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Forging New Generations of Engineers

This document provides an introduction to basic statistical concepts for engineers, including definitions and examples of mean, mode, median, range, histograms, and normal distributions. It explains that statistical analysis of measurements can help verify quality, and engineers use graphics to communicate patterns in data. Key terms are defined, such as mean being the sum of values divided by the number of values, mode being the most frequent value, and median being the middle value of data in order. Histograms and normal distributions are also introduced.

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Vivek Mishra
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56 views

Forging New Generations of Engineers

This document provides an introduction to basic statistical concepts for engineers, including definitions and examples of mean, mode, median, range, histograms, and normal distributions. It explains that statistical analysis of measurements can help verify quality, and engineers use graphics to communicate patterns in data. Key terms are defined, such as mean being the sum of values divided by the number of values, mode being the most frequent value, and median being the middle value of data in order. Histograms and normal distributions are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Vivek Mishra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Forging new generations of engineers

Introduction to Basic Statistics

Lesson Concepts Addressed


Statistical analysis of measurements can help to verify the quality of a design or process. Engineers use graphics to communicate patterns in recorded data.

Related Performance Objectives


It is expected that students will Generate a data set of linear measurement. Calculate the mean, mode, median, and range of a data set. Create a histogram of recorded measurements showing class interval and frequency.

Mean
The mean is the sum of the values of a set of data divided by the number of values in that data set.

x= n
(pronounced X-bar)

Sx

Mean

x= n
x = individual data value
n = # of data values in the data set

Sx

S = summation of a set of values

Mean
Data Set: 3 7 12 17 21 21 23 27 32 36 44 Sum of the values = 243 Number of values = 11 Mean =

x = n

Sx

243 = = 22.09 11

Mode
The most frequently occurring value in a set of data is the mode.
Data Set: 27 17 12 7 21 44 23 3 36 32 21

Symbol

Mode
The most frequently occurring value in a set of data is the mode.
Data Set: 3 7 12 17 21 21 23 27 32 36 44
Mode = 21

Mode
The most frequently occurring value in a set of data is the mode.
Note: If two numbers of equal frequency stand out, then the data set is bimodal. If more than two numbers of equal frequency stand out, then the data set is multi-modal.

Median
The median is the value that occurs in the middle of a set of data that has been arranged in chronological order.
~ Symbol x pronounced X-tilde

Median
The median is the value that occurs in the middle of a set of data that has been arranged in chronological order.
Data Set: 27 17 12 7 21 44 23 3 36 32 21 Median = 21

Median
Note: A data set that contains an odd # of values always has a Median. For an even # of values, the two middle values are averaged with the result being the Median.

Data Set: 3 7 12 17 21 21 23 27 32 36 44 Median = 21

Range
The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data.
Data Set: 3 7 12 17 21 21 23 27 32 36 44 Range = 44-3 = 41

Symbol

Histogram
A histogram is a common data distribution graph that is used to show the frequency with which specific values, or values within ranges, occur in a set of data. An engineer might use a histogram to show the most common, or average, dimension that exists among a group of identical manufactured parts.

0 3 -1 0

3 2 -1 1

-1 1 2 -1

-3 0 1 -2

1
-2

2
-4

1
0

0
0

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Histogram
Specific values, called data elements, are plotted along the X-axis of the graph.

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Data Elements

Histogram
Large sets of data are often divided into limited number of groups. These groups are called class intervals.

-6 to -16

-5 to 5

6 to 16

Class Intervals

Histogram
The number of data elements is shown by the frequency, which occurs along the Yaxis of the graph.
Frequency
7 5 3 1

-6 to -16

-5 to 5

6 to 16

Normal Distribution
Is the data normal?
Translationdoes the greatest frequency of the data values occur about the mean value?

Normal Distribution
Mean Value

Frequency
-6 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Data Elements

Normal Distribution
Is the process normal?
Further Translationdoes the data form a bell shape curve when plotted on a histogram?

Normal Distribution
Frequency
-6 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Data Elements

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