THEORY OF STRUCTURES
SHELL STRUCTURES
SHELL STRUCTURES
Ashellis a type ofstructural elementwhich
is characterized by its geometry, being a
three-dimensional solid whose thickness is
very small when compared with other
dimensions.
It possesses strength and rigidity due to its
thin, natural and curved form such as shell of
egg ,nut, human skull or of a tortoise.
Made usually of reinforced concrete , it
functions both as a structure and covering.
TYPES AND FORMS OF SHELL
STRUCTURE
Folded Plates
Barrel Vaults
Short Shells
Domes of Revolution
Folded Plate Domes
Intersection Shells
Warped Surfaces
Combinations
Shell Arches
FOLDED PLATES
Folded plates are the simplest of the shell structures.
The distinguishing feature of the folded plate is the ease
in forming plane surfaces.
The elements of a folded plate structure are similar to those
of a barrel shell except that all elements are planar, and the
moments in the slab elements are affected by the differential
movement of the joints.
A folded plate may be formed for about the same cost as a
horizontal slab and has much less steel and concrete for the
same spans
BARREL SHELLS
The elements of a barrel shell are:
(1) The cylinder,
(2) The frame or ties at the ends, including the columns, and
(3) The side elements, which may be a cylindrical element, a folded plate element,
columns, or all combined.
For the shell shown in the sketch, the end frame is solid and the side element is a
vertical beam.
A barrel shell carries load longitudinally as a beam and transversally as an arch. The
arch, however, is supported by internal shears, and so may be calculated.
The elements of a folded plate structure are similar to those of a barrel shell except
that all elements are planar, and the moments in the slab elements are affected by
the differential movement of the joints.
For the structure shown, the end supports and the side supports are both complete
walls
The elements of a short shell are the barrel, which is relatively short compared to
radius, the element at the base of the cylinder to pick up the arch loads, and the
arches or rigid frame to pick up the entire ensemble. In this case it is a rigid frame
arch. The size of the arch could have been reduced by horizontal ties at the
springings. There may be multiple spans.
The short shell carries loads in two ways:
(1) As an arch carrying load to the lower elements. and
(2) As as a curved beam to the arches.
The thickness of the shell can be quite thin due to these properties.
DOMES
Domes are membrane structures, the internal stresses are
tension and compression and are statically determinate if
the proper edge conditions are fulfilled. In a dome of
uniform thickness, under its own weight, the ring stresses
are compression until the angle to the vertical is about 57
degrees. If the dome is less than a full hemisphere, a ring
is required at the base of the dome to contain the forces.
TRANSLATION SHELLS
A translation shell is a dome set on four arches. The shape
is different from a spherical dome and is generated by a
vertical circle moving on another circle. All vertical slices
have the same radius. It is easier to form than a spherical
dome.
The stresses in a translation shell are much like a dome at
the top, but at the level of the arches, tension forces are
offset by compression in the arch. However there are high
tension forces in the corner.
ELL STRUCTURES EXAMPLES-
Istanbul 2020: Culture and Sports Park
China national centre for performing arts
The Allianz Arena is a football stadium in the
north of Munich, Germany
Kresge auditorium MIT.
ADVANTAGES
1. naturally strong structures,
2. allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving
an open, unobstructed interior.
3. The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and
construction costs, as concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into
compound curves.
4. The resulting structure may be immensely strong and safe; modernmonolithic
domehouses, for example, have resistedhurricanes and fires, and are widely
considered to be strong enough to withstand even F5tornadoes.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Since concrete is a porous material, concrete domes often have issues with
sealing. If not treated, rainwater can seep through the roof and leak into the
interior of the building.
2. On the other hand, the seamless construction of concrete domes prevents air
from escaping, and can lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of the
shell. Shingling or sealants are common solutions to the problem of exterior
moisture, anddehumidifiersor ventilation can address condensation.
SHELLS
SINGLY CURVED
SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION
1.CIRCULAR CYLINDER
2.CONES
DOUBLY CURVED
SURFACES OF
TRANSLATION
SYNCLASTIC
1.CIRCULAR OR CYLINDER
2.CONES
ANTYNCLASTIC
SURFACES OF SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION TRANSLATION
HYPERBOLOIDS
OF REVOLUTION
OF ONE SHEET
SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION
SURFACES OF
TRANSLATION
1.HYPERBOLIC
PARABOLOIDS
2.CONOIDS
3.HYPERBOLOIDS
OF REVOLUTION
OF ONE SHEET
1.CIRCULAR DOMES
1.ELLIPTIC PARABOLOIDS
2.ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION2.PARABOLOIDS OF REVOLUTION
3.PARABOLOIDS OF
REVOLUTION
SINGLE CURVATURE SHELLS
They are curved on one linear axis and are part of a
cylinder or cone in the form of barrel vaults and
conoid shells.
DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELLS
They are either part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of
revolution.
These terms do not provide a precise geometric
distinction between the form of shell because a
barrel vault is single curvature but so is a dome.
They are used to distinguish the comparative
rigidity of the two forms and complexity of
centring necessary to construct the shell form.
DOME
CONOID
BARREL VAULT
HYPERBOLOID PARABOLOID
FORMS OF CURVATURE
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
Surfaces of revolution are generated by the
revolution of a plane curve called meridional
curve,about an axis called the axis of revolution.
In the special case of cylinderical and conical
surfaces,the meridional curve consists of a line
segment.
Eg:Cylinder,cones,spherical or elleptical
domes,hyperboloids of revolution,toroids
SURFACES OF TRANSLATION
Surfaces of translation are generated by sliding a
plane curve along another plane curve,while
keeping the orientation of the sliding curve
constant.
ELLEPTICAL PARABOLOID
The latter curve on which the original curve
slides is called generator of surface.
In the special case in which the generator is a
straight line,the resulting surface is called
cylinderical surface.
CYLINDERICAL
PARABOLOID
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
