GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
CRC 1004
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Definition, components Data acquisition and data management manipulation and analysis. Database Structures and database management, Data Structures for representing the geometry of a spatial phenomena, Raster and Vector Models Data Input, Verification, Storage and Output Coordinate Systems and Geo-referencing Concepts of coordinate systems Concepts of map projections classification of map projections, selecting a suitable map projection
Creating continuous surfaces from Point data, Methods of interpolation, Global Interpolation- classificationmodels, Trend Surfaces, Local, deterministic methods for interpolation-nearest neighbors, inverse distance, Splines, Digital Elevation Models and 3D analysis. Optimal interpolation using Geo statistics, Krigging Analysis of discrete entities in space, Operation on attributes, buffering, connectivity and network analysis. Spatial Analysis using continuous fields, Interpolation, Spatial filtering, derivatives of continuous surface, deriving surface topology and drainage networks, clumping, view sheds, shaded relief, Irradiance. Sources of errors in spatial data, factors affecting reliability of spatial data
References Meijentric etal, Introduction to the use of GIS for practical Hydrology, Publication No.23, The International Institute of Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences(ITC), The Netherlands, 1994 Burrough and McDonnel, Principles of Geographical Information System, Oxford University Press, 1998 Bruce E Davis, GIS: A Visual Approach , Onword Press, Canada 2001 Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perception. WDL Publications, Ottawa, 1989 M Anji Reddy, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, B S Publications, Hyderabad, 2001 Note : 20% choice may be given while setting the question paper
Definition of GIS
Powerful set of tools for
collecting storing retrieving at will transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
Data and Information
Data
Collection of facts or figures that pertains to places, people, things, events and concepts Represented by
Numeric values, alphanumeric characters, symbols, signals
Information
Data transformed to a form that is meaningful to a user Processed or value added data
Database Management
Structuring Data
Formatting
Conversion Modelling Information System
Information
Fig. Transformation of data into information
Geographical or spatial data represents phenomena from real world in terms of
Their position with respect to a known coordinate system Their attributes that are unrelated Their spatial interrelations with each other
Components of GIS
Three important components
Computer hardware Sets of application software modules Proper organisational context including skilled people
Computer Hardware
Computer Digitiser or scanner Plotter or printer Electronic networks
GIS Software
Functional groups
Data input and verification Data storage and database management Data output and presentation Data transformation Interaction with the user
Data Input
User Interface
Geographic Database
Display and Reporting
Transformation
The main software components of a GIS
Data Input
Covers all aspects of capturing spatial data from
Existing maps Field observations And sensors including aerial photography, satellites and recording
And converting them to a standard digital form
Maps
Aerial photographs
Sensors
Field observations
Computer Key board
Digitisers
Stereo Scanner Plotter
Magnetic and optical media
DATA INPUT
Data collection and Input
Data storage and database management system
Concerns the way in which data about
Location Linkages ( topology) Attributes of geographical elements (points, lines, areas and more complex entities)
Are structured and organised both by
The way in which they are handled in the computer Perceived by the user
Database
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Location
Topology
Attributes
Management system The components of Geographic database
Database Management system
The computer programme used to organise the database- DBMS
Data output and presentation
The ways data are displayed How the results of analysis are reported to the users
Data Output Display and Reporting
Computer Screen
Printer
Paper or film Plotter
Magnetic and optical media
Maps Tables
Graphs
Video
Data Output
Data transformation
Transformation needed to remove errors from data or to bring them up to date or to match them to other data sets Large array of analysis methods applied to the data to achieve answers the questions asked of the GIS
Transformations can be spatial, topological, non spatial aspects of data
TRANSFORMATION
Maintenance and updating
Utilisation and Analysis
Data transformation
User interface
Menu driven commands Command language interpreter
Data Input
User Interface
Geographic Database
Display and Reporting
Transformation
The main software components of a GIS
