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Digital Design Fundamentals Shaharyar Mahmood

This lecture introduces fundamental concepts in digital design including: - Binary representation using logic 1 and 0 values - Binary math operations in decimal and binary - Two's complement representation for negative numbers - Addition and subtraction using two's complement - Hexadecimal and ASCII numeric representation systems - Combinational and sequential digital circuits

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60 views15 pages

Digital Design Fundamentals Shaharyar Mahmood

This lecture introduces fundamental concepts in digital design including: - Binary representation using logic 1 and 0 values - Binary math operations in decimal and binary - Two's complement representation for negative numbers - Addition and subtraction using two's complement - Hexadecimal and ASCII numeric representation systems - Combinational and sequential digital circuits

Uploaded by

chusmanullah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

Digital Design Fundamentals


Shaharyar Mahmood
Logic Representation
 The most fundamental piece of information
in digital design is a binary digit or bit.
 The bit can be set to a logic one or zero
level.
 Typically Logic 1 5VDC
 Logic 0 is 0VDC
 Newer digital hardware technologies
represent logic signals with 3.3 VDC for
logic one and 0 VDC for logic zero.
Microprocessors and Interfacing 2
Binary Math
 Decimal: Digits from 0 to 9. On left we
have 100, 101, 102, etc. On right we have
10-1, 10-2.
 Binary: Only 0 and 1. On Left we have 20,
21, 22. On Right: 2-1, 2-2.
 (31.75)10 = (11111.11)2.

Microprocessors and Interfacing 3


Two’s Complement
 (31)10 = (00011111)2
 (-31)10
 Represent the number’s magnitude with the
specified No. of bits: (00011111)2
 Bit-by-bit inversion: (11100000)2
 Add one (increment): (11100001)2
 Second method: From Right to left all the
bits are same till first One and rest of the
bits are inverted.
Microprocessors and Interfacing 4
Addition/Subtraction
 (00100111)2 + (00000110)2 = (00101101)2
 In the 2’s complement system, subtraction
is performed as addition. (a-b) is changed
to (a+(-b)).
 7-3 = 7+(-3) becomes (0111)2 + (1101)2 =
(0100)2
 Hardware is less complex: removes the
need to develop separate hardware that
subtracts.
Microprocessors and Interfacing 5
Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal (also base 16, or hex) is
numeral system with base 16.
 0-9 represent 0-9 while A-F represent
values from 10-15.
 2AF3=(2x163)+(10x162)+(15x16)+3=10995.
 Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary
digits also called a nibble.
 0101111010111010100102=5EB5216

Microprocessors and Interfacing 6


ASCII Code

Microprocessors and Interfacing 7


Gray Code

Application: 3-bit shaft position encoder


Advantage: Removes possibility of error
Microprocessors and Interfacing 8
Combinational and Sequential
Circuits
 An ideal combinational circuit (one without
propagation delays) immediately provides
a change in its output when a change in its
input(s) occurs. E.g. Full adder.
 A sequential circuit provides an output
based on its current input(s) and current
state. e.g elevator controller, vending
machine

Microprocessors and Interfacing 9


Combinational and Sequential Circuits

Microprocessors and Interfacing 10


Basic Combinational Circuit Functions
(SSI)

Microprocessors and Interfacing 11


MSI Combinational circuits

Microprocessors and Interfacing 12


Basic Sequential Circuit Functions Flip
Flops

Microprocessors and Interfacing 13


MSI Sequential Circuits

Microprocessors and Interfacing 14


Digital Design Solutions
 Programmable Gate Arrays e.g FPGAs.
 Microprocessors
 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs).
 Microcontrollers.
 Mixed mode: Microcontroller and FPGA.

Microprocessors and Interfacing 15

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