Introduction to computers and

programming
Content
Hardware
Information storage
RAM, ROM
HD, DVD
Display
Images
Characters (fonts)
File system/type
Encryption
Compression
Network
Protocols
Packets
Programming
Algorithm
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Languages
Source code
Example
The computer
Internally
The connections
Information storage
1 bit
8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
64 bits
bit (1 or 0)
byte (octet) (2
8
)
word (2
16
)
double (2
32
)
long double (2
64
)
Encoding information on a fixed element of length n with a
base b gives b
n
non-redundant possibilities
Information coding
Binary
0 or 1
Octal
0-7
Hexadecimal
0-9+A-F
Decimal
0-9
How to count



128+32+16+4+1=
181 (decimal)
265 (octal)
B5 (hexadecimal)

Signed vs unsigned
0 to 255
-127 to +127

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Operations on bits
Booleans:
0 = false = no
1 = true = yes
Operators:
AND
OR
XOR
NOT
Example tables
AND 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
XOR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
RAM/ROM
Memory mapping
Address Values
0000
0001
0002
..
..
..







..
FFFF
Size reminder:
Kilobyte Kb 2
10
~10
3
Megabyte Mb 2
20
~10
6
Gigabyte Gb 2
30
~10
9
Terabyte Tb 2
40
~10
12
Petabyte Pb 2
50
~10
15


1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1










0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
HD/DVD

track
sector
head
Display
Screen pixel or dots
Color coding: 32 bits
1 pixel = 3 bytes of color (RGB)+1
byte alpha channel (transparency)
1600x1200x4bytes=7,5 Mb!

Fonts
Bitmap
Vectors
TrueType, OpenType,
PostScript
QuickTime et un
dcompresseur TIFF (non compress)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
Keyboard/Mouse
Each key (or combination
of keys) of the keyboard
sends a code to the
computer.
The code is interpreted and
converted to the
corresponding ASCII or
Unicode number.
The mouse movements
1 to 4 bytes (vertical &
horizontal)
Buttons
Clicked, pressed, rolled
buttons
ASCII & Unicode
ASCII 7/8 bits
Unicode
UTF-8/16/32 bits
ISO-8859 (Latin)

od -c od -h


Software layers
ROM
Hardware
Operating System
User Interface
Software
Files
CPU, RAM, HD, DVD
Word, scripts, mail, web browser
Data (.doc, .mp3)
BIOS
Linux
CLI, X-Windows
Windows
Windows
MacOSX
Firmware
Quartz
File systems
Method the OS uses to store information
Storage unit, directories, subdirectories (Windows,
VMS)
Single arborescence (Linux, MacOSX, all Unix)
What exactly is a file?
a piece of information (text, graphic, data, music
program, script)
it is identified by a name and an logical address (or
path)
other informations: date, size, type, creator,
ownership, physical address
File system organisation
Disk 1 Disk 2
Directories
Subdirectories
Windows
DOCS PROGS
WORD EXCEL
CONFIG
DATA
EXPT1 EXPT2
/
/usr /home
phil john local
bin
lib
emacs
X11
Unix
D: C:
Disk 1
Disk 2
Path
The path is the logical address used by
the system or the user to locate a file.
Example:
/bd_du_Palais/35/etage/4/appart/12/Dupont_ Jean.txt

filename
suffix
path
File types
Executable
.exe
.app
Unix requires x
Data
Text (.txt)
Music (.mp3)
Image (.jpg, .gif)
Movie (.mpg, .mov)
Binary (.bin)
Special cases in Unix
STDIN
STDOUT
STDERR
Encryption / compression
Compression
Reducing the size of files
E.g., .mp3, .gz, .jpg, .zip
Encryption
Protecting your privacy
E.g., .pgp
Packing
Grouping the files
E.g., .tar
Networks
Direct
USB 11Mb-480Mb
Ethernet 10Mb-1Gb


Wired
Modem 56Kb
ADSL 600Kb-8Mb
LAN 10Mb-10Gb


Wireless
Bluetooth 1Mb-20Mb
WIFI (AirPort) 11Mb-54Mb
Network (ethernet or wireless)
Computer talk to each
other via network
protocols
ip, tcp, http, ftp,

TCP/IP
transmission control
protocol/internet protocol
Handshaking
Transmission
Ackowledgement


DNS
Domain Name Server
URL
Universal Resource
Locator
IP addess
192.42.197.51
DNS reminder
Primary DNS
Root DNS
Local DNS
Client query Target server
1
2
3
4
5
6
www.expasy.org
129.194.8.64
*.org
dns.anywhere.net
client.anywhere.net
www.expasy.org ??
Packets
The data travels within
units called packets
Packet breakout
Usual TCP/IP payload per packet: 512 bytes
Introduction to programming
What is a program?
How to cook?
The algorithm
Are you a programmer?

Pseudocode
This is the pseudocode for a game of Monopoly
Flowcharts

Flowcharts details

Languages
Low level (processor dependent)
Machine code, assembler
High level: structured, procedural
Fortran, C, Pascal
High level: object oriented
C++, Java, C#, Perl, Objective-C
Virtual machines
Java, C#
Scripting
Perl, Python, JavaScript
Source code -> Object code
Compiler+linker
Fortran, C, Pascal, C++

Interpreter
Basic, Perl


Intermediate
Java
Compiler+linker
Fast to execute, but slow
to debug
Interpreter
Slow to execute, but fast
to debug (no need to
recompile)
Intermediate
Slow
Source code
Instructions
Statement, blocks
Affectation
Operators
Loops
Tests
Subroutines
Comments

Data structures
Variable
List
Array
Hash
Pointers
Objects

Source code (2)
Statement, blocks
One or more
instructions for the
processor
Affectation
Change to a variable
Operator
affect one or more
variable
+ * - / AND OR NOT
Variable
A region in memory
that can be modified
Exists in different
types
Scalar, char, numeric,
boolean
List, array
Hash
Combination->data
structure
Source code (3)
Loops
Allow the computer to
repeat blocks
Tests
Decide what to do
Subroutines
Programs frequently
called (functions)
Comments
The most important
lines of the source
code
Pointers
Reference to region in
memory (address)
Objects
Combination of data
and code

Example: a text to treat
Noon rings out. A wasp, making an ominous sound, a sound akin to a klaxon or a
tocsin, flits about. Augustus, who has had a bad night, sits up blinking and purblind. Oh
what was that word (is his thought) that ran through my brain all night, that idiotic word
that, hard as I'd try to pun it down, was always just an inch or two out of my grasp - fowl
or foul or Vow or Voyal? - a word in a quizz which, by association, brought into play an
incongruous mass and magma of nouns, idioms, slogans and sayings, a confusing,
amorphous outpouring which I sought in vain to control or turn off but which wound
around my mind a whirlwind of a cord, a whiplash of a cord, a cord that would split again
and again, would knit again and again, of words without communication or any possibility
of combination, words without pronunciation, signification or transcription but out of
which, notwithstanding, was brought forth a flux, a continuous, compact and lucid flow: an
intuition, a vacillating frisson of illumination as if caught in a flash of lightning or in a mist
abruptly rising to unshroud an obvious sign - but a sign, alas, that would last an instant
only to vanish for good.
Gilbert Adair
Result
a=97
b=15
c=26
d=35
f=23
g=32
h=44
i=90
j=1
k=5
l=33
m=17

n=91
o=104
p=15
q=1
r=43
s=59
t=77
u=52
v=4
w=31
x=2
y=13
z=2

Do you see any problem??

Try with this:
The quick brown fox, jumps
over the lazy dog.
Flowchart

Source code example
#!/usr/bin/perl -w # essential line of all perl scripts

$filename = "avoid.txt"; # affect avoid.txt to the variable $filename

# open the file, or exit
open(FILE, $filename) || die "Cannot open file $filename\n\n";
@text = <FILE>; # add each line of the file to an array
close FILE;

foreach $line (@text) { # read one line from the array into $line and repeat for each line
@table = split(//,$line); # read each character of the line in an array
while ($char=pop(@table)) { # read one character of the array 'table' and repeat for all
$char =~ s/[^a-z]//; # keep only the alphabetical character a to z
if ($char) { # check if the character exists and execute the block
$count{$char}++; # if yes, increment by one the hash 'count'
}
}
}

# print each character and its number of occurence one per line
foreach $c (keys %count) {
print "$c=$count{$c}\n";
}
exit; # quit the program
Tips
Think about your
problem
Create a flowchart
Create the
pseudocode
Verify the memory
used by your
variables
Write the code
Test the code
For all the possible
functions or cases (if
possible)
Give it to users as a
beta (if not possibe)
Sell it (if you work for
Microsoft

;-)
Debug

Summary of the week
Monday
Intro computers &
programming
Intro Unix
Tutorial Unix
Tuesday
Intro Perl
Regexp & Perl In-liners
Wednesday
Object Oriented
programming
BioPerl
EMBOSS
Thursday
Database indexing
BLAST
HTML & cgi-bin
Friday
Finish exercises
Users questions
Unix
Next presentation
Vassilios
alias
UnixMan!!!