ARIES Recovery Algorithm

Recovery Scheme Metrics

Concurrency Functionality Complexity

Overheads:
Space and I/O (Seq and random) during Normal processing and recovery

Failure Modes:
transaction/process, system and media/device

Key Features of Aries

Physical Logging, and Operation logging

e.g. Add 5 to A,
or insert K in B-tree B

Page oriented redo

recovery independence amongst objects

Logical undo (may span multiple pages) WAL + Inplace Updates

Key Aries Features (contd)

Transaction Rollback
Total vs partial (up to a savepoint)
Nested rollback - partial rollback followed by another (partial/total) rollback

Fine-grain concurrency control

supports tuple level locks on records, and key value locks on indices

More Aries Features

Flexible storage management
Physiological redo logging:
logical operation within a single page no need to log intra-page data movement for compaction LSN used to avoid repeated redos (more on LSNs later)

Recovery independence
can recover some pages separately from others

Fast recovery and parallelism

Latches and Locks

Latches
used to guarantee physical consistency

short duration
no deadlock detection direct addressing (unlike hash table for locks)
often using atomic instructions
latch acquisition/release is much faster than lock

acquisition/release

Lock requests
conditional, instant duration, manual duration, commit duration

Buffer Manager
Fix, unfix and fix_new (allocate and fix new pg)
Aries uses steal policy - uncommitted writes may be

output to disk (contrast with no-steal policy)

Aries uses no-force policy (updated pages need not

be forced to disk before commit)

dirty page: buffer version has updated not yet reflected

on disk
dirty pages written out in a continuous manner to disk

Buffer Manager (Contd)

BCB: buffer control blocks
stores page ID, dirty status, latch, fix-count

Latching of pages = latch on buffer slot

limits number of latches required
but page must be fixed before latching

Some Notation

LSN: Log Sequence Number

= logical address of record in the log

Page LSN: stored in page

LSN of most recent update to page

PrevLSN: stored in log record

identifies previous log record for that transaction

Forward processing (normal operation) Normal undo

vs. restart undo

Compensation Log Records

CLRs: redo only log records Used to record actions performed during transaction

rollback
one CLR for each normal log record which is undone

CLRs have a field UndoNxtLSN indicating which log

record is to be undone next

avoids repeated undos by bypassing already undo records

needed in case of restarts during transaction rollback)

in contrast, IBM IMS may repeat undos, and AS400 may even

undo undos, then redo the undos

Normal Processing
Transactions add log records

Checkpoints are performed periodically

contains
Active transaction list,

LSN of most recent log records of transaction, and

List of dirty pages in the buffer (and their recLSNs)

to determine where redo should start

Recovery Phases
Analysis pass
forward from last checkpoint

Redo pass
forward from RedoLSN, which is determined in analysis pass

Undo pass
backwards from end of log, undoing incomplete transactions

Analysis Pass
RedoLSN = min(LSNs of dirty pages recorded

in checkpoint)
if no dirty pages, RedoLSN = LSN of checkpoint pages dirtied later will have higher LSNs)

scan log forwards from last checkpoint

find transactions to be rolled back (``loser'' transactions) find LSN of last record written by each such transaction

Redo Pass

Repeat history, scanning forward from RedoLSN

for all transactions, even those to be undone perform redo only if page_LSN < log records LSN no locking done in this pass

Undo Pass
Single scan backwards in log, undoing actions of

``loser'' transactions
for each transaction, when a log record is found, use prev_LSN fields to find next record to be undone can skip parts of the log with no records from loser transactions don't perform any undo for CLRs (note: UndoNxtLSN for CLR indicates next record to be undone, can skip intermediate records of that transactions)

Data Structures Used in Aries

Log Record Structure

Log records contain following fields

LSN Type (CLR, update, special) TransID PrevLSN (LSN of prev record of this txn) PageID (for update/CLRs) UndoNxtLSN (for CLRs)
indicates which log record is being compensated on later undos, log records upto UndoNxtLSN can be skipped

Data (redo/undo data); can be physical or logical

Transaction Table

Stores for each transaction:

TransID, State LastLSN (LSN of last record written by txn) UndoNxtLSN (next record to be processed in rollback)

During recovery:
initialized during analysis pass from most recent checkpoint modified during analysis as log records are encountered, and during undo

Dirty Pages Table

During normal processing:
When page is fixed with intention to update
Let L = current end-of-log LSN (the LSN of next log record to be

generated)
if page is not dirty, store L as RecLSN of the page in dirty pages

table

When page is flushed to disk, delete from dirty page table dirty page table written out during checkpoint (Thus RecLSN is LSN of earliest log record whose effect is not reflected in page on disk)

Dirty Page Table (contd)

During recovery
load dirty page table from checkpoint
updated during analysis pass as update log records are encountered

Normal Processing Details

Updates
Page latch held in X mode until log record is logged
so updates on same page are logged in correct order
page latch held in S mode during reads since records may get moved around by update latch required even with page locking if dirty reads are allowed

Log latch acquired when inserting in log

Updates (Contd.)
Protocol to avoid deadlock involving latches
deadlocks involving latches and locks were a major problem in System R and SQL/DS transaction may hold at most two latches at-a-time must never wait for lock while holding latch
if both are needed (e.g. Record found after latching page): release latch before requesting lock and then reacquire latch (and

recheck conditions in case page has changed inbetween). Optimization: conditional lock request

page latch released before updating indices

data update and index update may be out of order

Split Log Records

Can split a log record into undo and redo parts
undo part must go first
page_LSN is set to LSN of redo part

Savepoints
Simply notes LSN of last record written by transaction

(up to that point) - denoted by SaveLSN

can have multiple savepoints, and rollback to any of

them
deadlocks can be resolved by rollback to appropriate

savepoint, releasing locks acquired after that savepoint

Rollback
Scan backwards from last log record of txn
(last log record of txn = transTable[TransID].UndoNxtLSN

if log record is an update log record

undo it and add a CLR to the log

if log record is a CLR

then UndoNxt = LogRec.UnxoNxtLSN else UndoNxt = LogRec.PrevLSN

next record to process is UndoNxt; stop at SaveLSN or beginning of transaction as required

More on Rollback
Extra logging during rollback is bounded
make sure enough log space is available for rollback in case of system crash, else BIG problem

In case of 2PC, if in-doubt txn needs to be aborted,

rollback record is written to log then rollback is carried out

Transaction Termination

prepare record is written for 2PC

locks are noted in prepare record

prepare record also used to handle non-undoable

actions e.g. deleting file

these pending actions are noted in prepare record and executed

only after actual commit

end record written at commit time

pending actions are then executed and logged using special redo-only log records

end record also written after rollback

Checkpoints
begin_chkpt record is written first

transaction table, dirty_pages table and some other file

mgmt information are written out

end_chkpt record is then written out
for simplicity all above are treated as part of end_chkpt record

LSN of begin_chkpt is then written to master record in

well known place on stable storage

incomplete checkpoint
if system crash before end_chkpt record is written

Checkpoint (contd)
Pages need not be flushed during checkpoint
are flushed on a continuous basis

Transactions may write log records during checkpoint Can copy dirty_page table fuzzily (hold latch, copy

some entries out, release latch, repeat)

Restart Processing
Finds checkpoint begin using master record

Do restart_analysis
Do restart_redo
... some details of dirty page table here

Do restart_undo reacquire locks for prepared transactions checkpoint

Result of Analysis Pass

Output of analysis
transaction table
including UndoNxtLSN for each transaction in table

dirty page table: pages that were potentially dirty at time of crash/shutdown

RedoLSN - where to start redo pass from

Entries added to dirty page table as log records are

encountered in forward scan

also some special action to deal with OS file deletes

This pass can be combined with redo pass!

Redo Pass
Scan forward from RedoLSN
If log record is an update log record, AND is in dirty_page_table AND LogRec.LSN >= RecLSN of the page in dirty_page_table
then if pageLSN < LogRec.LSN then perform redo; else just update RecLSN in dirty_page_table

Repeats history: redo even for loser transactions

(some optimization possible)

More on Redo Pass

Dirty page table details
dirty page table from end of analysis pass (restart dirty page table) is used and set in redo pass (and later in undo pass)

Optimizations of redo
Dirty page table info can be used to pre-read pages during redo
Out of order redo is also possible to reduce disk seeks

Undo Pass
Rolls back loser transaction in reverse order in single

scan of log
stops when all losers have been fully undone processing of log records is exactly as in single transaction rollback

4'

3'

6'

5' 2'

1'

Undo Optimizations

Parallel undo
each txn undone separately, in parallel with others can even generate CLRs and apply them separately , in parallel for a single transaction

New txns can run even as undo is going on:

reacquire locks of loser txns before new txns begin can release locks as matching actions are undone

Undo Optimization (Contd)

If pages are not available (e.g media failure)
continue with redo recovery of other pages
once pages are available again (from archival dump) redos of the

relevant pages must be done first, before any undo

for physical undos in undo pass

we can generate CLRs and apply later; new txns can run on other

pages

for logical undos in undo pass

postpone undos of loser txns if the undo needs to access these

pages - ``stopped transaction''

undo of other txns can proceed; new txns can start provided

appropriate locks are first acquired for loser txns

Transaction Recovery
Loser transactions can be restarted in some cases
e.g. Mini batch transactions which are part of a larger transaction

Checkpoints During Restart

Checkpoint during analysis/redo/undo pass
reduces work in case of crash/restart during recovery
(why is Mohan so worried about this!)

can also flush pages during redo pass

RecLSN in dirty page table set to current last-processed-record

Media Recovery
For archival dump
can dump pages directly from disk (bypass buffer, no latching needed) or via buffer, as desired
this is a fuzzy dump, not transaction consistent

begin_chkpt location of most recent checkpoint completed before archival dump starts is noted
called image copy checkpoint redoLSN computed for this checkpoint and noted as media

recovery redo point

Media Recovery (Contd)

To recover parts of DB from media failure
failed parts if DB are fetched from archival dump only log records for failed part of DB are reapplied in a redo pass inprogress transactions that accessed the failed parts of the DB are rolled back

Same idea can be used to recover from page

corruption
e.g. Application program with direct access to buffer crashes before writing undo log record

Nested Top Actions

Same idea as used in logical undo in our advanced

recovery mechanism
used also for other operations like creating a file (which can then be used by other txns, before the creater commits) updates of nested top action commit early and should not be undone

Use dummy CLR to indicate actions should be skipped

during undo