CDMA Concept

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

Dilshad SDE RTTC TVM

Objectives

Evolution of CDMA Duplex Radio channel Multiple Access: CDMA, TDMA, FDMA spread spectrum modulation CDMA codes: Walsh code, short PN and long PN Handoff

CDMA Technology Evolution

9.6kbps 153.6kbps 2Mbps

2G

2.5G
CDMA 1xEV-DO

3G
CDMA 1xEV-DV

CDMA IS-95

CDMA 1x

CDMA 3x 5x

Code Division Multiple Access uses direct sequence spread-spectrum technology to transmit a number of independent conversations across one or multiple 1.2288MHz segments of the radio spectrum.

Duplex Radio Channel

1. 2.

Duplex channel made of two 1.25MHz-wide bands BTS to MS ( DOWNLINK) MS to BTS (UPLINK)
Carrier Frequency In 800 MHz Cellular these two duplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart In 1900 MHz they are 80 MHz apart

CDMA CHANNEL
CDMA Reverse Channel 1.25 MHz CDMA Forward Channel 1.25 MHz

45 or 80 MHz

Radio Channel Duplexing Technique

DOWNLINK BTS TRANSMIT

1.25 MHz

MS

1.25 MHz

UPLINK MOBILE TRANSMIT

BTS

CDMA Frequency Bands

800MHz
Uplink:

Downlink:

824- 849 MHz 869- 894 MHz

824
824+45

824+25
824+45+25

1900MHz Uplink: Downlink:

1850- 1910 MHz 1930- 1990 MHz

1850 1850+80

1850+60 1850+80+60

CDMA Frequency Calculation

800MHz

Uplink =825+0.03N Downlink =870+0.03N

Uplink Downlink

1900MHz

=1850+0.05N =1930+0.05N

N = FA (Frequency allocation)

Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users.

Transmission

Medium

Multiple Access
Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.

Multiple Access
FDMA---Different user use different frequency

TDMA---Different user use different time slot of one frequency

CDMA---Different user use same frequency at the same time,but with different spreading code

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

Traditional technologies try to squeeze the signal into the minimum required bandwidth
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum
Slow Information Sent TX Narrowband Signal Slow Information Recovered

RX

CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Process
Digital Signal 1 0
Spreading

Spreading Signal
0

1 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0

Spreading Code

De-spread Process
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

Input spreaded Signal De spreading Code

Despreading

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1
Integrator

0
Out put data

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal N is average power for noise

Spectrum Variation of Spread & De-spread

Sf
Sf

Signal
Signal
f0

f0

Signal Spectrum Before SS

Signal Spectrum after SS

Sf

Sf

Noise Signal
f0

Signal Noise
f0

Signal Spectrum Before Decoding

Signal Spectrum After Decoding

CDMA Spreading Principle Using Multiple Codes

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A Spread-Spectrum Streams X+A+B X+A+B X+A+B+C

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

SpreadingSpreadingSpreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

SpreadingSpreadingSpreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

CDMA CODE CHANNEL

CDMA Code Channel

All CDMA users separated based on their

digital code, rather than divide the

spectrum based on frequency or time.

Walsh Code: Forward Code Channels

64 Forward code Channel 4 BTS to MS traffic channels +overhead channels. A set of 64 mathematical codes to differentiate the 64 forward code channels. The codes are called Walsh Codes

Walsh Codes

64 Sequences, each 64 bit long

Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all other Walsh Codes

Two same-length binary strings are orthogonal if the result of XORing them has the same number of 0s as 1s

creation of Walsh code

Walsh function is formed by orthogonal square matrix.It is just composed of 0 and 1.

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

Hn Hn

H 2n

___

Hn Hn

Orthogonal code

#23

#59 #23

#23

#23

(#23)

PARALLEL
XOR: all 0s Correlation: 100%
(100% match)

ORTHOGONAL
XOR: half 0s, half 1s Correlation: 0%
(50% match, 50% no-match)

ANTI-PARALLEL
XOR: all 1s Correlation: 100%
(100% no-match)

Discriminating Among BTS : short PN code

Short PN Code 1

Short PN Code 2

All BTS having same frequency.

A Mobile Station discriminate between different Sectors of different Base Stations using short PN code. These code can be used in 512 different ways. which can be used to identify a particular sector.

215 bits long

Discriminating Among Reverse Code Channels

RV Traffic from M.S. #1837732008 RV Traffic from M.S. #1997061104

Long PN Code is used for the purpose of uniquely identifying each possible reverse code channel. This sequence is extremely long and can be used in trillions of different ways. Combination of 242 bits with ESN

RV Traffic System Access from M.S. Attempt by M.S. #1994011508 #2000071301 (on access channel #1)

CDMA Spread Code

Type of Sequence Link Function

Walsh Codes

User identity within cells signal- forward traffic

Short PN Sequences

Distinguish Cells & Sectors

Long PN Sequences

Distinguish users & reverse traffic

CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Objectives
-- The forward channel Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic -- The reverse channel Access; Traffic -- CDMA Call Processing

IS-95 CDMA Channels

Pilot Channel
Function:

obtains timing information pilot signal strength used for perform soft handoffs

Characteristic:

transmitted constantly by the base station use Walsh code 0, (W0)

Sync Channel

Once a strong pilot channel is located,the mobile

station listen and acquire the corresponding sync

channel for system information.

Sync Channel

Carries a data stream of essential system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition stage
(Acquired Pilot) Sync Channel

Bit rate is 1200 bps

Paging Channels
Paging Channel

Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages.

There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA carrier The Paging Channel uses Walsh code 1 up to 7,unused paging channels can be used as forward traffic channel

Paging Channels

BTS

Paging ACK Traffic channel

MS

Forward Traffic Channels

CDMA Cell Site
Pilot Forward Traffic Channel

Forward Traffic Channel

Sync

Forward Traffic Channel Paging Forward Traffic Channel

Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific mobile station during a call. Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel. Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access Channels
4800 bps

Used by the mobile station to: Initiate communication with the base station Respond to Paging Channel messages

Reverse Traffic Channels

Reverse Traffic Channel

TO send: Voice traffic from the subscriber Response to commands/queries from the base station Requests to the base station

CDMA Handoffs
While in the Idle State Idle Handoff

Soft Handoff Softer Handoff During a Call Hard handoff

CDMA Idle Handoff

>3dB PN 108

104 108

PN 104

CDMA Soft Handoff

CDMA
Cell Site A Cell Site A Cell Site B Cell Site B

Soft Handoff:Make-before-break

CDMA Softer Handoff

alpha

beta

gamma

CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff

PSTN PSTN MSC MSC
E1 Links

MSC

BSC

BSC

BSC

A (1)

B (2)

Between cells operating on different frequencies Between cells that could be on the same frequency, but which are subordinated to different MSC

Rake receiver
a set of four or more receivers (or fingers). One of the receivers constantly searches for different multipaths and helps to direct the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath signals. Allows combined reception of up to three different paths.
Provides both diversity.

CDMA mobile rake receiver

Correlator 1

Input from antenna

Correlator 2

Correlator 3 Searcher Correlator

c o m b i n e r

Output

Speech Coding
A-to-D C O N V E R T E R V O C O D E R Codebook Instruction 8Kbps

64 Kbps

Speech coding algorithms (digital compression) are necessary to increase cellular system capacity. Coding must also ensure reasonable fidelity,

Variable Rate Vocoding

CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder Full rate during speech Low rates in speech pauses Increased capacity Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
VOCODER Internal structure.
20ms Sample Pitch Filter Codebook Coded Result Feedback Format Filter

Variable Rate Vocoder

Analog voice Variable Rate PCM

BTS

BSC

MSC

Power control

Need effective power control, because of near-far problem, fading & varying path loss.
The system requires fast closed loop power control.

Power control in CDMA

There are basically two methods of power control in CDMA

Open loop power control: This is purely a mobile unit function. It gives open estimation. This is done only during the initial stage as soon as the mobile is turned on. Closed loop power control:This involves both, the Base station and the mobile unit and gives the closed loop power correction.

Open loop power control in the reverse link (Mobile to Base)

When the mobile is turned on, it locks on to the pilot, paging and synch channel. MS adjust its transmit power according to the changes in its received power from the BTS
Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Mobile

BTS

Closed loop power control

1.

Closed loop power control in reverse link (Mobile to Base)

After the traffic channel is assigned, the power control shifts to closed loop control BTS measure received power once every 1.25ms (800 Hz). BTS send Power control bit in the next 1.25 ms cycle to increase or decrease the power by 1db.

Mobile

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS

or

Signal Strength Measurement

Setpoint

2. Closed loop power control in forward link (Base to Mobile)

Mobile
Signal Strength Measurement

BTS

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

Setpoint

Questions ???

conclude

Thank you