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Data Resource Management - 2

This document provides an overview of database concepts including database management systems, database structures, and the database development process. It defines key terms like database, data dictionary, and data warehouse. It describes common database structures such as hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional and explains how data is organized in databases using characters, fields, records, and files. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of database administrators.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
197 views33 pages

Data Resource Management - 2

This document provides an overview of database concepts including database management systems, database structures, and the database development process. It defines key terms like database, data dictionary, and data warehouse. It describes common database structures such as hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional and explains how data is organized in databases using characters, fields, records, and files. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of database administrators.

Uploaded by

naveet
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5
Presented by:
Mr. Naveet Kumar Vankani (11291)
Miss. Saba Shahid ()
Mr. Ghufran Nisar (11153)
Mr. Najam-us-Saqib Qasmi (12034)
Miss. Iqra Madina (11940)
DATABASE

 It is a concept or file organization.

 It consists of related files stored


together so that group of data items can
be easily accessed or retrieved by those
who need them.
Database Management System

 It is a software that functions as interface


between users, other programs and the
database itself.
 It allows the data to be created,
maintained, and retrieved.
 The database management systems
approach was developed to solve the
problems of file processing systems.
Types of Database:

1. Operational database
2. Distributed Database
3. External Database
4. Hypermedia Database
Operational Database
 It stores detailed data needed to support the
business processes & operations of a
company.
 It is also called subject area database(SADB),
transaction database & production database.
 E.g. Customer database, human database, etc.
Distributed Databases
 Replication or duplication of copies and
parts of databases to network servers at a
variety of websites
• Improves database performance at
worksites.
External Database
 Databases available for a fee from
commercial online services, or free from the
Web
• Example: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full text
databases
• Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases
Hypermedia Databases

 A hypermedia database contains:

• Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

• Interrelated hypermedia page elements,


rather than interrelated data records
How Data are organized in IS:

 Data are logically organized into


characters, fields, records, files.
1. Character: It consists of single
alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol.
2. Field: Grouping of related
characteristics.
3. Record: It represents a collection of
attributes that describe an entity.
4. File: It is a group of related records.
• Any grouping of related records in
tabular, or row & column form is called a
File.
• A single table may be referred to as a
Flat file
DATABASE STRUCTURES

 The relationships among many


individual data elements stored in
database are based on one of the
several logical data structures or
models.
Types of Database Structure:
 Common database structures…
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
• Object-oriented
• Multi-dimensional
Hierarchical Structure
 Early DBMS structure
 Records arranged in tree-like structure
 Relationships are one-to-many
Network Structure
 Used in some mainframe DBMS
packages
• Many-to-many relationships
Relational Structure
 Most widely used structure
 Data elements are stored in tables
 Row represents a record; column is a field
 Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element
Relational Operations
 Select
• Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
• Example: employees earning more than
$30,000
 Join
• Combine two or more tables temporarily
• Looks like one big table
 Project
• Create a subset of columns in a table
Multidimensional Structure
 Variation of relational model
• Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
• Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
• Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Multidimensional Model
Object-Oriented Structure
 An object consists of
• Data values describing the attributes of an entity.
• Operations that can be performed on the data.
 Encapsulation
• Combine data and operations
 Inheritance
• New objects can be created by replicating some or all of
the characteristics of parent objects
Object-Oriented Structure
Object-Oriented Structure
 Used in object-oriented database
management systems (OODBMS)
 Supports complex data types more
efficiently than relational databases
• Example: graphic images, video clips,
web pages
Database Development
 Database development:
 Involves data planning, database design
and implementation
 Creation of database models
Database Administrator
(DBA)
 In charge of enterprise database
development
 Improves the integrity and security of
organizational databases
 Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to
develop and specify data contents,
relationships, and structure
 Stores these specifications in a data
dictionary or a metadata repository
Data Dictionary
 A data dictionary
• Contains data about data (metadata)
• Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
 It contains information on..
• The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships
• Requirements for end users’ access and use of
application programs
• Database maintenance
• Security
Data Planning Process

 It a top-down process.
• Develop an enterprise model.
• Define needs of end user in a business
process.
• Identify key data elements that are needed to
perform their specific business activities.
(ERDs)
Database Design Process

 It is a data modeling process where the


relationships are identified in a data
model that supports a basic business
process.
• This model is called “schemas” or
“subschema”.
• The physical design of data basis.
Database Development
Data Warehouses
• A process of centralized data management and
retrieval.
• Stores data that has been extracted from other
databases in an organization.
• Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and catalog.
• Data is used for data mining, analytical
processing, analysis, research, decision support.
 Data warehouses may be divided into
data marts
 Subsets of data that focus on specific
aspects of a company (department or
business process)
Data Mining

• Data in data warehouses are analyzed to


reveal hidden patterns and trends
• Market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles
• Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing problems
• Prevent customer attrition
• Acquire new customers
• Cross-sell to existing customers
• Profile customers with more accuracy

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