WANs and Router Basics

Chapter 1: WANs & Routers

Chapter 2: Router CLI
Table of Contents
WAN Devices
WAN Standards
WAN
Technologies
Router Basics
Router User
Interface
WAN Devices

Table of Contents
 WAN Services
WANs provide for the exchange of
data packets/frames between
routers/bridges and the LANs they
support.
A WAN interconnects LANs that
are usually separated by large
geographic areas.
WANs connect devices. Such
devices include...
 Routers
Routers offer many services
including:
Internetworking

WAN serial interfaces

Routers can operate as...
InternalRouters
Backbone Routers

Area Border Routers

Autonomous System Boundary

 WAN Bandwidth Switches
Service provider equipment that
connects to WAN bandwidth for
voice, data and video
communications.
 Modems
Also called CSU/DSUs (channel
service units/digital service units)
Interface with voice-grade
connection in order to convert
analog signal to digital.
Represents the DCE side of the
DTE/DCE connection.
More on DTE/DCE later
 Communication Servers
Concentrates dial-in and dial-out
services.
Equipment is usually at the service
provider’s site.
WAN Standards

Table of Contents
 WAN Standards
Whatlayers of the OSI model do
WAN standards describe?
Physical and Data Link Layers
 WAN Physical Layer
Protocols that describe how to provide
electrical, mechanical, operational, and
functional connections for WAN services.
These services are most often obtained
from WAN service providers such as
RBOCs, alternate carriers, post-
telephone, and telegraph (PTT) agencies.
Describes the interface between the
data terminal equipment (DTE) and the
data circuit-terminating equipment
(DCE).
 WAN Physical Layer
Typically,the DCE is the service
provider and the DTE is the
attached device.
In this model, the services offered
to the DTE are made available
through a modem or a CSU/DSU.
 WAN Physical Layer
Several physical layer standards
specifying this interface between
the DTE & DCE are...
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.24
V.35
X.21
G.703
EIA-530
 WAN Data-Link Layer
WAN data link protocols describe
how frames are carried between
systems on a single data link.
They include protocols designed to
operate over dedicated point-to-
point, multipoint, and multi-access
switched services.
WAN standards are defined and
managed by a number of
 WAN Data-Link Encapsulations
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Cisco default encapsulation; typically
used between routers running Cisco
IOS; replacing SDLC
Streamlined: no windowing or flow
control
may not be compatible with different
vendors because of the way each
vendor has chosen to implement it.
HDLC supports both point-to-point and
 WAN Data-Link Encapsulations
Frame Relay
uses high-quality digital facilities;
uses simplified framing with no error
correction mechanisms
(connectionless!!);
it can send Layer 2 information much
more rapidly than other WAN
protocols
 WAN Data-Link Encapsulations
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
Developed by IETF; replacing SLIP
Contains a field to identify the
network layer protocol
PPP can check for link quality during
connection establishment
Supports PAP (Password
Authentication Protocol) & CHAP
(Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol)
WAN Technologies

Table of Contents
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 Dedicated Digital Services
Dedicated Digital Services
provide full-time connectivity
Tthrough
series inaU.S.
point-to-point
and E serieslink
in
Europe
Uses time division multiplexing to
“slice up” data and•assign time slots
Uses twisted pair
for transmissions & fiber
T1 = 1.544 Mbps •Extremely
T3 = 44.736 Mbps popular

E1 = 2.048 Mbps •Moderate cost

 Dedicated Digital Services
Digital Subscriber Lines
(xDSL); the x stands for a family of
technologies
New WAN Technology for home use;
decreasing bandwidth with increasing
distance from the phone companies
CO.
Data rates as high as 51.84 Mbps but
more common to be in the 100s of
Kbps
 Dedicated Digital Services
Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET)
Specialized high bandwidth
technology for use at various Optical
Carrier speeds (OC) ranging from
51.84 Mbps (OC-1) to 9,952 Mbps (OC-
192)
Uses lasers to divide the wavelength
of the light into sections that can carry
large amounts of data (Wave Division
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 Analog Services
Dial-up Modems (switched
analog)
Limitedto 56 kbps
Works with existing phone network

Low cost and widespread usage

 Analog Services
Cable Modems (Shared Analog)
Puts data signals on the same cable
as television signals
Increasing in popularity

Maximum bandwidth can be 10 Mbps,

though this degrades as more users
attach to a given network segment
(behaving like an unswitched LAN)
Cost is relatively low; usage is small
but increasing; the medium is coaxial
 Analog Services
Wireless
Terrestrial Satellite
Bandwidths Can serve mobile
typically in the 11 users and remote
Mbps range users
Cost is relatively Usage is
low widespread
Line-of-sight is Cost is very high
usually required
Usage is moderate
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 Circuit Switched Services
PlainOld Telephone System
(POTS)
Not a computer data service but...
POTS is an important component of our
communication infrastructure and
It is still the standard for designing
reliable networks
 Circuit Switched Services
IntegratedServices Digital
Network (ISDN)
Historically important--first dial-up
digital service
Cost is moderate; max. bandwidth =
128 kbps for BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
2 B channels @ 64kps and 1 D channel @
B16kps
DB channels are voice/data channels; D for

Bsignaling
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 Packet Switched Services
X.25 (Connection-oriented)
Older WAN technology developed in
1970s
Reliable--X.25 has been extensively
debugged and is now very stable--
literally no errors in modern X.25
networks
Store & Forward--Since X.25 stores
the whole frame to error check it
before forwarding it on to the
destination, it has an inherent delay
 Packet Switched Services
Frame Relay (Connectionless)
More efficient and much faster than
X.25
Packet switched version of ISDN
(which is circuit switched); data rates
up to 44.736Mbps with 56kbps and
384kbps being the most popular
Used mostly to forward LAN IP and IPX
packets but can be used to forward
other types of traffic
 WAN Technologies Overview
Analog
Dedicated
• Dial-up
• T1, E1, T3,
modems
E3 Switche • Cable
• xDSL d modems
• SONET
• Wireless

Circuit Packet Cell

Switch Switch Switch
ed ed ed
• POTS • X.25 • ATM
• ISDN • Frame • SMDS
Relay
 Cell Switched Services
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
Relatively new WAN Technology
related to broadband ISDN; max.
bandwidth = 622 Mbps
Developed in order to provide one
technology for both WANs and LANs to
transport data, video, and voice. (High
Cost)
Key Benefits:
One network for all traffic--voice, data,
video
 Cell Switched Services
Switched Multimegabit Data
Service (SMDS)
Closelyrelated to ATM; SMDS is the
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
implementation of ATM
High Cost with max. bandwidth
44.736 Mbps
 WAN T ech nolog ies Review
Acronym Name Max. Bandwidth Comments
Dedicated Digital Services
T1, T3 T1, T3 1.544 &44.736 Mbps Widelyused telecommunications
xDSL Digital Subscriber Line 384 kbps Newtechnologyover phone lines
Synchronous Optical
SONET 9,992 Mbps Veryfastoptical fiber transmission
Network
AnalogServices
Dial-up Modem Modem 56 kbps Mature technologyover phone lines
Cable Modem Cable Modem 10 Mbps Newtechnologyusing cable TV

Terrestrial Wireless Wireless 11 Mbps Microwave and laser links

Satellite Wireless Wireless 2 Mbps Microwave and laser links
CircuitSwitchedServices
Plain Old Telephone
POTS 4 kHz Analog The Standard for Reliability
Service
Integrated Services
ISDN 128 kbps Data and Voice Together
Digital Network
PacketSwitchedServices
X.25 X.25 An Old Reliable, Workhorse
Frame Relay Frame Relay up to 44.736 Mbps A flexible newworkhorse; son ofISDN
Cell SwitchedServices
Asynchronous
ATM 622 Mbps High powered Networks
Transfer Mode
Switched Multimegabit
SMDS 1.544 &44.736 Mbps MAN variantofATM
Data Service
Router Basics

Table of Contents
 Internal Components

RAM NVRAM Flash ROM

Console
Interfaces
Auxiliary
 RAM
Temporary storage for router
configuration files
RAM content is lost on power down
or restart
Stores...
Routing tables
ARP cache

Fast switching cache

Packet buffering
 NVRAM
Non-volatile RAM
Stores backup/startup
configuration files
Content is not lost when router is
powered down or restarted.
 Flash
EEPROM (Electronically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory)
Holds the Cisco IOS (Internet
Operating System)
Allows updating of software
without replacing the Flash chip
Multiple versions of IOS can be
stored
Retained on power down
 ROM
Contains POST (Power On Self Test)
A bootstrap program (loads the
Cisco IOS)
And operating system software
Backup, trimmed down version of the
IOS
Upgrades require installing new chip
set
 Interfaces
Network connections through
which packets enter and exit the
router
Attached to the motherboard or as
separate modules.
 Labs
Beforemoving on to Ch. 3, make
sure you have done both of the
required labs for Ch. 2
Lab 2.2.2
Lab 2.2.3.2
Router User Interface

Table of Contents
 User EXEC Modes
User mode
Limited mode used for checking the
routers status, looking at routing
tables, etc.
You cannot configure the router
Once you’ve typed the password to
enter user mode, you will see the >
prompt. The word “Router” will be the
name of the router. Means you’re in
user mode
Password:
 Privileged EXEC Modes
Privileged mode
Does everything User mode does
Full power to configure the router

In user mode, you enter the command

“enable” and then the privileged
password

Router> enable Means you’re in

Password: privileged mode
Router#
 Command Lists
To get a list of commands available
in either user mode or privileged
mode, enter a ? at the prompt.
Router> ?
Router# ?
Since the available commands will
be more than the screen can hold,
you will get the --More-- message
at the bottom.
Hitting the space bar will advance
 Getting Help on a Command
The ? can be used with a partial
command to learn all the available
commands that match what you
entered.
To use this help feature, enter the
partial command,
Router# show ? then tap the space
bar,ipthen type ?
For flash:
example... The Router returned all
interfaces the available commands
ipx
for “show”
version
parser
 Error Indicator
When you’ve entered an error in
the command string, a carat (^)
symbol will indicate where the error
occurred.
For example...
Router# show runing-config
^
% Invalid input detected at the ‘^’ marker
 Labs
Beforetaking the Ch. 2/3 test,
make sure you have done both of
the required labs for Ch. 3
Lab 3.2.1
Lab 3.2.2
 End Slide Show

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