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Chapter 3

This document discusses different types of diodes including Zener diodes, varactor diodes, light-emitting diodes, Schottky diodes, and PIN diodes. It provides information on their characteristics and applications. Zener diodes can be used for voltage regulation and signal limiting. Varactor diodes are used in tuning circuits and filters where their capacitance varies with reverse voltage. Light-emitting diodes emit light through electroluminescence and their color depends on impurities, while photodiodes convert light to current. Schottky diodes are used for fast switching applications and PIN diodes have a constant capacitance when reverse biased. Examples are also provided to illustrate concepts.

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22 views18 pages

Chapter 3

This document discusses different types of diodes including Zener diodes, varactor diodes, light-emitting diodes, Schottky diodes, and PIN diodes. It provides information on their characteristics and applications. Zener diodes can be used for voltage regulation and signal limiting. Varactor diodes are used in tuning circuits and filters where their capacitance varies with reverse voltage. Light-emitting diodes emit light through electroluminescence and their color depends on impurities, while photodiodes convert light to current. Schottky diodes are used for fast switching applications and PIN diodes have a constant capacitance when reverse biased. Examples are also provided to illustrate concepts.

Uploaded by

biotech_vidhya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Zener Diode Applications

Chapter 3
Overview
Zener Diodes
Zener characteristics


Zener Diodes
Diode types
Rectifier
Zener

Lower Vz due to
more heavily doped
Zener diode operates in the breakdown region
Zener Diode Basics
Made of silicon pn junction
Heavily doped to reduce the breakdown voltage
Used for operation in the reverse breakdown region
Called reverse break down (1.2<Vz<100)
Two types: Avalanche and Zener (both are Zener diodes)
Applications
Voltage regulator (the output voltage remains the same
while changing the input voltage as long as I
ZK
<I
ZT
<I
ZM
Signal limiter
Characteristics
Vz=Nominal Zener voltage; specific for I
ZT
; typically
has some tolerance
I
ZT
=Zener test current; related to Vz
DV
z
=Change in Zener voltage
I
Z
=Current going through the diode for different
values of Vz
Z
Z
=Zener impedance (DV
z
/DI
z
)
DI
z
= I
Z
- I
ZT
I
ZK
=Minimum dc current
I
ZM
=Maximum dc current
P
D
(max)=The max. power dissipated by the diode
(I
ZM
x V
z
); I
ZM
= PDmax / Vz
Power Derating (DF is derating factor (mW /
o
C)
PD(derated) = PD(max)@T1-DF(T2-T1)
TC=Temperature coefficient (% /
o
C) or (mW /
o
C)
DV
z
=DT x TC x V
z
; DT is the change of temperature
I
z
I
ZT
Z
zT
=
Linear
In ideal model we assume Z is zero
Minimum current
required to
operate in
breakdown
region
Maximum
current the diode
can handle
Range at which voltage is
maintained while current
is changing
Other Types of Diodes
Varactor diodes
Light-emitting diodes
Schottky diodes
PIN diodes
Varactor Diodes
Operate in reverse bias
Dielectric is acting as
capacitor
C capacitance, A=plate
area, d=thickness
Depletion
Region
Plate
Separation
Capacitance
V
R
;
; ;
d
A
C

Varactor Diodes
Tuning Ratio (TR)
Nominal Capacitance is typically given (47
pF at V
R
=4 V)
Example: 1N5139
Applications
Tuning circuits in TV to set the resonant
frequency
Bandpass filter (R+(L||C))

(max)
(min)
R
R
V
V
C
C
TR
LC
f
r
2
1

Varactor Diodes Example


Accume
Vcont(min) = 2.9
Vcont(max) = 29
Hence
C
2.9
= 55 pF
C
29
= 17 pF
Vin Vout
1N5148
L
1 mH
LC
f
r
2
1

f
min
= 679 MKhz
f
max
= 1.22 MHz
Light-emitting Diodes (LED)
Forward-biased
Recombining free electrons
with holes releases energy
heat and light
The process in which
photons emit visible light is
called electroluminescent
The color of the LED
depends on the added
impurity (different
wavelengths)
If the color is Invisible
Infrared

Light-emitting Diodes (LED)
Radiation intensity, Ie (power/steradian = W/Sr)
Sr is the unit of solid angular measurement
Irradiance = H = Ie / d
2
. (mW/cm
2
)
General radiation pattern
of a typical LED.
Max I
e
can be obtaine
d from I
F
vs I
e
graph
Example
If H = 5, what is I?
Light-emitting Diodes (LED)
Photodiode
Reverse biased
Reverse current increases with light
Note that in rectifier diode, reverse
current increases with temperature
Can also be used as variable resistor
Dark current is referred to the
reverse current when there is no light
Example: MDD821

Note how the diode is
Places in the circuit
Schottky Diodes
Used for fast switching and
high frequency applications
Uses metal-to-semiconductor
junction
V forward = 0.3
No reverse leakage
Rapid response to changes
(no hole current)

PIN Diode
Has an intrinsic region
It has a constant capacitance when reverse
biased
When forward-biased current can be
controlled through changing the resistance

PIN Diode
Example 1
The circuit above Vout should not change while Vin changes
1. What kind of diode do we need? Show how it is placed in the circuit.
2. Is the diode reversed or forward biased?
3. Model the practical diode of the diode assuming it is a 1N4733.
Show the equivalent circuit after modeling.
4. Determine the range of the input voltage in which the output voltage
stays the same. What is the minimum and max values of the output
voltage?
5. Draw Vin Vout voltage plot for the above points you calculated.
6. Use Multisim to verify your plot above.
100 Ohm
Diode
Vin
Vout
Example 2
What color of light is being emitted?
Assume IF for the light-emitting diode is 13
mA. What is the radiance of light-emitting
diode? (Find H)
Find the sensitivity of the photodiode. What is
its unit?
Find the reverse current through the
photodiode
30 Deg
IR Light-emitting
diode
MLED81
MRD821
Photodiode
@ 1000
nm
2 cm

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