ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
AUCMS MD Programme
Year 1 (SY 2013-2014)
Allianze University College of Medical
Sciences (AUCMS)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
[ 4 credits ]
November 19, 2012 January 31, 2013
Duration (10 weeks)
MD Programme, AUCMS
Year 1 (2012-2013)
Dr. Daw Wai Wai Myint - Coordinator
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
AIMS
To enable the students to
acquire the knowledge of the
structures and functions of
integumentary and
musculoskeletal system .This
module also provides common
medical diseases and changes
associated with ageing .
MODULE OBJECTIVES
KNOWLEDGE
(Integumentary and musculoskeletal)
Embryonic
development, fetal
maturation, and perinatal changes
Organ structure and function
Cell/tissue structure and function,
including barrier functions, thermal
regulation, ecrine function
Repair, regeneration, and changes
associated with stage of life or
ethnicity (eg, senile purpura, male
pattern baldness, postmenopausal hair
changes)
MODULE OBJECTIVES
SKILL(Integumentary and musculoskeletal)
Assessment of the skin and its
derivatives
Examinations
of musculoskeletal
structures
Problem-solving
Appropriate
Laboratory
and decision making
communication skills
skills. (proper use of
microscope and models)
MODULE OBJECTIVES
Attitude
Initiative and enthusiasm
Diligence
and self-management
ASSESSMENT METHODS
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Assessment Tools
Weight (%)
1. Summative Assessment
(End of Semester Examination)
60
2. Continuous Assessment
(Formative Assessment)
Total
40
100
Assessment Tools
(Formative Assessment)
40% of Total Weight
Consist of following tools
1. End of module examinations (theoretical)
40%
2. End of module examination (practical)
%
3. Quizzes (Mini-Test )
4. PBL
10%
10%
5. Laboratory manual
6. Attendance
05%
05%
2o
TEACHING LEARNING METHODOLOGY
METHOD
CONCEPT
LECTURES
PRACTICALS
PBL
Total
NUMBER
CONTACT
HOURS
19
19
22
44
43
71
Resources Materials
REFERENCES:
STANDARD TEXT BOOK
Snell R.S., Clinical Anatomy for Medical Student, 7th
edition, Little, Brown & Co.
Essential of anatomy and physiology ,8th edition
BRS Gross Anatomy, Kyung Won Chung, Ph.D.,
Harold M. Chung, M.D.7 th edition.
OTHER REFERENCES
Abrahams, P.H., Marks, S.C. Hutchings, R.T. (2003)
McMinns Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th edition.
Mosby, St. Louis.
Clemente, C., (1997) Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the
Human Body, 4th edition, Lippincott,Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Drake, R.L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A.W.M. Grays Anatomy
for Students.
Resources Materials
Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia.
Junqueira, L.C., Carneiro, J. (2003) Basic Histology,
10th edition. Lange/McGraw Hill, New York.
Moore, K.L., Agur, A.M.R. (2002) Essential Clinical
Anatomy, 2nd edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia
Netter, F.H. (2003) Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3rd
edition. Icon Learning Systems, Teterboro, New
Jersey.
Sadler, T.W., Langmans Medical Embryology, 9th
edition, Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Anatomy And Physiology
(AAP )
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Levels of Structural Organization
Homeostasis
The Language of Anatomy
Overview of Anatomy &
Physiology
ANATOMY
The study of the structure and shape of
the body and body parts and their
relationship to one another
Derived from the Greek words:
to cut(tomy)
apart (ana)
ANATOMY
Gross Anatomy
The study of large, easily observable
structures (eg, heart, bones)
Microscopic Anatomy
A microscope or magnifying instrument is
used to see very small structures in the
body (eg, cells, tissues)
PHYSIOLOGY
The study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Derived from the Latin words:
nature (physio),
the study of (ology)
Subdivisions of Physiology
Subdivisions of Physiology (Examples)
Neurophysiology: explains the workings of
the nervous system
Cardiac physiology: studies the function of
the heart
.GI physiology : Study the functions of
gastrointestional system
.
Levels of
StructuralOrganization
Atoms: building blocks of matter
Molecules: groups of atoms (eg, water, sugar,
proteins)
Organelles: basic components of microscopic cells
Cells: smallest units of all living things
Levels of the Hierarchy
Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common
function
Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue
types that perform a specific function for the body
Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate and
work closely together to accomplish a common
purpose
Organism: the highest level of structural organization
Homeostasis
The bodys ability to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions even though the
outside world is continuously changing.
It indicates a dynamic state of
equilibrium,or a balance, in which internal
conditions change and vary, but always
within relatively narrow limits.
.The
body is in homeostasis when its needs
are being adequately met and it is
functioning smoothly.
Every organ system plays a role in
maintaining the constancy of the internal
environment.
Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
Three components
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector
Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
RECEPTOR
It is some type of sensor that monitors and
responds to changes in the environment.
It responds to changes, called stimuli, by
sending information (input) to the control
center.
Information flows from the receptor to the
control center along the afferent pathway
Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
CONTROL CENTER
Determines the level (set point) at which a
variable is to be maintained
Analyzes the information it receives and
then determines the appropriate response
or course of action
EFFECTOR
Provides means for the control centers
response (output) to the stimulus
Information flows from the control center
to the effector along the efferent pathway
The results of the response then feed back
to influence the stimulus
Feedback Mechanisms
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
The net effect of the response to the
stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or
reduce its intensity (eg, blood glucose
regulation)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Tends to increase the original stimulus and
to push the variable farther from its original
value (eg, blood clotting)
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position
The body is erect with the
feet parallel and
the arms hanging at the
sides with the palms facing
forward
Directional Terms
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of a
structure of the body.
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure or the body.
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the backside of the body
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Close to the origin of the body part or the
point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Farther away from the origin of a body part or
the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
Regional Terms
Axial
makes up the main axis of the body.
consists of the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
consists of the appendages or limbs
Body Planes & Sections
Sagittal section
A cut made along the lengthwise or
longitudinal
plane
of the body
Divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal/Median section
The cut is made down the median plane of
the body and the right and left parts are
Frontal section
A cut made along a lengthwise plane that
divides the body (or an organ) into anterior
and
posterior parts
Also called a coronal section
Transverse section
A cut is made along a horizontal plane,
dividing
the body or organ into superior and inferior
parts
Also called a cross-section
Body Cavities
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
Has two subdivisions which are continuous
with each other
1. Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull
2. Spinal cavity: extends from the cranial
cavity
nearly to the end of the vertebral column
VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES
Much larger than the dorsal cavity
Contains all the structures in the chest
and
abdomen
Two major subdivisions:
1. Thoracic cavity: houses the lungs, heart
and
mediastinal structures
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver,
intestines,
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
and Regions
THANK
YOU
