UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
IT2101
Computer Architecture &
Operating Systems
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Major Topics
1. Review of Basic Principles
07
2. General Systems Architecture
04
3. Instruction Set Architecture 05
4. Basic CPU Architecture
04
5. Memory Hierarchy & I/O Techniques
06
6. Parallelism 04
7. Introduction to Operating Systems
04
8 Processes & Process Management
08
9. Memory Management
Total Lectures 60 06
10. File Systems
Review of Basic Principles
(7hrs.)
• Radix number systems
• Decimal, Binary, and Hexadecimal
number systems
• Binary arithmetic: addition,
complements, and subtraction
• Binary Codes
• BCD code
• ASCII character code
• Boolean algebra and Logic Gates:
• Boolean functions
• Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND,
XOR
• Simplification of Boolean functions:(2,3,
and 4 variable Karnaugh maps)
Review of Basic Principles
• Digital Computer
– A digital system performing
computational tasks.
– Represents information using
variables that take a limited
number of discrete values.
– Processes these values internally
– Uses two basic values to
represent information
Radix Number
Systems
Each number system has a number of
different digits which is called the
radix or the base of the number
system.
• Decimal Base = 10
• Binary Base = 2
• Octal Base = 8
• Hexadecimal (Hex) Base = 16
Decimal Number System
Base (Radix) 10
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
e.g. 747510
The magnitude represented by a digit is decided by
the position of the digit within the number.
1000 100 10 1
7 4 7 5
For example the digit 7 in the left-most position of
7475 counts for 7000 and the digit 7 in the second
position from the right counts for 70.
Binary Number System
Base (Radix) 2
Digits 0, 1
e.g. 11102
8=23 4=22 2=21 1=20
1 1 1 0
The digit 1 in the third position from the right
represents the value 4 and the digit 1 in the
fourth position from the right represents the
value 8.
Octal Number System
Base (Radix) 8
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
e.g. 16238
512=83 64=82 8=81 1=80
1 6 2 3
The digit 2 in the second position from the right
represents the value 16 and the digit 1 in the
fourth position from the right represents the value
512.
Hexadecimal Number
System
Base (Radix) 16
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F
e.g. 2F4D 16
4096=16 256=16 16=16 1=160
3 2 1
2 F 4 D
The digit F in the third position from the right
represents the value 3840 and the digit D in the
first position from the right represents the value 1.
Binary Arithmetic
• Addition
•Complements
•Subtraction
Binary Addition
0 (b) 0
(a)
+0 +1
0 1
(c) 1 (d) 1
+0 +1
1 10
Carry Bit
Binary Addition Examples
(a) 1011 (b) 1010 (c) 1011
+ 1100 + 100 + 101
10111 1110 10000
(d) 101 (e) 10011001
+ 1001 + 101100
1110 11000101
Binary Complement
(1s Complement) Operation
1 0
0 1
Example
110010110
001101001
Two’s Complement
The Two’s complement of a binary
number is obtained by first
complementing the number and then
adding 1 to the result.
1001110
0110001 One’s
+ 1 Complement
0110010 Two’s Complement
Binary Subtraction
Binary subtraction is implemented by
adding the Two’s complement of the
number to be subtracted. Two’s
Example compleme
nt of 1001
1101 1101
-1001 +0111
10100
If there is a carry then it is ignored.
Thus, the answer is 0100.
Binary Codes
A binary code is a group of n bits that
assume up to 2n distinct combinations
of 1’s and 0’s with each combination
representing one element of the set
that is being coded.
• BCD – Binary Coded Decimal
• ASCII – American Standard Code
for Information Interchange
BCD – Binary Coded
Decimal Decimal BCD
Number Number
When the decimal numbers
are represented in BCD, 0 0000
each decimal digit is 1 0001
represented by the 2 0010
equivalent BCD code. 3 0011
4 0100
Example :BCD 5 0101
Representation of Decimal 6 0110
6349 7 0111
8 1000
6 3 4 9 9 1001
0110 0011 0100
ASCII
Number ASCII Letter ASCII
0 0110000 A 1000001
1 0110001 B 1000010
2 0110010 C 1000011
3 0110011 D 1000100
4 0110100 E 1000101
5 0110101 F 1000110
6 0110110 G 1000111
7 0110111 H 1001000
8 0111000 I 1001001
9 0111001
ASCII Continued.
Letter ASCII Letter ASCII
J 1001010 S 1010011
K 1001011 T 1010100
L 1001100 U 1010101
M 1001101 V 1010110
N 1001110 W 1010111
O 1001111 X 1011000
P 1010000 Y 1011001
Q 1010001 Z 1011010
R 1010010
Logic Gates
• Binary information is represented in
digital computers by physical
quantities called signals.
• Two different electrical voltage
levels such as 3 volts and 0.5 volts
may be used to represent binary 1
and 0.
• Binary logic deals with binary
variables and with operations that
assume a logical meaning.
Logic Gates Contd…
• A particular logic operation can be
described in an algebraic or tabular
form.
• The manipulation of binary
information is done by the circuits
called logic gates which are blocks of
hardware that produce signals of
binary 1 or 0 when input logic
requirements are satisfied.
Logic Gates Contd…
• Each gate has a distinct graphics
symbol and it’s operation can be
described by means of an
algebraic expression or in a form
of a table called the truth table.
• Each gate has one or more
binary inputs and one binary
output.
Logic Gates
AND
OR
NOT (Inverter)
NAND (Not AND)
NOR (Not OR)
XOR (Exclusive-OR)
Exclusive-NOR
Logic Gates Cont.
AND Logic Gate Truth
Table
A AB x
x
B 0 0 0
0 1 0
x=A.B 1 0 0
A, B Binary Input Variables 1 1 1
x Binary Output Variable
Logic Gates Cont.
OR Logic Gate Truth
Table
A A B x
x
B 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
x=A+B 1 1 1
This is read as x
equals A or B.
Logic Gates Cont.
NOT Logic Gate Truth
Table
A x
A x
0 1
1 0
x=
A
Logic Gates Cont.
NAND Logic Gate Truth
Table
A
x AB x
B
0 0 1
0 1 1
x=A.B
1 0 1
1 1 0
Logic Gates Cont.
NORLogic Gate Truth
Table
A A B x
x
B 0 0 1
0 1 0
x=A+B 1 0 0
1 1 0
Logic Gates Cont.
XORLogic Gate Truth
Table
A A B x
x
B 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
x=A+B
1 1 0
Logic Gates Cont.
Exclusive-NOR Logic Gate Truth
Table
A A B x
x
B
0 0 1
0 1 0
x=A+B 1 0 0
1 1 1
Contact
External Degree Unit (EDU) of the
University of Colombo School of
Computing
No. 221/2A, Dharmapala Mawatha,
Colombo 7.
Phone : 074-720511
Fax : 074-720512
http://www.bit. lk
Thank you
