is = yg ie 4 Westphalia | as Ay m tele 4 , " a we x ad ons \ fLord Jesus Christ, who are called the Prince of Peace, who are yourself our peace and reconciliation, who so often said, "Peace to you," grant us peace. Make all men and women witnesses of truth, justice, and brotherly love. Banish from their hearts whatever might endanger peace. Enlighten our rulers that they may guarantee and defend the great gift of peace. May all peoples on the earth become as brothers and _ sisters. May longed-for peace blossom forth and reign always over us all. Prayer for Peace by Pope John Paul II“Never again!” “Violence PLoucamreY oe TOR MAW T em Oa A areT eb Oe Terrorism never again! In the name of God, may every religion bring upon the earth Justice and Peace, Forgiveness and Life, Love!” -Pope John Paul the Great“It is essential that religious people and communities should in the clearest and most radical way repudiate violence, all violence, starting with the violence that seeks to clothe itself in religion, appealing even to the most holy name of God in order to offend man. To offend against man is, most certainly, to offend against God. There is no religious goal which can possibly justify the use of violence by man against man.” -Pope John Paul the GreatAbandon the way of violence! fie seen wn ‘ uleWe must always remember that each man is a PERSON first with a dignity established by God. We can never reduce a person to merely a religion or ideology. Hatred is never justified, but it becomes particularly ugly when it is justified by religious motives.LOVE CONQUERS HATRED PERSONAL BONDS DISSOLVE WARS This is a painting of a protestant and catholic couple. Sl s arm badge that will identify him as a catholic and & tying on | therefore cause his death. She knows she loves him yet respects his desire to witness his faith. meWe must also uphold the dignity of the conscience of each person, a dignity that the person affirms when the align their conscience with the truth for which the conscience derives its very dignity. No one should ever be forced to change their religion nor ought they choose a religion for political or economic gain.The division in the heart of Christian Europe soon became manifest in the political life by a series of religious wars that were particularly cruel & violent.4 Major Conflicts of 16-17th c. 1. The Revolt of the Low Countries (1559-1592) 2. The Huguenot Wars in France (1562-1593) 3. The Struggle for the Brittish Isles (1561-1603) 4. The Thirty wears War in Germany (1618-1648) amChri ist V. lewing the shame of relies wars 8 history that wer e fought in His NameFirst Conflict The Revolt of the Low Countries (1559-1592)King Philip I of Spain - Ardent Catholic who spent much time in prayer. -Had a chapel close to his room. His house resembled a monastery. -Yet his personality was very austere and cold. His style of leadership } gave him all control. -Had many achievements yet led militaristically.VOCABULARY: El Escorial Palace of King Philip II - reflected his cold austerity. His room looked like a cell and his palace was prayerful like a monastery.1. WHAT LANDS DID PHILIP II INHERIT FROM HIS FATHER? Spain Lands not united by Geography or Ideology -Spain -Netherlands -Burgundy -Italy -Corsica -Sicily— 2. WHAT WAS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE MUSLIMS WHO LIVED IN SPAIN? Moriscos- converted to keep their properties§ and businesses but were therefore suspect wr. | ?3. HOW DID PHILIP II DEAL WITH THERE MUSLIM PEOPLE IN SPAIN? Relocation- He wanted to place them in the center of Spain out of contact with the Turks on the coastal areasA. WHAT WAS THE ECONOMIC Sees OF THE Low COUNTRIES? See ee WUE Trade- they were — allowed to be self- ruling with little interference so that: es aap een “Trade mate shen he more open to Protestant ideas iv -Division became not — only political but : free-trade could : i : religious flourish, but Philips -Conflict broke out Ils strict control 4 when Philip II sent not welcomed. =a ORS: ZN GeetVOCABULARY: Stadtholder The local prince who led the provinces of the Low Countries -during times of trouble, yet otherwise business was handled locally.VOCABULARY: Joyeuse Entrée Unwritten Constitution of the Low Countries- it was generally respected by the Holy Roman Empire5. WHAT DID WILLIAM OF ORANGE AND THE COUNT OF EGMONT PROTEST? WERE THEY SUCCESSFUL? Spanish Troops and Religious Reform The troops were pulled out but the King still pushed for uniformity of religion which would prove violent.6. WHAT ACTIONS TAKEN BY CALVINISTS IN THE Low COUNTRIES ENRAGED PHILIP II? Iconoclasm Destruction of 1000 churches & monasteries in a few weeks.ee ae eel ee rN 7. WHAT WAS THE “SPANISH. Ee The Sack of Ae (" spanish troops did not receive pay. b They took their pay from the local 1 x people and k and killed 6001 6000 people. | __ iVOCABULARY: Spanish Fury Pillage of Spanish forces of the Low Countries- they had not been paid and looked for their pay among the people.7. WHO REPLACED THE DUKE OF ALBA? WAS HE MORE EFFECTIVE? Don Juan of Austria He was more effective than the Duke of Alba and certainly not as violent. He was not only a military man but also a statesmen. He accepted the Peace of Ghent and almost reunited the Low Countries, but died of sickness.9. HOW WERE THE LOW COUNTRIES DIVIDED IN 1578? 1. Union of Utrecht ee Independent Protestant (Netherlands) 2. Union of Arras Faithful to Spain or the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)10. WHAT CITIES WERE AFFECTED WHEN THE ENGLISH AIDED THE LB ee men le blockaded. Amsterdam became THE commercial and financial center of Northern Europe for the next 200 years. 3 | lds toeson ad but Anite Ane eat were 4Second Conflict The Huguenot Wars (1562-1593)11. WHAT EVENTS WEAKENED THE INFLUENCE OF THE PAPACY IN FRANCE BY THE 16TH CENTURY? 1. Western Schism 1 2. Gallicanism 3. War against the Pope 4. Concilliarism12. WHAT THREE FACTIONS BATTLED OVER CONTROL OF FRENCH POLITICSW AFTER THE DEATH OF HENRY II? 1. Guise- Catholics, Charlemagne’s line, Qn Mary of Guise of Scottland. 2. Huguenots- Calvinist warrior class 3. Politique- used anything against anybody to be in power 4)VOCABULARY: Politique French political faction of manipulation- had no religious ties, but merely tried to play religion off of people for political gain.VOCABULARY: Huguenot French Calvinist warrior class- fought many conflicts to stay in power. These were local nobles who used Calvinism against Catholic rulers.13. WHO WAS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL POLITIQUE? Catherine de Medici 14. HOW DID CATHERINE DE MEDICI USE MARRIAGE TO FURTHER HER POLITICAL ENDS? Arranged marriage of her daughter with Huguenot Prince Henry of Navarre15. WHY DID CATHERINE DE MEDICI INSTIGATE THE ST BARTHOLOMEW MASACRE? To maintain power- If she could start a fight between the Calvinist Huguenots and Catholics, her son, Charles IX, would remain free of influence and be able to control.16. WHAT FAMOUS STATEMENT DID HENRY OF NAVARRE MAKE SHORTLY BEFORE BEING CROWNED KING HENRY IV OF FRANCE? “Paris is well worth a Mass” This reflected the attitude that was typical of rulers of the time to use religion for political gain.17. How DID THE EDICT OF NANTES HELP CATHOLIC- PROTESTANT RELATIONS IN FRANCE? Removed the Intollerance that was the main cause of conflict18. DURING THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIII, WHO REALLY HELD POWER IN FRANCE? Cardinal Richelieu 19. HOW DID HE DEAL WITH THE RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS IN THE COUNTRY? Centralized Government & Supression of Protestant Resistance He was one of the biggest reasons for mistrust of the c lergy i in France because of his political scheming o, — oe ha -Third Conflict The Struggle for the Brittish Isles (1561-1603)20. WHO FOUNDED PRESBYTERIANISM IN ENGLAND? John Knox He led the Scotts in the destruction of Churches, confiscation of properties, murder of priests and nuns, and the consolidation of power to the new religion.VOCABULARY: Presbyterianism English Calvinism- heavily iconoclastic and resulted in the bitter persecution of catholics, seizure or destruction of churches and killing of clergy21. WHAT WAS THE FIRST Sven Established é Presbyterianis m in Scottland- denounced the Pope, incited violence against Catholics and clergy, helped consolidate power to Queen Elizabeth IVOCABULARY: First Covenant Established Presbyterianism in Scottland- denounced the Pope, incited violence against Catholics and clergy, helped consolidate power to Queen22. HOW DID CARDINAL WILLIAM OF ALLEN HELP THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ENGLAND? Founded a seminary in Spanish Netherlands This formed such great priest-saints as St Edmund Campion and St Henry Walmpole.Saint Edmund Campion _23. WHY WAS MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTTS, A THREAT TO ELIZABETH I? She was a possible heir to the throneVOCABULARY: Pilgrimage of Grace Catholic uprising in England- tried to restore the Catholic religion, drive Protestant leadership from London, and acknowledge Mary Stuart as England's rightful heir.24. HOW DID FRANCIS WALSINGHAM ACQUIRE EVIDENCE TO CONVICT MARY? Forged Letters of Conspiracy to Kill the Queen- He wrote letters that said to be from Mary telling of an assassination plot25. WHO WERE THE “SEA DoGs”’? | lo Sir Francis Drake’s Naval forces- they Be é overthrew the te “Invincible ey, armada” of al re Spain and established England on the seas.26. HOW DID ELIZABETH I GO ABOUT RIDDING IRELAND OF CATHOLICISM? -Murder of men, women, children, and clergy -Military supression -Starvation of entire towns -Forbidding Gaelic Language -Protestant overlordsFourth Conflicht Thirty Years War (1618-1648)27. WHAT MADE THE THIRTY YEARS WAR MORE THAN JUST A RELIGIOUS WAR? | Outcome ead determine political unity "In Germany, regions would remain divided after the war for a long time to come. i ea28. HOW DID THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG TEMPORARILY RESOLVE THE POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF RELIGION IN GERMANY? It stopped in- fighting among Princes- The precept “Cuius regio huius religio” helped to stop fighting within regions.29. WHY DID THE BOHEMIANS REJECT EMPEROR MATTHIAS’ CHOICE OF FERDINAND OF SYRIA AS HIS S He was Catholic- Sa Which meant the region & emperor would be Catholic - this started the Thirty Years War30. WHAT DID THE EDICT OF RESTITUTION PROVIDE? Wallenstein Return of Confiscated lands However, it was through conquest of an unruly army that pillaged the land, therefore, it wasn’t sure to last.31. WHY WAS CARDINAL RICHELIEU CONCERNED WITH FERDINAND’S SUCCESS IN GERMANY? He feared the domination of the Hapsburg Empire- If Ferdinand was aciouous he could become Emperor over all Europe.32. HOW WERE THE LAST 12 YEARS OF THE 30 YEARS WAR DISASTROUS? | ct Germany was destroyed & 8 million people were killed. It also showed that the nations of Europe needed a balance of power. acres33. WHAT TREATY ENDED THE THIRTY YEARS WAR? Treaty of Westphalia A war that intended to unify Europe divided it. Politics, and not religion, became the motivating factor in Europe.PRIESTLY BLESSING Priest: Dominus Vobiscum People: Et cum spirito tuo Priest: Per intercessionem Beatam Mariam, semper Virginem, benedicat vos omnipotens Deus, Pater, + et Filius, et Spiritus Sanctus.