Chapter 2 - Introduction to C

Programming

Outline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two
Integers
2.4 Memory Concepts
2.5 Arithmetic in C
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators

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 2.1 Introduction

• C programming language
– Structured and disciplined approach to program design

• Structured programming
– Introduced in chapters 3 and 4
– Used throughout the remainder of the book

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 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a
Line of Text
1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
8
9 return 0;
10 }

Welcome to C!

• Comments
– Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
– Used to describe program

• #include <stdio.h>
– Preprocessor directive - tells computer to load contents of a certain file
– <stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations

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 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a
Line of Text (II)
• int main()
– C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of
which must be main
– Parenthesis used to indicate a function
– int means that main "returns" an integer value
– Braces indicate a block
• The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

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 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a
Line of Text (III)
• printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
– Instructs computer to perform an action
• Specifically, prints string of characters within quotes
– Entire line called a statement
• All statements must end with a semicolon
– \ - escape character
• Indicates that printf should do something out of the
ordinary
• \n is the newline character

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 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a
Line of Text (IV)
• return 0;
– A way to exit a function
– return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated
normally

• Right brace }
– Indicates end of main has been reached
• Linker
– When a function is called, linker locates it in the library
– Inserts it into object program
– If function name misspelled, linker will spot error because it
cannot find function in library

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1 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c
2 Addition program */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main() 1. Initialize
6 { variables
7 int integer1, integer2, sum; /* declaration */
8 2. Input
9 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); /* prompt */
10 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); /* read an integer */ 2.1 Sum
11 printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */
12 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* read an integer */ 3. Print
13 sum = integer1 + integer2; /* assignment of sum */
14 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /* print sum */
15
16 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
17 }

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer Program Output
72
Sum is 117

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers
• As before
– Comments, #include <stdio.h> and main
• int integer1, integer2, sum;
– Declaration of variables
• Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
– int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3, 0, 47)
– integer1, integer2, sum - variable names (identifiers)
• Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit),
and underscores, case sensitive
– Declarations appear before executable statements
• If not, syntax (compile) error

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers (II)
• scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
– Obtains value from user
• scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)
– This scanf has two arguments
• %d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
• &integer1 - location in memory to store variable
• & is confusing in beginning - just remember to include it with
the variable name in scanf statements
– It will be discussed later
– User responds to scanf by typing in number, then pressing
the enter (return) key

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers (III)
• = (assignment operator )
– Assigns value to a variable
– Binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;
– Variable receiving value on left
• printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
– Similar to scanf - %d means decimal integer will be printed
• sum specifies what integer will be printed
– Calculations can be performed inside printf statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );

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 2.4 Memory Concepts

• Variables
– Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory.
– Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value.
– Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf,
for example), it replaces (and destroys) previous value
– Reading variables from memory does not change them
• A visual representation

integer1 45

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 2.5 Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations are used in most programs

– Use * for multiplication and / for division
– Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– Modulus operator returns the remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2
• Operator precedence
– Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication
before addition)
• Use parenthesis when needed
– Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
• Do not use: a + b + c / 3
• Use: (a + b + c ) / 3

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 2.5 Arithmetic (II)

• Arithmetic operators:
C operation Arithmetic Algebraic C expression
operator expression
Addition + f+7 f + 7
Subtraction - p–c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x/y x / y

Modulus % r mod s r % s

• Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)

() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the

expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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 2.6 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• Executable statements
– Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data)
– Perform decisions
• May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a test grade

• if control structure
– Simple version in this section, more detail later
– If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement executed
• 0 is false, non-zero is true
– Control always resumes after the if structure
• Keywords
– Special words reserved for C
– Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names

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 2.6 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators (II)

Standard algebraic equality C++ equality Example Meaning of

operator or or relational of C++ C++ condition
relational operator operator condition

Relational operators

> > x>y x is greater than y

< < x<y x is less than y
_> >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to
y
_< <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y
Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
= != x != y x is not equal to y

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 2.6 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators (III)

Keywords

auto double int struct

break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while

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1 /* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
2 Using if statements, relational Outline
3 operators, and equality operators */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
1. Declare
6 int main()
variables
7 {
8 int num1, num2;
9 2. Input
10 printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );
11 printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );
2.1 if statements
12 scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2 ); /* read two integers */
13
14 if ( num1 == num2 ) 3. Print
15 printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
16
17 if ( num1 != num2 )
18 printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
19
20 if ( num1 < num2 )
21 printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );
22
23 if ( num1 > num2 )
24 printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );
25
26 if ( num1 <= num2 )
27 printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n",
28 2000 Prentice Hall,num1,
Inc. Allnum2
rights reserved.
);
29
30 if ( num1 >= num2 ) Outline
31 printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n",

32 num1, num2 );
3.1 Exit main
33

34 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */

35 }

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

Program Output
the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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