Term Project:-

Noise And Vibration

What Is Noise
 Any disagreeable or undesired sound.

 Sound-level meters are used to

measure the pressure variations
producing audible sound.

 Practical Unit :- DECIBEL (dB)

Frequency Levels
 For a Human Ear = 20 to 20,000 Hz.

 Ear is sensitive to very low or very high

levels of sounds.
Equipment used for noise measurement

 Sound level meter

 Octave band analyser

 Equipment used for noise measurement

•Magnetic tape recorder

•Noise average meter

 Noise Law
 The noise control standard for factories is set at 75 dB for 32
hours
 80 dB for 16 hours
 85 dB for 8 hours
 90 dB for 4 hours
 95 dB for 2 hours
 100 dB for 1 hour
 105 dB for 0.5 hour
 110 dB for 0.25 hour
 115 dB for 0.125 hour of exposure
 It is recommended that workers be provided with protective
equipment when they are exposed to more than 80 dB
Complexity of Decibel
1 machine 80 dB(a)
 2 machines 83 dB(a)
 3 machines 85 dB(a)
 4 machines 86 dB(a)
 5 machines 87 dB(a)
 6 machines 88 dB(a)
 10 machines 90 dB(a)
INDUSTRY SEWING
ROOM NOISE
CALCULATIONS
TYPE OF MACHINES No.

Single Needle Lockstitch M/c 138

Overlock Machine 3
Buttonhole Machine 2
Buttonhole Attachment 3
Bar tack Machine 1
Eyelet Machine 1
Loop Making 1
Noise Produced By Noise Levels

Single Needle Lockstitch Machine 81

Overlock Machine:- 65

Buttonhole Machine:- 63

Buttonhole Attachment 63

Bar tack Machine 65

Eyelet Machine 60

Loop Making 60
TOTAL = 81 < Noise Level in a Sewing Room <84
INDUSTRY CUTTING
ROOM NOISE
CALCULATIONS
 Band Knife Machines = 1

Noise Produced = 75
 Straight Knife Cutting M/c = 4

Noise Produced = 81
 Embroidery Machine = 1

Noise Produced by it = 75

Total = 81 < Noise Produced < 84

INDUSTRY ROOM
NOISE CALCULATIONS
Number of Ironing Tables with Suction = 8

Noise Produced By Each = 75

Total Noise Produced In the Finishing

Room = 84
What Triggers Noise
Problem
 High levels of Mechanization

 Increased machine speed

 Density of machinery at the workplace

 Lack of Knowledge
Problems Caused by
Noise
 Impedes Sound Communication by :-

- Masking effect which every sound has on the other

of the same frequency or immediately higher
frequency

- Temporarily raising the threshold in the event of

exposure to a noise exceeding 78-80 dB(A).
Harmful Effects of
Noise
DISEASES:-
 Sensory-motor
 metabolic disorders.

INDUSTRIAL:-
 Fatigue
 Irritation
 Reduced Productivity
 Occupational Accidents
General Effects of
Noise
a. Disturbs concentration, causes
annoyance.
b. Interferes with speech communication.
c. Causes noise induced hearing losses.
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

These are essentially short term controls which are aimed

at protecting the workers overexposed to noise levels of
about 90 decibels before the management can plan and
implement long term solutions.

“ Worker Rotation” is an effective administrative control

which aims at management of work schedule in such a
way so as to ensure that no worker is exposed to high
noise levels beyond permissible limits.
 Noise Control In
Industrial
Establishment
ENGINEERING CONTROL

Protection of personnel Isolation of personnel by

total or partial enclosures
To control Noise
levels
 Control at source, can be implemented by replacing noisy machines or
equipment/ process by less noisiness, using dynamically balanced rotating
parts, using resilient mounting pads, rubber parts in place of metallic ones.

 Control of transmission by increasing distance of source from the

background noise, segregation of noise source by brick walls etc.

 Protection at receiver ensured through use of ear plugs made from glass
fiber/ foam plastics etc.
VIBRATIONS
 VIBRATION

Vibration is a form of motion oscillation. It occurs in all forms of

machinery and equipment.

Vibration is characterized by amount of energy measured in terms of

acceleration (m/sec²) of oscillating particles.

Vibration is an UNBALANCED FORCE, or system of forces.

These unbalanced force may be due to mass unbalance,, or it may

be due to the variable inertia forces in machinery, which does not
move uniformly.
The objectionable results of machine vibrations, if left
uncontrolled,
can be several :

•High stresses and force levels may be set up as a result of

vibrations
and in extreme cases may lead to part failure.

• Such failure can be sudden or gradual, as in fatigue.

More frequently, there is increased wear of parts and
unsatisfactory
equipment performance.
 Exposure Of Human Body To
Vibration :

Vibration

Segmental / part body vibration

Whole body vibration
e.g.. Hand arm vibration
 Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV)

HAV is vibration transmitted from work processes into workers hands

and arms. It can be caused by operating hand-held power tools.
Regular exposure to HAV can cause a range of permanent injuries to
hands and arms, collectively known as hand-arm vibration syndrome
(HAVS).

The injuries can include damage to :

• Blood circulatory system (e.g. vibration white finger);

• Sensory nerves
• Muscles
• Bones
• Joints
• Vibration-induced white finger (VWF) is the most common
condition among the operators of hand-held vibrating tools.

• Vibration can cause changes in tendons, muscles, bones and joints,

and can affect the nervous system.
Collectively, these effects are known as Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
(HAVS).
.
Workers affected by HAVS commonly report symptoms such as:

Attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when exposed

to cold
Tingling and loss of sensation in the fingers
Loss of light touch
Pain and cold sensations between periodic white finger attacks
Loss of grip strength
Bone cysts in fingers and wrists
 Whole Body Vibration (WBV)
 When a worker sits or stands on a vibrating floor or seat, the
exposure affects almost the entire body and is called whole-body
vibration exposure.

 Energy enters the body through a seat or the floor, it affects the
entire body or a number of organs in the body.

 WBV is caused by machinery vibration passing through the

buttocks of seated people or the feet of standing people.

 The most widely reported WBV injury is back pain. Prolonged

exposure can lead to considerable pain and time off work and
may result in permanent injury and having to give up work.
 Control of vibration methods:

 Control at source by balancing all revolving and rotating

parts, reducing speed of moving parts, reducing number of
impacts, damping the joints of moving parts, providing a
resilient bumper at point of impact and regular
maintenance of machine and tools etc.

 Control of transmission by isolating vibrating machine from

floors and walls, use of damped foundation, vibration
absorbing materials in floor joints, damping handles etc.

 Protection at receiver end by minimizing exposure

duration/ providing rest breaks between periods of
exposure etc.
 Safe Work Practices
 Employ a minimum hand grip consistent with safe operation of
the tool or process.

 Wear sufficient clothing, including gloves, to keep warm.

 Avoid continuous exposure by taking rest periods.

 Rest the tool on the work piece whenever practical.

 Refrain from using faulty tools.

 Maintain properly sharpened cutting tools.

 Consult a doctor at the first sign of vibration disease and ask about
the possibility of changing to a job with less exposure.
 To reduce vibration levels in machines:

1. Use of vibration-absorbing mountings, provide heavy foundations.

2. Reduce the effect of vibrations Use vibration-damping handles.

The use of appropriate vibration-absorbing materials (in gloves, for example),
good work practices, and education programs.

3. Control the period of exposure

 Disease Caused By Vibration

 Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder that affects the

blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose.

 This disorder cause the blood vessels in the fingers and

toes to narrow.

 Raynaud's phenomenon can occur on its own, or it can

be secondary to another condition such as scleroderma
or lupus.

 This phenomenon is triggered by exposure to cold or

emotional stress. In general, attacks affect the fingers or
toes but may affect the nose, lips, or ear lobes.
Threshold Limit values for exposure of hand to vibration
in X,Y,Z Direction

Maximum value of frequency

Total Daily Exposure Duration (hours) weighted acceleration (m/s2) in any
direction

4 to less than 8 hours 4

2 to less than 4 hours 6

1 to less than 2 hours 8

less than 1hour 12