ENGINEERING DRAWING &
GRAPHICS
ME111
Lecture 11: Development and sectioning
of Solids
Assignment 05 Solution:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm side of base and axis 50 mm long, has a side of base in
the H.P. and inclined at 60o to the V.P. The axis of the prism is inclined at 45o to the
H.P. Draw its projections.
d'
d'
e'
c'
e'
c'
a'
o'
d'
b'
o'
b'
b'
a'
a'
i'
i'
j'
h'
j'
h'
p'
x
i'
h'
j'
p'
g'
g'
f'
f'
c
g
o
d i
g
i
j
e
b
d
p
f
g'
f'
h
h
c'
e'
b
a
e
e
SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that
object.
The action of cutting is called
SECTIONING a solid
&
The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
utting actions means section planes are recommended.
on Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
s is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.)
TE:- This section plane appears
as a straight line in FV.
on Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.
s is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
TE:- This section plane appears
as a straight line in TV.
mber:er launching a section plane
er in FV or TV, the part towards observer
ssumed to be removed.
ar as possible the smaller part is
umed to be removed.
OBSERVER
ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED
AN
PL
.
N
TO N FV
C
I
E
(A)
(B)
ASSUME
LOWER PART
REMOVED
SE
OBSERVER
CT
ON
IN PLA
TV NE
.
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING.
For TV
Fo
rT
ru
e
Sh
ap
e
SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
x
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
Section Plane
Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex
Par
abo
la
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections.
Section Plane Parallel
to end generator.
Ellipse
Cylinder through
generators.
Section Plane Hyperbola
Parallel to Axis.
Trapezium
Sq. Pyramid through
all slant edges
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OBJECT OR SOLID.
LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLIDS TOP & BASE.
ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.
EXAMPLES:Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Large Pipe sections,
Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.
WHAT IS
OUR OBJECTIVE
IN THIS TOPIC ?
To learn methods of development of surfaces of
different solids, their sections and frustums.
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means its a 2-D plain drawing.
note following
3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
Important points.
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
A Rectangle
Cone: (Sector of circle)
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cylinder:
H
H= Height D= base diameter
Prisms:
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
R 3600
No.of Rectangles
H= Height
S = Edge of base
Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles
All sides
equal in length
Cube: Six Squares.
FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
L1
R
L
3600
R= Base circle radius of cone
L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant height of cut part.
L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis
is standing on Hp on its base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 to the HP, through mid point of axis.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and
Development of surface of remaining solid.
D
E
AP
H
S
UE E
R
T
Y1
A
d
c
e
b
X1
c
b
X
e
d
For True Shape:
a
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from
cut points.
Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Solution Steps:for sectional views:
Draw three views of standing prism.
Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Project points where edges are getting
Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
Join those points in sequence and show
Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
c
b
DEVELOPMENT
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts dev.dark.
Thank you
