Chapter 5: Integumentary
System
OVERVIEW
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin markings and coloring
Hair
Nails
Glands
Functions of the Integumentary
system
Cancer
Burns
Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis
Papillary
layer
Dermis
Sweat pore
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Reticular
layer
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hypodermis
Cutaneous
plexus
Adipose tissue
Skin (Integument)
3 distinct regions:
Epidermissuperficial
region
Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelial tissue
Dermisunderlies
epidermis
Fibrous connective tissue
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue that absorbs
shock & insulates
Anchors skin to underlying
structures muscles
Epidermis
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Five distinct layers
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
With four cell types
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Tactile (Merkel) cells
Epidermis
5. Stratum corneum
Most superficial
20- 30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
Glycolipids in extracellular space
4. Stratum lucidum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
Typically not visible in thin skin
3. Stratum granulosum
2
1
3-5 cells thick, keratinocytes contain keratohyaline
granules
Also has intracellular lamellar bodies which release
lipids into extracellular space of superficial layers.
Has intercellular tight junctions as well as desmosomes
2. Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes connected by
desmosomes
Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments
made of pre-keratin
1. Stratum basale
Single layer of mitotically active stem cells
Attached to basement membrane
See Merkels cells (sense touch), keratinocytes, melanocytes
(produce melanin) and Langerhans cells (dendritic)
Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Basale
Deepest epidermal layer
Firmly attached to dermis
Single row of stem cells
Mitotically active
Produces two daughter cells
One cell journeys from basal layer
to surface
Dies as moves toward surface
One cell remains in stratum basale
as stem cell
Melanocytes compose 10
25% of this layer
Make melanin (pigment)
Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers thick
Cells contain weblike system of
intermediate
prekeratin filaments
attached to
desmosomes
Abundant
melanosomes and
dendritic cells
Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Granulosum
Thin - four to six cell layers
Cell appearance changes
Cells flatten
Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
Keratinization begins
Cells accumulate keratohyaline
granules
Help form keratin in upper
layers
Cell accumulate lamellar granules
Their water-resistant glycolipid
slows water loss
Cells above this layer die
Too far from dermal capillaries
Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Lucidum
Only in thick skin
Thin, translucent
band superficial to
the stratum
granulosum
A few rows of flat,
dead keratinocytes
Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Corneum
2030 rows of dead, flat,
anucleate keratinized
membranous sacs
Three-quarters of
epidermal thickness
Though dead, its cells have
functions
Protect deeper cells from
environment and water loss
Protect from abrasion and
penetration
Physical, biological, and
chemical barrier
Cells of the Epidermis
Keratinocytes
Produce fibrous protein keratin
Most cells of epidermis
Tightly connected by desmosomes
Melanocytes
1025% of cells in deepest epidermis
Produce melanin packaged into
melanosomes
Protect apical surface of keratinocyte
nucleus from UV damage
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Macrophages key activators of
immune system
Merkel cells
Sensory touch receptors
Papillary
layer
Dermis
Reticular
layer
Dermis
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white
blood cells
Fibers in matrix bind body together
"Hide" used to make leather
Contains nerve fibers;
blood and lymphatic
vessels
Contains epidermal hair
follicles; oil and sweat
glands
Two layers:
Papillary
Reticular
Layers of the Dermis: Papillary Layer
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers and blood vessels
Loose tissue
Phagocytes can
patrol for
microorganisms
Dermal papillae
Superficial
peglike
projections
Papillary
layer
Dermal Papillae
Some contain Meissner's
corpuscles (touch receptors)
Some contain free nerve
endings (pain receptors)
In thick skin lie atop dermal
ridges that cause epidermal
ridges
Collectively ridges called
friction ridges
Enhance gripping ability
Contribute to sense of touch
Pattern is fingerprints
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Subpapillary plexus and Receptors
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer
~80% of dermal
thickness
Dense irregular
connective tissue
Elastic fibers provide
stretch-recoil properties
Collagen fibers
Provide strength and
resiliency
Bind water
Reticular
layer
Hair Follicles
Hair bulb
Expanded deep end
Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Sensory nerve endings touch receptors
Hair matrix
Actively dividing area
Arrector pili
Smooth muscle attached
to follicle
Responsible for "goose
bumps"
Hair papilla
Dermal tissue - blood supply
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Most numerous
Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Ducts connect to
pores
Function in
thermoregulation
Their secretion is
sweat
99% water, salts,
vitamin c, antibodies,
dermcidin, metabolic
wastes
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Confined to axillary and
anogenital areas
Sweat + fatty substances +
proteins
Odorless until bacterial interaction
body odor
Ducts empty into hair follicles
Hormonally controlled
Begin functioning at puberty
Modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous glandslining of
external ear canal; secrete
cerumen (earwax)
Mammary glands secrete milk
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Widely distributed
Not in thick skin of palms
and soles
Most develop from hair
follicles and secrete into
hair follicles
Relatively inactive until
puberty
Stimulated by hormones,
especially androgens
Secrete sebum
Oily holocrine secretion
Bactericidal
