Code Division Multiple Access Presentation
Code Division Multiple Access Presentation
Presented By:
Muhammad Umer Khan
(140411002)
Saleh Ali Chaudhry
(140411024)
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Presentation Outline
What is Multiple Access & Its types?
Introduction to CDMA.
History of CDMA.
Working of CDMA.
CDMA Transmission & Reception.
CDMA Channels.
Systems using CDMA.
Characteristics & Uses of CDMA.
Advantages & Disadvantages of CDMA.
Future Trends.
Conclusion.
Thanks.
Q &A Session.
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Prologue.!!!
For Wireless systems there are two simple and common
resources, frequency and time.
Division by frequency, so that each pair of
communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all
of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA).
Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is
allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for
part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA).
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every
communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all
of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections
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Multiple Access & Its Types
Practically the frequency spectrum or the Bandwidth
is a finite resource
Engineers are always trying to find ways to take the
maximum capacity out from the available limited
Bandwidth
To effectively support a large number of users, some
technique for sharing the spectrum is required
Techniques used for this purpose are called Multiple
Access Techniques e.g. FDMA, TDMA, CDMA e.t.c.
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Multiple Access & Its Types
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What is CDMA???
CDMA is a method in which users occupy the
same time and frequency allocations and are
distinguished by unique assigned codes
The signals are separated at the receiver by
using a co-relator (a special demodulator) that
accepts signals only from the desired channel
Undesired signals contribute only to the noise
and are ignored
In CDMA every channel uses the full available
spectrum.
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History And Development Of CDMA
A US based Company named Qualcomm created communications
chips and designs for CDMA technology and later claimed patents on
the technology.
Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce had provided CDMA framework in
1949.
De-Rosa-Rogoff defined the direct sequence spread spectrum method
in 1950.
Cellular spread-spectrum application was suggested by Cooper and
Nettleton in 1978.
IS-95, the narrow band CDMA mobile network, has been standardized
in 1993 and commercial networks were introduced in 1995.
3G wideband CDMA systems, such as CDMA2000 in U.S. and
European WCDMA developed from 1990s and still ongoing.
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How CDMA Works?
CDMA receiver treats all the incoming signals as the
noise signals except the one actually desired by it
The undesired noise signals are summed up and are
ignored
As its name implies, CDMA assigns unique codes to
each communication to differentiate it from others
in the same spectrum
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How CDMA Works?
Each CDMA signal consists of a different
pseudorandom binary sequence called PN code
that modulates the carrier resulting in spreading of
the spectrum
The required signals in the receivers are separated
using a co-relator that accepts only the signals from
selected binary sequence and de-spreads its
spectrum
The other users signal whose code does not match
are not de-spread and contribute only as noise
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How Desired Signal Is Detected in
CDMA?
The receiver correlates its input with the
desired noise signal and enhances the
SNR at the detector
This enhancement provides adequate
SNR at the detector that it overcomes
the summed undesired noise signal
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Different Parameters of CDMA
Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
20 Channels spaced 1250kHz apart (798
users/channel)
QPSK/(Offset) OQPSK modulation
scheme
1.2288Mbps bit rate
IS-95 standard (A/B), CDMA 2000
Operates at both 800 and 1900 MHz
frequency bands
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CDMA Coding Procedure
CDMA is based on Coding Theory.
Each station is assigned a code which is a sequence
of numbers called CHIPS.
In this example we have four stations each has a
sequence of chips which designate as A,B,C, and D.
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Rules For Encoding
We Adopt the following Rules for encoding.
If a station needs to send a 0 bit it sends -1.
If a station needs to send a 1 bit it sends +1.
When a Station is idle, it sends no signal which is
represented by 0.
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CDMA Spreading Rate/Chip Rate
A CDMA signal is generated by spreading the
symbols by a wideband code sequence that is
produced at a rate of 1.2288 Mcps
This much chip rates generates a CDMA signal
that is spreaded over a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz
More spreading, more data rate available and
thus more capacity
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CDMA Multiplexer
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CDMA Demultiplexer
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Spread Spectrum Technique Used in
CDMA
Direct sequence spread spectrum is the technique that is
used in CDMA systems
The information signal is narrowband signal on the order
of less than 10 KHz
The energy from this narrowband signal is spread over a
much larger bandwidth (1.25 MHz) by multiplying the
information signal by a wideband spreading code
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CDMA Signal Generation &
Detection
CDMA Transmission Side CDMA Reception Side
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Steps in Generating a CDMA
Signal
1. Voice is digitized at PSTN
2. Digitized voice is Vocoded at BSC
3. Digital vocoded signal is encoded and
interleaved at BTS
4. The encoded and interleaved signal is
spreaded (channelized) at BTS
5. The final signal is the conversion and
transmission as Radio signal at BTS.
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CDMA Channels
There are two main channels which are used in CDMA to
handle all sorts of traffic, i.e.
1. Forward link Channel.
2. Reverse Link Channel.
Both Channels comprise of Traffic & Control Channels.
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The Two Channels
On the Reverse link there are 2
types of channels used to
transmit control and voice data
to the mobile
These channels are:
1. Access
2. Traffic
Pseudorandom noise (PN)
codes on reverse link to channelize
users
On the Forward link there are 4
channels used to transmit control
and voice data to the mobile
These channels are:
1. Pilot
2. Sync
3. Paging
4. Traffic
The orthogonal sequences used
in forward CDMA link are Walsh codes
to separate users.
Forward Link Channel Reverse Link Channel
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Diagramatical Representation
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CDMA Different Systems
The systems which are practically
implementing the CDMA technology
are:
1. IS-95 (Used mainly in US)
2. IS-95 A/B System.
3. CDMA-2000 (which is also called
WCDMA in Europe).
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Hybrid CDMA FDMA
The CDMA system can also be a hybrid
of FDMA & CDMA technique where the
total system BW is divided into a set of
wideband channels, each of which
contains a number of CDMA signals
In this case each operator will have
more than 1 carrier.
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Characteristics of CDMA
CDMA can effectively reject narrow
band interference.
In a CDMA system, the same frequency
can be used in every cell, because
channelization is done using the pseudo-
random codes.
The frequency reuse factor of CDMA
system is 1 and frequency reuse
efficiency 56%.
Hand off Technique.
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Uses of CDMA
One of the early applications for code division
multiplexing is in GPS
The Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as cdma-
One.
The Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as
CDMA2000. This standard is used by several mobile
phone companies, including the Global-star satellite
phone network.
CDMA has been used in the Omni-TRACS satellite
system for transportation logistics
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Advantages of CDMA
Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency
spectrum. Many users of CDMA use the same
frequency, TDD or FDD may be used
Flexible allocation of resources.
No absolute limit on the number of users, Easy
addition of more users.
Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies;
this allows for nationwide roaming.
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Disadvantages of CDMA
As the number of users increases, the overall quality
of service decreases
Near- Far- problem arises
Path Loss
Multipath Fading
Shadowing
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Future Trends
CDMA has overcome most cynicism to dominate
the worldwide wireless voice market.
Ongoing researches on CDMA are as follows.
Increase capacity by joint decoding (multi-user
detection & interference cancellation)
Applying CDMA to other applications: optical
CDMA, ad hoc networks, dense wireless LANs.
Multi-CDMA: multiple antenna CDMA, multi-
carrier CDMA, multi-code CDMA
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Conclusion
CDMA is probably the most interesting multiple access
method provided by spread-spectrum technology.
Nowadays systems such as CDMA2000, its evolution
versions and European WCDMA are becoming more and
more popular as the networks are open commercially
around the world.
CDMA infrastructure is widespread and forms the basis for
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rd
Generation networks. It is considered standard protocol
for 3G Networks
Cdma2000 and other 3G technologies bring
telecommunications into the packet-switched domain,
adding a host of new services and network complexities in
the process
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Queries
Now, if youve got any question in mind,
please dont hesitate to ask.!!!
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Comparison of 8K & 13K Vocoder
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Encoding
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With Interleaver
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Without Interleaver
Burst Error will occur
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Illustrating Step 4 & 5
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IS-95 System
Standard was finished in 1993 and first commercially
launched in 1996
Basic data rate is 9.6 kbps, chip rate of 1.2288 Mchip/s
Allocated bandwidth is 1.25 MHz, fixed spreading
code of length 64
Uses pilot channel in downlink direction to provide
synchronization,
Channel tracking, and handover functions. In the
uplink direction,
Orthogonal modulation is used, which permits the
more robust non-coherent demodulation to be used.
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IS 95 A/B
IS-95 A is 2G digital cellular service capable of
providing data at a speed of 14.4 kbps in
addition to voice
IS-95 B is 2.5 G digital cellular technology
capable of providing data throughput of 64kbps
in addition to voice
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CDMA-2000
CDMA2000 is an improvement on IS-95
CDMA2000 represents a family of ITU-approved,
IMT-2000 (3G) standards and includes CDMA2000
1X and CDMA2000 1xEV technologies
They deliver increased network capacity to meet
growing demand for wireless services and high-
speed data services
cdma2000 optimized for integrated voice and
medium data rates
It provides a significant improvement in voice
capacity and expanded data capability, and is
backward-compatible with IS-95 handsets
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