Scribd
Upload
345 views20 pages

Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives: Section 2.3

This document discusses different types of statistical graphs used to represent frequency distributions, including histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. It provides examples of how to construct these graphs from raw data and discusses important characteristics about data distributions such as center, variation, shape, outliers, and time. Key distribution shapes include bell-shaped, uniform, J-shaped, reverse J-shaped, right skewed, left skewed, bimodal, and U-shaped.

Uploaded by

Fajrul Hisyam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
345 views20 pages

Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives: Section 2.3

This document discusses different types of statistical graphs used to represent frequency distributions, including histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. It provides examples of how to construct these graphs from raw data and discusses important characteristics about data distributions such as center, variation, shape, outliers, and time. Key distribution shapes include bell-shaped, uniform, J-shaped, reverse J-shaped, right skewed, left skewed, bimodal, and U-shaped.

Uploaded by

Fajrul Hisyam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives

Section 2.3

Objectives
Represent data in frequency distributions graphically using histograms*, frequency polygons, and ogives.

Purpose of Statistical Graphs


To convey the data to the viewers in pictorial form
It is easier for most people to comprehend the meaning of data presented as a picture than data presented as a table. This is especially true if the viewers have little or no statistical knowledge

To describe the data set To analyze the data set (Distribution of data set) To summarize a data set To discover a trend or pattern in a situation over a period of time To get the viewers attention in a publication or speaking presentation

What is a histogram?
A bar graph that displays the data from a frequency distribution
Horizontal Scale (x-axis) is labeled using CLASS BOUNDARIES or MIDPOINTS Vertical Scale (y-axis) is labeled using frequency NOTE: bars are contiguous (No gaps)

How do I create a histogram from a grouped frequency distribution?


MINITAB

Example-Construct a histogram of the ages of Nextel Cup Drivers. Use the class boundaries as the scale on the x-axis
Ages of NASCAR Nextel Cup Drivers in Years (NASCAR.com) (Data is ranked---Collected Spring 2008)
21 25 21 26 21 26 23 26 23 26 23 27 24 27 25 28

28
30 32 37 43 45 49

28
30 34 38 43 46 50

28
30 35 38 43 47 50

29
31 35 39 44 48 51

29
31 35 41 44 48 51

29
31 36 42 44 48 65

29
31 36 42 44 49 72

30
31 37 42 45 49

NASCAR Nextel Cup Drivers Ages


Class Limits (Ages in Years) 20-29 30-39 Class Boundaries Frequencies

19.5-29.5 29.5-39.5

23 21

40-49
50-59 60-69 70-79

39.5-49.5
49.5-59.5 59.5-69.5 69.5-79.5

21
4 1 1

Frequency Polygon
Line graph (rather than a bar graph) Uses class midpoints rather than class boundaries on x-axis

Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Polygon)


Line graph (rather than a bar graph) Uses class boundaries on x-axis Uses cumulative frequencies (total as you go) rather than individual class frequencies Used to visually represent how many values are below a specified upper class boundary

Another possibility
We can use the percentage (relative frequency) rather than the tallies (frequency) on the x-axis.
Relative Frequency Histogram Relative Frequency Polygon Relative Frequency Ogive

Used when a comparison between two data sets is desired, especially if the data sets are two different sizes Overall shape (distribution) of graph is the same, but we use a % on the y-axis scale

Exam #1 Scores in Mrs. Ralstons Math 1111 classes in Fall 2008


39 65 75 81 86 91 99 40 66 76 81 87 92 100 41 66 77 82 88 94 100 43 68 78 83 89 94 100 50 70 79 84 89 94 100 59 70 79 84 90 94 59 70 80 84 90 95 61 71 80 84 90 96 63 73 80 85 90 96 64 73 80 86 91 98

Construct a frequency distribution for the Exam #1 scores. Use 8 classes with a class width of 10 beginning with a lower class limit of 30. Use the raw data to construct a histogram of the Exam #1 scores in MINITAB

Important Characteristics of Data


Center: a representative or average value that indicates where the middle of the data set is located (Chapter 3) Variation: a measure of the amount that the values vary among themselves Distribution: the nature or shape of the distribution of data (such as bell-shaped, uniform, or skewed) Outliers: Sample values that lie very far away from the majority of other sample values Time: Changing characteristics of data over time

Distribution
The nature or shape of the distribution can be determined by viewing the histogram or other graphs. Knowing the shape of the distribution helps to determine the appropriate statistical methods to use when analyzing the data. Distributions are most often not perfectly shaped, so focus on the overall pattern, not the exact shape

Common Distribution Shapes (p. 56)


Bell-shaped (Normal) has a single peak and tapers at either end

Uniform is basically flat or rectangular

J-shaped has few data on the left and increases as you move to the right

Reverse J-shaped has a lot of data on the left and decreases as you move to the right

Right Skewed peaks on the left and tapers on the right

Left Skewed peaks on the right and tapers on the left

Bimodal has two peaks of same height

U-shaped peaks on left and right with dip in center

Distribution Decision Making


When you analyze histograms, look at the shape of the curve and ask yourself:
Does it have one peak or two peaks? Is it relatively flat? Is it relatively U-shaped? Are the data values spread out on the graph? Are the data values clustered around the center? Are the data values clustered on the right or left ends? Are there data values in the extreme ends? (outliers)

Homework

You might also like