UNIT -2

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE S/W
AND H/W
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
Application software
-Easy-to-use programs designed to
perform specific tasks.
System software
-Set of programs designed to operate
and control the computer.

OPERATING SYSTEM

It is a collection of programs that controls
and manages the computer

Examples
Windows, Unix, MSDOS



Functions Of OS
It provide an interface between the hardware
and the user.
It controls and co-ordinate the entire computer
system.
It controls the allocation and use of various
resource by various user and task.
It controls the various application programs.
Scheduling the jobs.
Process management, Memory management,
Device management etc,.


TYPES OF OS
Single user/ single tasking OS
Single user/ multi tasking OS
Multi user/ multi tasking OS
Time sharing OS
Virtual storage OS
Real time system
Single user/Single tasking OS
One user works on the system
Performs one task at a time
Take up little space on disk
Run on inexpensive computers
Example MS-DOS
Single user/Multitasking OS
User performs many tasks at once
Most common form of OS
Require expensive computers
Tend to be complex
Example: Windows XP

Multi user/Multitasking OS
Many users connect to one computer
Each user has a unique session
Maintenance can be easy
Requires a powerful computer
Example: UNIX, Linux, etc,.
Time sharing OS
It handles multiple jobs at a time.
It switches the CPU among various jobs
that are running on the computer
whenever there is a program break or a
fixed time has expired.
Virtual storage OS
It uses the technique Demand paging. i.e.
whenever the program size is larger than
the main memory it splits the program into
many pages.
Only the needed page is loaded to the
main memory for execution.
Real-time operating system
It gets data from an on going event.
Respond quickly to user input.
Example: Reservation system
LOGICAL SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
HARDWARE
The physical components present in the
computer is called Hardware.

Example: Keyboard, Monitor etc,.
SOFTWARE
It is a collection of programs which,
performs some task.
System s/w
Application s/w
System S/W
It is collection of programs that controls
and manage the computer.
Types:OS,Language processor etc,.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
Example:
Operating system,
Device drivers,
Language Processor,
System utilities etc,.
Example:
Ms-Office,
Reservation system,
Payroll processing system
Hospital management system etc,.
GENERAL CUSTOMISED
OS
It is a collection of programs that controls
and manages all the components present
in the computer
Device drivers
It is set of programs, which act as an
interface between the computer and the
device.
It is responsible for the proper functioning
of the device.


COMPUTER
D
R
I
V
E
R
S
DEVICE 1
DEVICE 2
DEVICE n
Language Processor
It is a system s/w that translates the
programs written in High level language to
Machine language.
Machine language: 0s and 1s.
High level language: C, C++, Java etc,.

Example: Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler

Compiler
It converts the programs written in high
level language to machine language i.e. it
translates the source code to object code.

HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE
C
O
M
P
I
L
E
R
MACHINE LANGUAGE
Interpreter
It converts the programs written in high
level language to machine language.
It executes the source code in line-by-line
manner.

I
N
T
E
R
P
R
E
T
R
E
HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE
Assembler
It converts the programs written in
Assembly language to machine language.

A
S
S
E
M
B
L
E
R
ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE
System Utilities
These programs performs tasks related to
the maintenance of computer
Example: Disk clean-up.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It is collection of programs that performs a
specific task.
Customised
General
APPLICATION SOFTWARE (Cont)
Customised Application s/w
It is developed to meet the requirements of
limited user.

General Application s/w
It is developed to meet the requirements of
many user.
S/W Terminologies
Firmware
It is a software, which is permanently
stored on the memory
Eg: BIOS
Open source
It is software developed by some
programmers and released for public
use
The programming code is available so
that the user can modify it.
S/W Terminologies (Cont)
Freeware
It is a copyrighted software which is
given away free by the owner.
Commercial s/w
It is developed by business
organizations to earn profit
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Steps:
Requirement analysis
Design
Coding
Testing
Implementation & maintenance



SDLC
Requirement
Analysis
Impl & Maintenance
Testing
Coding
Design
Requirement analysis
It produce the Software requirement
document (SRS),which specifies all
requirements of the customer.
Design

It is the process of designing how the
requirements to be implemented.
Coding
It is the process of developing code for
the software.
Testing
It is the process of executing the software
with sample data to verify whether it has
errors or not.
Implementation & maintenance
It involves installation of the s/w, giving
training to the customer etc,.
ASSIGNMENT
DECIMAL BINARY
29
68
116
202
423
DECIMAL OCTAL
27
171
262
726
3731
DECIMAL HEXA
83
796
2947
4321
8239
DECIMAL OTHER
85 BASE4
76 BASE3
317 BASE6
186 BASE7
251 BASE8

BINARY OCTAL,HEXA
1110111
1100001001
10010101101011
101011110001
10110101011
OCTAL HEXA
567
649
814
2457
4948

61.625
10
BASE2
427.29
10
OCTAL
759.37
10
HEXA


INTERNET
Network of networks i.e. interconnection of
networks.
EVOLUTION OF INTERNET
In 1960 US Dept of Defense created a
network called ARPANET (Advanced
Research Project Agency Network).It is
the forerunner of todays Internet.
By 1970s ARPA helped in the
development of TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) which
is used for transferring of data between
networks.
In 1980s National Science Foundation
(NSF) created the NSFNET.
In 1980s e-mail was introduced.
In 1990s the world wide web was
introduced.
Internet Terminology
Webpage It is an electronic document
which contains information.
Website It is a collection of related
WebPages.
Homepage It is starting point or
doorway to the website. It is also known as
the index page.
Internet Terminology (Cont)
Web Browser or Browser It is a
program that enables the user to access
the Webpage and displays the webpage
on the computer screen.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) It is
the unique Address of the Webpage,
which is used to identifies its location on
the internet.
Internet Terminology (Cont)
Hypertext It refers to the text that
connects other documents.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) - It
provides access to the internet to user.
Web Server It is a computer that
services the requests from the clients i.e.
web browser
Internet Terminology (Cont)
Download - It is the process of receiving
data from a remote computer to the local
computer.
Upload It is process of sending data
from local computer to remote computer.
Getting connected to the Internet
Requirements
Modem
A Connection with the ISP
IP Address
The Internet Protocol Address is used for
identifying the computer.
It can be expressed in dotted decimal form
or binary form.
It has four octets i.e. it has four 8 bit
number Eg: 175.192.0.1
10101111.11000000.00000000.00000001
DNS
Domain Name System
It is used to maps the text to the IP
Address.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator.
It contains the protocol name, domain
name etc,.
Eg: http://www.microsoft.com
Internet Application
World Wide Web
It is a collection of information or
collection websites.
e-mail
It is used to send electronic
message to anyone.

Internet Application (Cont)
Chatting
It is online Conversation.
It is used to send message back and
forth to anyone.
Remote Access
It is the process of accessing
information present in a remote
computer.

Internet Application (Cont)
File Sharing
It enables a group of user to share
information.
The information has been placed on a
shared location and the user access
the information.

Internet Application (Cont)
IRC
Internet Relay Chat.
It is designed for group communication.
Video Conferencing
It allows two or more user to interact via
video and audio transmission.

Internet Application (Cont)
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
It is used to transfer data from one
computer to another computer.
TelNet
Telecommunication Network
This protocol is used to get services
from the server.
Internet Application (Cont)
VOIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol.
It sends voice over the internet
protocol.




SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Requirements defines needed
information, function, behavior,
performance and interfaces.
Design data structures, software
architecture, interface representations,
algorithmic details.
Implementation source code,
database, user documentation, testing.