Elements of a Digital Communication System
Block diagram of a communication system:
Mathematical Models for Communication
Channels
Additive Noise Channel:
In presence of attenuation:
r (t ) (t ) s (t ) n(t )
Mathematical Models for Communication
Channels
The Linear filter channel:
r (t ) s (t ) * c(t ) n(t ) c( )s(t )d n(t )
Mathematical Models for Communication
Channels
Linear Time-Variant Filter Channel:
Are charachterized by a time-variant channel impulse response
c( ; t )
Representation of Band-Pass Signals and
Systems
Representation of Band-Pass Signals:
s (t ) x(t ) cos(2 f c t ) y (t ) sin( 2 f c t )
Energy of the signal:
1
2
sl (t ) dt
2
Representation of Linear Band-Pass Systems:
h(t ) hl (t )e j2 f c t hl (t )e j2 f c t
Response of a Band-Pass System to a Band-Pass Signal:
r (t ) Re rl (t )e j2 f c t
Orthogonal Expansion of Signals
We can express M orthonormal signals sn (t ) as a Linear
combination of basis functions f n (t ) and hence can be defined
N
as
sk (t ) skn f n (t ), k 1,2,.., M
n 1
Linear digitally modulated signals can be expanded in terms of two
orthonormal basis functions given by:
f 1 (t )
2
cos 2 f c t
T
and
f 2 (t )
2
sin 2 f c t
T
Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals
Pulse-amplitude-modulated Signals (PAM):
s m (t ) Re Am g (t )e j2 f c t
m=1,2,M
Phase-modulated signals (PSK):
s m (t ) g (t ) cos
2
2
(m 1) cos 2 f c t g (t ) sin
(m 1) sin 2 f c t
M
M
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM):
s m (t ) Re ( Amc jAms ) g (t )e j 2 f ct
m=1,2,..,M,
Amc g (t ) cos 2 f c t Ams g (t ) sin 2 f c t
7
Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals
Orthogonal multidimensional signals:
C m c m1c m 2 ...c mN
Biorthogonal signals:
Simplex signals:
s m ' s m s,
m=1, 2,, M..
Signal waveforms from binary codes:
C m c m1 ....c mN
c mj 1 S mj (t )
cmj 0 S mj (t )
2 c
cos 2 f c t
Tc
2 c
cos 2 f c t
Tc
0 t Tc
0 t Tc
Optimum Receivers Corrupted by additive White
Gaussian Noise- I
General Receiver:
r (t ) sm (t ) n(t ), (0 t T )
Receiver is subdivided into:
1. Demodulator.
(a) Correlation Demodulator.
(b) Matched Filter Demodulator.
2. Detector.
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Optimum Receivers Corrupted by additive White
Gaussian Noise- II
Correlation Demodulator:
Decomposes the received signal and noise into a series of
linearly weighted orthonormal basis functions.
Equations for correlation demodulator:
rk 0 r (t ) f k (t )dt 0 s m (t ) n(t ) f k (t )dt
T
s mk
s
T
k 1,2,...N
(t ) f k (t ) dt ,
nkm 0n(t ) f k (t )dt ,
T
10
Optimum Receivers Corrupted by additive White
Gaussian Noise- III
Matched Filter Demodulator:
Equation of a matched filter:
hk (t ) f k (T t ),
0t T
Output of the matched filter is given by:
y k (t ) 0r (t )hk (t )d
T
r (t ) f k (T t )d
0
k=1,2, N
11
Optimum Receivers Corrupted by additive White
Gaussian Noise- IV
Optimum Detector:
The optimum detector should make a decision on the transmitted
signal in each signal interval based on the observed vector.
Optimum detector is defined by:
N
n 1
n 1
2
D (r , s m ) r 2 rn s mn s mn
n 1
r
or
2
n
2r s m s m , m=1,2, M
D ( r , s m ) 2r s m s m
12
OFDM
It is a block modulation scheme where data symbols are transmitted
in parallel by employing a large number of orthogonal sub-carriers.
Equation of complex envelope of the OFDM signal:
s (t ) A b(t nT , x n )
n
where
N 1
b(t , xn ) ha (t ) xnk exp j
k 0
N 1
)t
2
2 (k
13
General FFT based OFDM system-I
Block diagram of FFT based OFDM transmitter :
Equations at the transmmitter end:
j 2kt
u r (t )
NT
s
N 1
s (t ) A x k exp
k 0
N 1
j 2kn
,
N
s
X n s(nTs ) A x k exp
k 0
14
General FFT based OFDM system-II
Block diagram of FFT based
OFDM receiver:
At the demodulator:
1
Zi
N
N 1
j 2ni
N
R e
Z i i Axi
L
n0
i g m e
m 0
2mi
N
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General FFT based OFDM system-II
Merits of OFDM:
1. the modulation and the demodulation can be achieved in the
frequency-domain by using a DFT.
2. the effects of ISI can be eliminated with the introduction of the
guard interval.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF OFDM SYSTEM-I
Basic implementation of OFDM system:
1
Zi
N
N 1
R e
n 0
i g me
j 2ni
N
2mi
N
m 0
Z i i Axi
17
SIMULATION RESULTS.
Perfomance charachteristics were obtained for the simulated OFDM
system.
-1
10
Non Fading Channel
Fading Channel
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
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Conclusion.
1. OFDM communication system exhibits better Pe Vs SNR curves
in case of Non-Fading channel as compared to the Fading channel.
2. As the value of the SNR is increased the value of Pe gradually
decreases.
3. Perfomance charachteristics of simulated OFDM communication
system are consistent with the performance charachteristics of the
general OFDM communication system.
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