INTERACTION OF
MECHANICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
IN FUNCTION
Alan P. Magpantay, PTRP, DMS, CMT, MRS(cand)
OBJECTIVES
Describe the types of muscle contraction
Differentiate antagonist, agonist, fixator,
neutralizer and synergist
Factors affecting functional strength of a muscle
Explain the length-tension relationship
Differentiate active and passive insufficiency
MUSCLE
Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal/voluntary
striated
Smooth/Involuntary non-striated
Cardiac striated but involuntary
PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Origin
Insertion
Belly
Tendons
Aponeurosis on some muscles
Raphe on some muscles
TYPES OF MUSCLES ACCDG. TO
SHAPE
Strap/Longitudinal
Rhomboid
Quadrilateral
Fusiform/Spindle
Triangular
Unipennate
e.g. EDL
Bipennate e.g. Rectus femoris
Multipennate e.g. deltoid
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Concentric
Isotonic
Eccentric
Isometric
Isometric
Isokinetic
Muscle
Setting
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Type of
Function
Mechanical Work
Concentric
Acceleration
Positive (W=F{+D})
Isometric
Fixation
Zero (no change in
length)
Eccentric
Deceleration
Negative (W=F{-D})
Contraction
TYPES OF MM ACCDG. TO WORK
Prime mover/Agonist chief muscle or member of a
chief group of muscles responsible for a particular
movement
Antagonist any muscle that opposes the action of the
prime mover
Fixator/Stabilizer/Supporting muscle Muscles that
contract statically to steady or to support some part of the
body against the pull of contracting muscles, pull of
gravity, or any other force that interferes with the desired
movements
Neutralizer a muscle that acts to prevent an undesired
action of one of the movers
Synergist prevents unwanted movements in an
intermediate joints
TYPES OF MUSCLES ACCDG. TO THE
DISTANCE OF ATTACHMENT FROM THE JNT
Spurt have a proximal point of attachment that is far
from the joint axis and a distal attachment that is
close to the joint axis
Shunt have a proximal attachment close to a joint
axis and a distal attachment far away from the joint
axis
TYPES OF MM ACCDG. TO FIBER
TYPE AND FUNCTION
Tonic
High
proportion of
slow-oxidative fibers
Deep and cross one
joint
For stability
High
Phasic
proportion of
fast-glycolytic fibers
Superficial and cross
more than one joint
For mobility
FORCE COUPLE
Two equal and opposite forces acting from
different directions so as to turn an object about a
fixed point
FORCE-VELOCITY CURVE
S-shaped
Established based on an isokinetic test
As the rate of shortening of a muscle increases the
force generated decreases. OR, the strength of a
muscle decreases with increased speeds of concentric
contraction
Up to a certain limit, a greater force is generated in
rapidly lengthening muscles. OR, as the speed of
eccentric contraction increases the more force a muscle
generates. HOWEVER, the increase in force will
plateau beyond a certain velocity.
MUSCLE INSUFFICIENCY
Active insufficiency occurs when two-joint
muscle contracts across two joint at the same
time
Tension
development can be severely compromised
because the muscle is at the extreme left side of its
length-tension curve
Passive insufficiency
Occurs
when a two-joint muscle is stretched across
two joints at the same time
Tension development can be severely compromised
because the muscle is at the extreme right side of its
length-tension curve
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
TENSION GENERATION IN
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Factor
Influence
Cross-section and size of the
muscle (includes muscle fiber
number and size)
The larger the muscle diameter, the
greater its tension-producing capacity
Fiber arrangement and fiber
length (also relates to crosssectional diameter of the
muscle)
Short-fibers with pennate and
multipennate design in high force
producing muscles (ex. Quads, gastrocs,
deltoid, biceps)
Long parallel design in muscles with high
rate of shortening but less force production
(ex. Sartorius, lumbricals)
Fiber-type distribution of
muscle
High percentage of type I fibers: low force
production, slow rate of maximum force
development, resistant to fatigue
High percentage of type IIA and IIB fibers:
Factor
Influence
Length-tension relationship
of muscle at time of
contraction
Muscle produces greatest tension when it
is near or at the physiological resting
position at the time of contraction
Recruitment of motor units
The greater the number and
synchronization of motor units firing, the
greater the force production
The higher the frequency of firing, the
greater the tension
Frequency of firing of motor
units
Type of muscle contraction
Speed of muscle contraction
(force-velocity relationship)
Force output from greatest to least:
eccentric, isometric, concentric muscle
contraction
Concentric contraction: speed tension
Eccentric contraction: speed tension
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Alan P. Magpantay, PTRP, DMS, CMT, MRS(c)
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
MUSCLE, MUSCLE FIBER AND
MYOFILAMENTS
Epimysium
extension of the deep fascia
surrounding the whole muscle
Fascicle bundles of muscle fibers or muscle
cells
Fasciculi group of fascicles
Perimysium covers each fascicle
Endomysium covers each muscle fiber or cell
Myofibrils components of each muscle fiber or
cell
Myofilaments components of each myofibril
ORGANIZATION AND
COVERINGS OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
HISTOLOGY
Sarcolemma
cell membrane of the
muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm its cytoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum composed of the
tubular network and the terminal cisterns
T-tubule transverse tubules; between 2
adjoining terminal cisternae
Sarcoplasmic triad 2 terminal cisternae
and 1 T-tubule
SARCOMERE
Functional unit of the muscle
Zline stands for zwischen (between)
A narrow membrane found in the middle of the I-band and
demarcates one sarcomere from another
I-band/ Isotropic the alternate light bands seen in
the myofibril made-up entirely of actin filaments
A-band/ Anisotropic dark band in the middle of the
sarcomere; made-up of both myosin and actin
filaments
H-zone (Hensen) a lighter area found in the middle
of the A-band; entirely myosin filaments
M-line Mittelinie (midline) bisects the H-zone
TYPES OF MYOFILAMENTS
Thin
or Actin filament made up of 3 proteins:
actin, tropomyosin and troponin
Actin
globular, arranged in a chain with the 2
strands of actin wound around each other
Each 7 pairs of actin a strand of tropomyosin and
3 troponin
Troponin T responsible for the formation of the
troponin-tropomyosin complex
Troponin C binds with calcium
Troponin I allow the unbinding of the troponintropomyosin complex once Ca attaches to Troponin
C
Myosin filament made up of 2 proteins: heavy
and light meromyosin
Has
the head region and the tail region
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Phosphagen System
ATP
= 3 secs
Creatine phosphate
Glycolytic Lactic Acid System
Anaerobic
2 pyruvic acid + energy
Aerobic
Oxygen available
No oxygen available Lactic acid
Oxidative System
Energy
4 moles of
ATP/min
Duration
8-10 secs
Replenished
3-5 mins
GlycolyticLactic
2.5 moles of
ATP/min
1.3 1.6 mins
48 hours
Oxidative
1 moles of
ATP/min
indefinite
depends
Phosphagen
STEPS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
(SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY)
STEPS IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Arrival of nerve impulse at the presynaptic terminal opens
the calcium gated channels of its cell membrane
Calcium enters into the presynaptic terminal and binds with
release sites on the interior of the cell membrane, this causes
synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and open to
the exterior releasing its contents, the neurotransmitter,
acetylcholine (exocytosis)
Acetylcholine binds with receptor sites or binding sites at the
external surface of the postsynaptic membrane (which is actually
the sarcolemma)
When a sufficient number of acetylcholine-receptor site complexes
are formed the sodium gated channels are opened
Influx of sodium depolarizes the sarcolemma
The impulse reach the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum through the T-tubules
Calcium is released from the terminal cisterns and will
find its way to the myofibrils where
Calcium binds with Troponin C of the actin filament
The inhibitory effect of Troponin I is released and the troponintropomyosin complex breaks up. Shifting of the tropomyosin
strand opens more binding surfaces in the actin protein.
Cross-bridging occurs between actin and myosin resulting in
muscle contraction. The more crossbridges formed the greater
the strength of the contraction.
ATP attaches to its corresponding binding site in the
myosin protein causing a change in the angle of the myosin
head so that it detaches from the actin. This allows a period of
relaxation.
Complete relaxation or termination of contraction occurs when
the neural stimulus is stopped and calcium returns to
the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequently stored.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Alan P. Magpantay, PTRP, DMS, CMT, MRS(c)
ORGANIZATION OF CELLS AND
FIBERS
Ganglia
Nucleus
Gray matter
White matter
Tracts or Fascicles bundle of processes of neurons
having the same function located within the cerebrum
Columns or Funiculi located outside of the cerebrum
NEUROGLIA/ GLIAL CELLS
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
movement of nutrients; structural
support; phagocytes; insulators
Microglia - macrophages
Ependymal assist in circulation of CSF
AXON DIAMETER
A fibers myelinated; largest diameter
(5-20m
Conduction
speed 12-130 m/sec
Touch, pressure, position of joints and some
thermal sensation; motor neurons
B fibers diameter of 2-3m; myelinated
15
m/sec
Sensory of viscera; autonomic motor
C fibers smallest diameter (0.5-1.5 m);
unmyelinated
Some
sensory for pain, touch, pressure, heat
and cold; some pain from viscera
DEEP SENSORY RECEPTORS
Muscle spindle
Intrafusal
fibers
Lie parallel with the extrafusal fibers
Monitor changes in the muscle length and velocity on
muscle length change
For position and movement sense; also in motor learning
Golgi tendon organ
Lie
in series with the distal and proximal tendinous
insertion of the muscle
Monitors tension in the muscle
Protective: prevents structural damage to the muscle
in situations of extreme tension thru inhibition of
muscle and facilitation of antagonist
Free nerve endings
Within
the fascia of the muscle
Respond to pain and pressure
Pacinian Corpuscle
Within
the fascia of the muscle
Respond to vibratory stimuli and deep pressure
JOINT RECEPTORS
Golgi-type endings:
Located
in the ligaments
Function to detect rate of joint movement
Free nerve endings
Found
in joint capsule and ligaments
For pain and crude awareness of joint motion
Ruffini endings
Located
in joint capsule and ligaments
For direction and velocity of joint movement
Pacinian endings
Found
in the joint capsule
Monitors rapid joint movement
MUSCLE
SPINDLE
MUSCLE SPINDLE LENGTH AND
RATE OF CHANGE IN LENGTH
Intrafusal fibers
connected to
tendon
Parallel
with
extrafusal fibers
Types:
Nuclear bag
longest and largest
Nuclear chain
shorter and thinner
with nuclei
INNERVATION
OF MM SPINDLE
Types of Efferent
Endings:
Plates
nuclear
Trails
nuclear
bag
chain
Innervated
by
gamma or beta
motorneurons
Types of Afferent
Endings:
Primary
(Group IA
fiber) central region of
both bag and chain
Monosynaptic with
alpha motorneurons
(homonymous and
heteronymous mm)
Secondary
(Group II
fibers) nuclear chain
Monosynaptic with
alpha (homonymous)
Alpha
motoneurons
innervates
extrafusal fibers
Renshaw cells
Excited by
collaterals of
alpha
motoneurons
inhibit alpha
motoneurons
GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
In series with the tendons at the insertion
Ib afferent fibers polysynaptically inhibit alpha
motoneurons of agonist muscle and facilitate
antagonist muscle
Provides info on muscle force
PYRAMIDAL AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
TRACT
Pyramidal tract
Refers
to corticospinal tracts
Corticospinal fibers become concentrated on the
anterior part of the medulla oblongata (pyramids)
Extrapyramidal tract
Refers
to all the descending tracts other than the
corticospinal tracts
CORTICOSPINA
L/
CORTICOBULBA
R TRACT
MOTOR CONTROL
MOTOR CONTROL
The study of the nature and cause of movement
(Cook & Woollacott, 1995)
The control of both movement and posture
I. STUDY OF ACTION
Researchers often study movement control within
the context of a specific activity, like walking,
hoping that understanding control processes
related to this activity will provide insight into
principles for how all of movement is controlled
II. STUDY OF PERCEPTION
Perception is essential to action, just as action is
essential to perception.
Actions are performed within the context of an
environment.
Sensory-perceptual systems provide information
about the body and the environment, and are
clearly integral to the ability to act effectively
within an environment.
III. STUDY OF COGNITION
Cognitive processes include attention,
motivation, and emotional aspects of motor
control that underlie the establishment of intent
or goals.
INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL,
TASK, AND ENVIRONMENT
Individual includes cognition, perception and
action
Environment regulatory or non-regulatory
Task mobility, stability and manipulation
THEORIES RELATED TO SKILLED
LEARNING
A.
Adams Closed-Loop theory
Sensory
feedback is used for the ongoing production
of skilled movement
This theory hypothesizes that, in motor learning,
sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is
compared within the nervous system with the stored
memory of the tended movement (verbal-motor and
motor stages)
B. FITTS AND POSNER: STAGES OF
MOTOR LEARNING
a.
Cognitive stage
the learner is concerned with understanding the nature of the task,
developing strategies that could be used to carry out the task, and
determining how the task should be evaluated.
Experiments with a variety of strategies, abandoning those that dont work
while keeping those that do.
b.
Associative stage
Selected the best strategy for the task and now begins to refine the skill
May last from days to weeks or months, depending on the performer and the
intensity of practice; equivalent to motor stage of Adams
c.
Autonomous stage
Begin to devote his or her attention to other aspects of the skill in general,
like scanning the environment for obstacles that might impede performance,
or one may choose to focus on a secondary task (like talking to a friend while
performing the task), or save ones energy, so that one does not become
fatigued.
C. GENTILES TAXONOMY OF
MOVEMENT TASKS (ANN GENTILE)
Getting the idea of the movement
understand
goal of task
develop movement strategies appropriate to achieve
Fixation-Diversification
adapting
movement to changing task and environment
demands
performing tasks efficiently
Different tasks have inherently different requirements
with respect to the environment and thus make different
demands on sensory, motor, and cognitive processes
Clinical Implications: establish the most appropriate
movement patterns to achieve a goal, and set up different
conditions for practice
D. SYSTEMS THEORY (NICOLAI
BERNSTEIN)
During the course of any movement, the amounts of force
acting on the body will change as potential and kinetic
energy change. The central command could result in quite
different movements because of the interplay between
external forces and variations in the initial conditions.
Control of integrated movement was probably distributed
throughout many interacting systems working
cooperatively to achieve movement (distributed model of
motor control)
We can think of our movement repertoire like sentences
made up of many words. The letters within the words are
the muscles; the words themselves are the synergies, the
sentences are the actions themselves.
STAGES OF SYSTEMS THEORY
Novice learner simplifies movement by freezing
degrees of freedom
b. Advanced performer begins releasing some
degrees of freedom
c. Expert performer released all degrees of freedom;
learner takes advantage of the mechanics of the
musculoskeletal system and the environment
.Clinical Implication: explains the stiffness that
occurs in the joints at the beginning of skill
acquisition, and suggests importance of providing
external support during early stages of learning
a.
Thank you
for listening!
