PENGUKURAN

LISTRIK
MODUL I BESARAN LISTRIK

Inductanc
ELECTRICAL QUANTITY e
Capacitan
Voltage
ce
Current
Impedanc
Resistanc
e
e
Power
Power
factor

VOLTAGE

Voltage, otherwise known as electrical

potential difference or electric tension
(denoted V and measured in units of electric
potential: volts, or joules per coulomb), is the
electric potential difference between two
points or the difference in electric
potential energy of a unit test charge
transported between two points
The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit for
electric potential (voltage), electric potential
difference, and electromotive force.

VOLTAGE

The volt is named in honor of the

Italian physicist Alessandro Volta
(17451827), who invented the
voltaic pile, possibly the first
chemical battery
A single volt is defined as the
difference in electric potential
across a wire when an electric
current of one ampere dissipates
one watt of power.

VOLTAGE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY

A simple analogy for an electric circuit is water flowing in a
closed circuit of pipework, driven by a mechanical pump.
This can be called a water circuit.
Potential difference between two points corresponds to the
water pressure difference between two points. If there is
a water pressure difference between two points (due to
the pump), then water flowing from the first point to the
second will be able to do work, such as driving a turbine.
In a similar way, work can be done by the electric current
driven by the potential difference due to an electric
battery: for example, the current generated by an
automobile battery can drive the starter motor in an
automobile.
If the pump isn't working, it produces no pressure
difference, and the turbine will not rotate. Equally, if the
automobile's battery is flat, then it will not turn the
starter motor.

AC VOLTAGE

In alternating current (AC, also ac), the flow of electric charge

periodically reverses direction.

MATHEMATIC OF AC VOLTAGE
An AC voltage v can be described
mathematically as a function of time by the
following equation:
where:
Vpeak = the peak voltage (unit: volt),
= the angular frequency (unit: radians per
second)
t = the time (unit: second).
The peak-to-peak value of an AC voltage is
defined as the difference between its positive
peak and its negative peak. The peak-to-peak
voltage, usually written as Vpp or Vp-p = 2Vpeak

MATHEMATIC OF AC VOLTAGE
AC voltage is often expressed as a root
mean square (RMS) value, written as
VRMS.
Root mean square also known as the
quadratic mean, is a statistical measure
of the magnitude of a varying quantity.

DC VOLTAGE

In direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in
one direction.

Muatan

Murni
Kalo p
Makin

CURRENT

An electric current is a flow of electric

charge through an electrical conductor.
Electric charge flows when there is
voltage present across a conductor.
In electric circuits this charge is often
carried by moving electrons in a wire.
The SI unit for measuring an electric
current is the ampere, which is the flow
of electric charges through a surface at
the rate of one coulomb per second. (I =
Q/T)

CURRENT
The conventional symbol for
current is I, which originates
from the French phrase
intensit de courant, or in
English current intensity. This
phrase is frequently used when
discussing the value of an
electric current, but modern
practice often shortens this to
simply current.

The symbol was used by Andr-Marie Ampre, after

whom the unit of electric current is named, in
formulating the eponymous Ampre's force law which
he discovered in 1820.

CURRENT
A flow of positive charges gives
the same electric current, and
has the same effect in a
circuit, as an equal flow of
negative charges in the
opposite direction. Since
current can be the flow of
either positive or negative

charges, or both, a convention for the direction of

current which is independent of the type of charge
carriers is needed. The direction of conventional current
is defined arbitrarily to be the direction of the flow of
positive charges.

CURRENT-ELECTROMAGNETISM (LORENTZ
LAW)
Electric currents cause many
effects, notably heating, but also
induce magnetic fields, which are
widely used for motors, inductors
and generators.
Electric current produces a
magnetic field. The magnetic field
can be visualized as a pattern of
circular field lines surrounding
the wire that persists as long as
the current flows.

Magnetism can also produce electric currents. When a

changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, an EMF is
produced, and when there is a suitable path, this causes
current to flow.

RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance of an electrical
conductor is the opposition to the
passage of an electric current through
that conductor; the inverse quantity is
electrical conductance, the ease at which
an electric current passes.
Electrical resistance shares some
conceptual parallels with the mechanical
notion of friction.
The SI unit of electrical resistance is the
ohm (), while electrical conductance is
measured in siemens (S).

RESISTANCE HYDRAULIC
ANALOGY
The current flowing through a
wire is like water flowing
through a pipe, and the
voltage drop across the
wire is like the pressure
drop which pushes water
through the pipe.
Conductance is proportional
to how much flow occurs for
a given pressure, and
resistance is proportional to
how much pressure is
required to achieve a given
flow

Pipa = resistansi

RESISTANCE
An object of uniform cross section has a
resistance proportional to its
resistivity and length and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional
area. All materials show some
resistance, except for
superconductors, which have a
resistance of zero
The resistance (R) of an object is
defined as the ratio of voltage across
it (V) to current through it (I), while
the conductance (G) is the inverse:

RESISTANCE
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V
and I are directly proportional to each other,
and therefore R and G are constant (although
they can depend on other factors like
temperature or strain). This proportionality is
called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy it
are called "Ohmic" materials.
Objects such as wires that are designed to have
low resistance so that they transfer current
with the least loss of electrical energy are
called conductors. Objects that are designed
to have a specific resistance so that they can
dissipate electrical energy or otherwise modify
how a circuit behaves are called resistors.

Rho = Hambatan Jenis

RESISTANCE

The resistance R of a
conductor of uniform
cross section can be
computed as:

The resistivity of metals typically increases as

temperature is increased

OHMS LAW
Ohm's law states that the
current through a conductor
between two points is
directly proportional to the
potential difference across
the two points. Introducing
the constant of
proportionality, the
resistance one arrives at
the usual mathematical
equation:

ELECTRIC POWER
Electric power is the rate of doing work, measured
in watts, and represented by the letter P. The
electric power in watts produced by an electric
current I consisting of a charge of Q coulombs
every t seconds passing through an electric
potential (voltage) difference of V is:

where:
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts

ELECTRIC POWER

In the case of resistive (Ohmic or

linear) loads, Joule's law can be
combined with Ohm's law (V = IR)
to produce alternative expressions
for the dissipated power:

where R is the electrical resistance

in ohm

INDUCTANCE
Inductance is the property of a conductor by
which a change in current in the conductor
"induces" (creates) a voltage (electromotive
force) in both the conductor itself (selfinductance) and in any nearby conductors
(mutual inductance)
A changing electric current through a circuit
that has inductance induces a proportional
voltage which opposes the change in current
(self inductance). The varying field in this
circuit may also induce an e.m.f. in a
neighbouring circuit (mutual inductance)

INDUCTANCE
The term 'inductance' was coined by Oliver
Heaviside in February 1886. It is customary to use
the symbol L for inductance, in honour of the
physicist Heinrich Lenz. In the SI system the unit
of inductance is the henry, named in honor of the
scientist who discovered inductance, Joseph
Henry.
The relationship between the self inductance L of an
electrical circuit in henries, voltage, and current
is:

where v denotes the voltage in volts and i the

current in amperes

CAPACITANCE
Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an
electrical charge. A common form of energy
storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor. In
a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is
directly proportional to the surface area of the
conductor plates and inversely proportional to
the separation distance between the plates.

The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol:

F), named after the English physicist Michael
Faraday

CAPACITANCE

a 1 farad capacitor when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical

charge will have a potential difference of 1 volt between its
plates

IMPEDANCE

Reaktansi da

Electrical impedance is the measure of the

opposition that a circuit presents to the
passage of a current when a voltage is applied.
In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of
the voltage to the current in an alternating
current (AC) circuit. Impedance extends the
concept of resistance to AC circuits, and
possesses both magnitude and phase, unlike
resistance, which has only magnitude.
It is necessary to introduce the concept of
impedance in AC circuits because there are
other mechanisms impeding the flow of current
besides the normal resistance of DC circuits

IMPEDANCE

The impedance caused by

these two effects is
collectively referred to as
reactance and forms the
imaginary part of complex
impedance whereas
resistance forms the real
part
The symbol for impedance is
usually and it may be
represented by writing its
magnitude and phase in the
form

RESISTANCE VS. REACTANCE

Resistance and reactance together

determine the magnitude and phase of
the impedance through the following
relations:

Resistance is the real part of impedance

Reactance is the imaginary part of the
impedance

COMPLEX POWER
Engineers use the
following terms to
describe energy flow in
a system:
Real power (P): watt [W]
Reactive power (Q): volt-ampere
reactive [var]
Complex power (S): volt-ampere
[VA]
Apparent Power (|S|), the
magnitude of complex power S:
volt-ampere [VA]
Phase (), the angle of difference
(in degrees) between voltage and
current

COMPLEX POWER

In the diagram, P is the real power, Q is the

reactive power (in this case positive), S is
the complex power and the length of S is
the apparent power.
Real power moves energy, so it is the real
axis.
Reactive power does not transfer energy, so
it is represented as the imaginary axis of
the vector diagram. Since reactive power
transfers no net energy to the load, it is
sometimes called "wattless" power

POWER FACTOR
The ratio between real power and apparent
power in a circuit is called the power factor.
For two systems transmitting the same amount
of real power, the system with the lower
power factor will have higher circulating
currents due to energy that returns to the
source from energy storage in the load.
These higher currents produce higher losses
and reduce overall transmission efficiency. A
lower power factor circuit will have a higher
apparent power and higher losses for the
same amount of real power.

POWER FACTOR
The power factor is unity (one) when the voltage
and current are in phase.
Where the waveforms are purely sinusoidal, the
power factor is the cosine of the phase angle ()
between the current and voltage sinusoid
waveforms.
It often will abbreviate power factor as cos for
this reason.
Example: The real power is 700 W and the phase
angle between voltage and current is 45.6. The
power factor is cos(45.6) = 0.700. The apparent
power is then: 700 W / cos(45.6) = 1000 VA