Power System Simulation Using ETAP
Prof. Viren B. Pandya Asst. Prof. (EED) L. D. College of Engg. Ahmedabad-380015
*Introduction *Modeling of Synchronous Generators *Modeling of Transformer, Transmission line *Load Modeling *ALFC & AVR Modeling, Simulation & Analysis *Load Flow Simulation & Analysis *Short Circuit Simulation & Analysis *Stability Studies *Power System State Estimation
Viren B. Pandya
*Current
scenario of power system: large dimensionality of interconnections, complexity and problems pertaining to stability *Need for contemporary approach to study and assess power system performance *Accurate modeling of power system components *Use of simulation packages (like ETAP, NEPLEN, MiPOWER, PSCAD, Dig-Silent, SKM) * Deployment of FACT devices at EHV levels
Viren B. Pandya
*What is modeling and simulation?
* To
express physical device/ equipment /system in terms of mathematical expressions containing various parameters/variables (e.g. V, I, P, Q, S, f etc.) so as to make computer understand its typical behavior / characteristics. * Simulation is the process of solving these modeled equations on digital computer with proper programming methods for predicting behavior of system under some typical given situations.
Viren B. Pandya
*The
most crucial component of power system
*Turbo-alternators and Hydro-generators *Mathematical modeling requires Parks
transformations (dq0) to be used
*For load flow analysis classical model is used
i.e. Constant voltage source in series with synchronous impedance/reactance
Viren B. Pandya
Viren B. Pandya
* IEEE
classification synchronous machine models for computer simulation * Model (0.0): Classical model of synchronous machine neglecting flux decay and damper winding * Model (1.0): Field Circuit model with no damper windings and only field winding on d-axis is considered. * Model (1.1): field circuit with only one equivalent damper on qaxis. * Model (2.1): field circuit with one equivalent damper on d-axis and one damper on q-axis. * Model (2.2): field circuit with one equivalent damper on d-axis and two dampers on q-axis. * Model (3.2): field circuit with two dampers on d-axis and two dampers on q-axis * Model (3.3): field circuit with two dampers on d-axis and three dampers on q-axis.
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Viren B. Pandya
* Transformer is modelled as an impedance in percentage (pu x
100) value
* Load Tap Changer settings to be specified
i.e. taps need to be given in terms of min. and max. tap in % of rated kV alongwith total no. of taps available
Viren B. Pandya
Viren B. Pandya
* There are two ways to model it for large system study i.e. T
and
* In all software packages is preferred.
Why?
Viren B. Pandya
*Three
static loads: Constant power, constant impedance, constant current load model: synchronous motors induction motor,
*Dynamic
*Composite load modeling
Constant impedance P Constant current
Constant power
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* Need for generator controllers * P-f control loop: ALFC * Q-V control loop: AVR
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Viren B. Pandya
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Load/Demand variation
Power signal from PI controller
Speed governing system
Non-reheat turbine
Power system
Frequen. error output
Speed reg./Droop
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Time domain response of frequency error for unit step load
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Drooping Characteristics Viren B. Pandya
of Speed Governing System or primary ALCF loop characteristics
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Load frequency control loop with PI controller
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Time domain response of frequency error for unit step load with PI controller
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TWO AREA control
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Time domain response of frequency error for TWO AREA control
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* To brace control on terminal voltage of synchronous generator * Reactive power control * Q-V loop controller * Various excitation systems like DC, controlled and
uncontrolled rectifier type Brushless excitation systems with automatic voltage regulators
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DC Excitation System
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Brushless Rotating Rectifier Excitation System
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Modeling steps for brushless excitation system without compensation
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* To
mitigate small signal oscillations in generator rotor by controlling its excitation using an auxiliary signal to decrease rotor oscillation
* Produces component of electrical torque in such a phase so as * Frequency range is 0.1 to 2.0 Hz * For small signal stability simulation
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*Steady
state analysis of power system with solution of non-linear algebraic equation (static load flow equations) keeping total generation and load constant.
*Methods: GS, Accelerated GS, NR, FDLF *Classical Model approach *Data required for different models *Swing, voltage controlled and MVAr controlled
buses
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* Symmetrical
and IEEE * Use of Zbus * To determine fault level in terms of MVAshortcircuit
and Unsymmetrical faults, simulation as per IEC
MVA shortcircuit
MVA b Z pu
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* It
is the ability of the dynamic power system to remain in synchronism under normal operating condition & to regain an acceptable equilibrium state after being subjected to perturbation. * Broad classification according to IEEE has been taken here.
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* It
is the ability of the dynamic power system to remain in synchronism under normal operating condition & to regain an acceptable equilibrium state after being subjected to perturbation. * Broad classification according to IEEE has been taken here.
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* Power System Stability by Edward Wilson Kimbark
* Power System Stability and Control by P. S. Kundur
* Power System Dynamics by K. R. Padiyar * Power System Operation and Control by Halder and Chakrabarti * EEE Committee Report, Computer Representation of Excitation
System, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968.
* IEEE Committee Report, Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro
Turbines in Power System Studies, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973.
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