8125 0.8125 0.5125 0.4125 0.4125 0.3125 0.3125 0.3125 0.3125 0.2125 0.2125 0.2125 0.1125 0.1125 0.1125 0.0125 |x-mean|^2 3.2852 2.2877 1.4702 0.8327 0.6602 0.6602 0.2627 0.1702 0.1702 0.0977 0.0977 0.0977 0.0977 0.0452 0.0452 0.0452 0.0127 0.0127 0.0127 0.0002 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.7 136.5 0.0125 0.0125 0.0875 0.0875 0.1875 0.2875 0.2875 0.2875 0.3875 0.3875 0.4875 0.4875 0.6875 0.6875 0.7875 0.8875 0.9875 1.0875 1.2875 1.2875 21.35 0.0002 0.0002 0.0077 0.0077 0.0352 0.0827 0.0827 0.0827 0.1502 0.1502 0.2377 0.2377 0.4727 0.4727 0.6202 0.7877 0.9752 1.1827 1.6577 1.6577 19.26375

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

USING THE STAT FUNCTION IN OUR CALCULATOR
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Type all the ungrouped data Press AC Press SHIFT then 1[STAT] Choose 5[VAR] Choose 2: for mean, 4: standard deviation 6. To compute for variance: Square the answer in standard deviation

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

For grouped data
Mean Absolute Deviation = Variance
=
2

1 1
2

Standard Deviation
=

Coefficient of Variation
=

100%

Where x is the class mark

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Example: The following specifies the life of 40 similar car batteries recorded to the nearest tenth of a year
Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 Frequency 2 2 5 15 8

4.1 - 4.5
4.6 - 5.0

6
2

Compute for mean absolute deviation, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Class Interval 1.6 - 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 3.0 3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 Class Mark 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 Frequency 2 2 5 15 8 6 |x-mean| 1.6375 1.1375 0.6375 0.1375 0.3625 0.8625 f|x-mean| 3.2750 2.2750 3.1875 2.0625 2.9000 5.1750 |x-mean|^2 2.6814 1.2939 0.4064 0.0189 0.1314 0.7439 f|x-mean|^2 5.3628 2.5878 2.0320 0.2836 1.0513 4.4634

4.6 - 5.0

4.8

1.3625

2.7250
21.6000

1.8564

3.7128
19.4938

MAD STANDARD DEVIATION VARIANCE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

USING THE STAT FUNCTION IN OUR CALCULATOR
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Type all the ungrouped data Press AC Press SHIFT then 1[STAT] Choose 5[VAR] Choose 2: for mean, 4: standard deviation 6. To compute for variance: Square the answer in standard deviation