TRANSFORM CODING II
Introduction
The coding techniques which operate directly on the
pixels of an image are the spatial domain methods.
The coding is known as waveform coding.
The coding techniques which are based on modifying
the transform of an image is known as transform
coding.
In transform coding a reversible linear transform is
used to map the image into a set of transform
coefficients which are then quantized and coded.
A Transform coding System
Important Steps in Transform Coding
Transform selection
The transform which packs most of the information in
the smallest number of transform coefficients is
selected to achieve the best compression.
Sub section selection
The sub section size which will reduce the
reconstruction error and the computational complexity
is selected.
For image data, sub image size of 8 or 16 is common.
Larger sub image sizes increases the blocking artifacts.
For speech data a block of 10 to 20msec is selected for
processing
Important Steps in Transform Coding
Bit allocation:
The reconstruction error depends on the number and
relative importance of the transform coefficients that are
discarded and the precision used to represent the
retained coefficients.
The overall process of truncating, quantizing and coding
the coefficients of the transformed sub image is called
bit allocation.
Quantization and Coding of
Transform coefficients
If the amount of information conveyed by each
coefficient is different, it makes sense to assign
differing numbers of bits to the different
coefficients.
There are two approaches to assign bits
One approach relies on the average properties of the
transform coefficients, while the other approach
assigns bits as needed by individual transform
coefficients
Quantization and Coding of
Transform coefficients
In the first approach, we first obtain an
estimate of the variances of the transform
coefficients
On the basis of maximum variance Zonal coding
On the basis of maximum magnitude Threshold
coding
These estimates can be used by one of two
algorithms to assign the number of bits used
to quantize each of the coefficients
Zonal Coding
We assume that the relative variance of the coefficients
corresponds to the amount of information contained in each
coefficient.
Thus, coefficients with higher variance are assigned more
bits than coefficients with smaller variance.
Let us find an expression for the distortion, then find the bit
allocation that minimizes the distortion.
To perform the minimization we will use the method of
Lagrange.
Zonal Coding
To find the number of bits to be allotted:
If the average number of bits per sample to be used
by the transform coding system is R, and the
average number of bits per sample used by the kth
coefficient is Rk then
(1)
M No: of transform coefficients.
Zonal Coding
The reconstruction error variance for the kth quantizer
rk2 is related to the kth quantizer input variance k2
by,
k - factor that depends on the input distribution and the
quantizer.
The total reconstruction error is given by,
Zonal Coding
So we need to find Rk to minimize the error at
the same time keeping the average number of
bits to R. Assuming that k is a constant for all
k, we can set up the minimization problem in
terms of Lagrange multiplier as,
Zonal Coding
Taking the derivative of J with respect to Rk
and setting it equal to zero we can obtain the
expression for Rk as
Substituting for Rk in equation (1), we get the
value of as,
Zonal Coding
Now substituting this expression for in the equation
for Rk, we obtain
The values obtained for Rk will not be positive
integers. So the standard approach is to set the
negative Rk s to zero. This will increase the average bit
rate above R. Therefore the non zero Rk s are
uniformly reduced until the average rate is equal to R.
Threshold Coding
The underlying principle is that for any sub image, the
transform coefficients of largest magnitude make the
most significant contribution to reconstructed sub
image quality.
After applying the threshold masks the resulting nxn
array is reordered in a zigzag fashion and is run length
encoded. And variable length coding is done to the
resulting sequence.
Threshold Coding
There are three ways to threshold the
transformed image,
A single global thresholding can be applied to all
sub images.
A different threshold can be applied for each sub
image.
The threshold can be varied as a function of
location of each coefficient within the sub image.
Threshold Coding
Usually the third method is used, where the
thresholding and quantization is implemented using a
single equation,
T (u, v)
T (u, v) round
Z
(
u
,
v
)
where,
T (u, v) thresholded and quantized approximation of T (u, v).
Z (u, v) element of the transform normalization array.
Threshold Coding
