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Business Communicat Ion

This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research perspectives and methods. It provides an overview of key differences between the two perspectives including their goals, designs, data collection techniques, and the researcher's role. Examples are given of common research types that tend to use either a quantitative or qualitative approach, such as experiments, case studies, and ethnographic research. Common data collection methods like tests, interviews, observations, and surveys are also outlined. Finally, formatting guidelines are specified for writing research papers.

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114 views24 pages

Business Communicat Ion

This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research perspectives and methods. It provides an overview of key differences between the two perspectives including their goals, designs, data collection techniques, and the researcher's role. Examples are given of common research types that tend to use either a quantitative or qualitative approach, such as experiments, case studies, and ethnographic research. Common data collection methods like tests, interviews, observations, and surveys are also outlined. Finally, formatting guidelines are specified for writing research papers.

Uploaded by

waqas ahmadd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Business
Communicat
ion
Research Perspectives 2

i) Quantitative Research
ii) Qualitative Research
Research Perspectives 3

The quantitative perspective holds that there is


an objective reality that can be expressed
numerically. As a consequence the
quantitative perspective emphasizes
studies that are experimental in nature,
emphasize measurement, and search for
relationships. If a study uses language
such as this it probably has used a
quantitative perspective: variable, controls,
validity, reliability, hypothesis, statically
significant.
Research Perspectives 4

A qualitative perspective emphasizes a


phenomenological view in which reality
inheres in the perceptions of individuals.
Studies deriving from this perspective focus
on meaning and understanding, and take
place in naturally occurring situations. If a
study uses language such as the following, it
probably has used a qualitative perspective:
naturalistic, field study, case study,
context, situational, constructivism,
meaning, multiple realities.
Research Perspectives 5

Four general ways of combining the two are


based upon two factors: which one is primary
and which, secondary; and which one is used
first and which, second.
1. Quantitative primary, qualitative first.
The research begins with a qualitative
approach as the secondary method, using the
qualitative data as a basis for collecting and
interpreting the quantitative data (the
primary method).
2. Quantitative primary, quantitative first.
The researcher begins with a quantitative
approach as the primary method, using
Research Perspectives 6

3. Qualitative primary, quantitative first.


The researcher begins by collecting
quantitative preliminary data as a basis for
collecting and interpreting the primary
qualitative data.
4. Qualitative primary, qualitative first. The
researcher begins with the primary qualitative
data, using quantitative follow up to interpret
the qualitative data.
Research Types 7

To simplify the discussion, these are


divided into whether they tend to use a
quantitative or a qualitative perspective,
although there is much overlapping in many
of the types.
Research Types 8

Studies Primarily Quantitative in Nature


The following types of research are primarily
quantitative in nature.
Experimental Research
Experimental research uses methods
originally applied in the physical and
biological sciences. In most experiments the
following procedures are used: a sample of
subjects is selected; they are assigned
randomly to experimental and control
groups; a treatment is administrated to the
experimental group only. The two groups are
then evaluated on the basis of the dependent
Research Types 9

Quasi-Experimental Research
A quasi-experimental design is one that
follows the general procedures of
experimental research, without the use of
control group or without random
assignment, since random assignment or
the use of control groups is often not feasible
in educational settings.
Causal-Comparative Research
Causal comparative studies are designed to
determine the possible causes of a
phenomenon. Sometimes these studies are
called ex post facto research.
Research Types 10

Correlation Research
Correlation studies are designed to analyze
the relationships between two or more
variables, ordinarily through the use of
correlation coefficients.
Descriptive Research
As the term implies, the purpose of
descriptive research is to describe a
phenomenon. Descriptive studies report
frequencies, averages, and percentages.
Research Types 11

Evaluation Research
Evaluation research makes judgments
about the merit or worth of educational
programs, products, and organizations. It
is typically undertaken in order to aid
administrators in making professional
decisions. Evaluation studies are usually
described as either formative or
summative. Formative studies are made
while a new program or product is being
developed; summative studies, when it has
been completed.
Research Types 12

Studies Primarily Qualitative in Nature


The following types of research tend to take a
qualitative perspective.

Case Study Research


A case study is an empirical inquiry that
investigates a contemporary phenomenon
within its real life context; when the
boundaries between phenomenon and
context are not clearly evident; and in which
multiple source of evidence are used.
Qualitative perspective, is concerned with
exploring, describing, and explaining a
phenomenon.
Research Types 13

Ethnographic research
Ethnographic research is a special types
of case study research. It is
distinguished from other types of case
studies because it uses the theories and
methods of anthropology to study the
culture of schools and classrooms.
Action Research
Most action research documents how an
educational problem was identified,
understood, and solved by practitioners.
Research Methods
• Tests and measurements
• Interviews
• Observations
• Surveys
• Documents
Research Methods 15

Research methods, as the term is used


here, are the specific techniques used to
collect data with respect to the research
problem. In general, five methods are
typically used in educational research.
1. Tests and measurements. Tests are
administered and measurements made to
determine the extent of change.
2. Interviews. Interviews are conducted with
individuals or groups to ascertain their
perceptions.
3. Observations. Observations are made to
determine what is occurring and what
individuals are doing.
Make Preliminary 16
Choices
The process explained here assumes that in
developing the prospectus you will make only a
preliminary choice that may
Type/ Test, Intervie Observati Survey Docum
Method measureme w on ents
Experiment P nt A A
Quasi- P A A
experimental
Causal P A A
comparison
Co relational P A A
Descriptive A A P A
Evaluation P A A A A
Ethnographic A P A
Action A P A
Case study A P A A(table
)
Research** 17

Quantitative Qualitative
Key Research
Variable Research
Meaning
concepts Controlled Understanding
Reliable Social
Hypothesized construction
Statistically Context
Context significant
Agriculture Situation
Anthropology
Used Psychology History
Political Science Sociology
Economics
Basic Sciences
Research** 18

Quantitative Qualitative
Goals Research
Test theory Research
Ground theory
Establish facts Develop
Show relationship understanding
predict Describe multiple
realities
Statistically
describe Capture naturally
Design Structured Evolving
occurring
Predetermined Flexible
Behavior
Formal General
Specific
Research** 19

Quantitative Qualitative
Data Research
Quantities Research
Verbal descriptions
Counts Field notes
Measures/instrume Observations
nts Documents
Numbers
Techniq Statistics
Experiments Observation
ues or Quasi-experiments Participant
Method Structured observation
s observations Open-ended
Structured interviewing
interviews Review of
Research** 20
Quantitative Qualitative
Role of Research
Distant Research
Close
Researc Short term Long term
her Detached Involved
Uninvolved Empathetic
Trusting
Intense
Data Deductive Inductive
Analysis Ongoing
Stress models,
themes, and
concepts
Format 21

FORMAT

Format and Style


You will be required to abide by the following
format and style as specified.
Font Time New Roman
Chapter Headings 18 Bold CAPS
Headings 14 Bold CPS
Sub-headings 14 Bold
(Do not italicize or underline the headings and
sub-headings)
Text 12
Paper Quality Offset Paper 90 grams
Paper Size A4 – 213mm x 275mm
Format 22

Paragraphing Indented & space between


paragraphs

Binding
Evaluation Copy Spiral binding
Final Copy Hardbound covered with cloth
Color of binding Dark Black
Spine To contain student’s name,
title of the
thesis, level and year
Citation Manual MLA or APA (See Annex ???)
Margins Left 1½” 3.8 cm
Right 1” 2.5 cm
Top 1¼” 3.2 cm
Title 23
Format
• MLA – Modern Language Association
• APA – American Psychological
Association
• Chicago manual
• CBE

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