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Hardware Concepts

An operating system controls application programs and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. The main objectives of an operating system are to make the computer convenient to use, allow efficient use of system resources, and allow the system to evolve over time. Common types of servers include tower servers, rack servers, and blade servers. Rack servers are more space efficient than tower servers and blade servers provide even greater efficiency by sharing components.

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Manish Malhotra
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86 views

Hardware Concepts

An operating system controls application programs and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. The main objectives of an operating system are to make the computer convenient to use, allow efficient use of system resources, and allow the system to evolve over time. Common types of servers include tower servers, rack servers, and blade servers. Rack servers are more space efficient than tower servers and blade servers provide even greater efficiency by sharing components.

Uploaded by

Manish Malhotra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is OS

A program that controls the execution of application programs. An interface between applications and hardware.

Operating System Objectives.


Convenience - Makes the computer more convenient to use. Efficiency
Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner

Ability to evolve
Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service

Layers of Computer System.

Services Provided by Operating System.


Program development
Editors and debuggers

Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Error detection and response
internal and external hardware errors
memory error device failure

software errors
arithmetic overflow access forbidden memory locations

operating system cannot grant request of application

Services Provided by Operating System.


Accounting
collect statistics monitor performance used to anticipate future enhancements used for billing users

Server Types
Tower Servers Rack Servers Blade Servers Tower Servers look more like desktop than servers. In general, if you have a lot of servers, youre probably not using a bunch of tower servers, because they can take up a lot of space.

Server Types
Tower servers take up a lot of space and require individual monitors, keyboards, and mice or a keyboard, video, mouse (KVM) switch that allows them to be managed with a single set of equipment. In addition, cabling can be no fun, especially if you have a lot of network adapters and other I/O needs.

Server Types
Rack Servers. Rack-mounted servers are contained in a horizontal case 1.75 inches high, which is mounted in a rack inside a cabinet. Each server will contain its own power and network connections and its own cooling system.The benefits of rack servers are that they offer an efficient use of floor space, and easier management of cables and servers

Server Types
Blade servers are also sized to fit 19-inch rack mounts, but the cabinets they are housed in will provide power and networking connections and a cooling system for multiple servers, making more efficient use of space and energy. Blade mounted servers do not contain all the components of a computer and must be mounted in a blade enclosure which includes power supplies and networking components. The blade enclosure can mount in a rack for ease of operations.

Advantages of Blade over Rack


The blade enclosure commonly includes a single power supply and cooling unit as well as several other components that are shared among the blade units. The rack mounted servers each operates with its own power supply unit and cooling system and other components allowing the user to configure each rack server unit to the specific needs of the operation. The single power supply of the blade enclosure may offer some advantages including easier integration with an uninterrupted power supply unit to provide continuous service during power outages. However, the single power supply serving multiple blade servers is a possible point of failure that can render an entire system operational. Updates to rack servers can include adding more memory or replacing other components within the server. Blade servers are commonly fully integrated board and any upgrade usually involves replacing the blade unit within the blade enclosure. Failing parts within, such as memory, can also be replaced without scrapping the entire rack server. Think of these as computers that can be repaired rather than components of a blade system that would need to be replaced. Rack mounted servers continue to be the most cost effective computer network option for small to medium sized operations. The cost of a single rack mounted server usually is more economical than a blade enclosure and one or two blade units

Hard Disk Types


Different type of HDD: Mainly five types of HDD available in market. 1. IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE drives are also known as PATA drives( Parallel advance technology attachment ) 2. SATA : Serial advance technology attachment 3. SCSI : Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is pronounced as scuzzy. 4. SAS : Serial Attached SCSI 5. External removable Hard Disk Drive

IDE DISKS
IDE / PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics Drive / Parallel Advance Technology Attachment Drive) IDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins. IDE/PATA Drives offer 133 MB/sec transfer rate. It sends 8 bit data at a time. PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD. Two drives can be connected in a single pata cable. One as master and other as slave. The configuration of master and slave is done by different combination of jumpers in the hdd.

SATA DISKS
SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for sending and receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded. SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate. It sends data bit by bit. SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD. Only one drive can be connected in a single sata cable.

SCSI DISKS
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface Drive) SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins. SCSI Drive offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are hot swappable (means it can be attached or detached from system in running condition) SCSI cables are used to connect SCSI HDD. Maximum of 16 drives can be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd have a 8 bytes hexadecimal code known as WWN (world wide name) for its identification in the cable

SAS DISKS
SAS(Serial Attached SCSI Drive) SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are hot swappable. SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives. Maximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single sas cable.

Hardware Clustering
"Cluster" is an ambiguous term in computer industry. Depending on the vendor and specific contexts, a cluster may refer to wide a variety of environments. In computers, clustering is the use of multiple computers, typically PCs or UNIX workstations, multiple storage devices, and redundant interconnections, to form what appears to users as a single highly available system. Cluster computing can be used for load balancing as well as for high availability. Advocates of clustering suggest that the approach can help an enterprise achieve 99.999 availability in some cases. One of the main ideas of cluster computing is that, to the outside world, the cluster appears to be a single system. Clustering is the use of multiple computers to provide a single service. Load Balancing is a technique to use multiple computers in a cluster. Therefore in a nutshell, load balancing implements a computer cluster. OS clustering (aka hardware clustering) is designed to manage hardware and os-level failures. These typically work by starting a backup server when a primary fails in such a way that it fully assumes the role of the primary. Failover generally involves re-assigning the failed server IP-Address to the backup (IP-takeover), re-permissioning file system access to the backup (if using a shared file system instead of replication) , and then running a script that you setup yourself to startup all your applications. This technology is older, takes more time to perform a failover, and is less able to fully utilize all of your hardware resources. OS clustering gives you the following advantages: If you have a bunch of applications which must run on the same machine, OS clustering can ensure that all these must run on the primary node in the cluster. If your applications are dependant on "local file system" like databases need to manage their files locally - the os cluster can ensure that this file system fails over with the primary node of the cluster. If you dont have a NAS or a file server, and you need a shared file store, you can create a share file store on the OS cluster for use by machines outside the cluster. Of course if you have a file server or are storing information in a database, then its not valid.

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