Scribd
Upload
83 views29 pages

CT002-3-2 AI Methods: Swarm Intelligence, Technique and application-II

1) Swarm intelligence techniques are inspired by the collective behavior of social insects and other animal societies. The document discusses concepts like self-organization, division of labor, reproduction, and foraging in swarms. 2) Reynolds created a "boids" model in 1987 to simulate the motion of bird flocks with rules for avoidance, alignment, cohesion and separation between agents. 3) The artificial bee colony algorithm simulates the foraging behavior of honeybee swarms to solve optimization problems. It involves employed bees exploring food sources, unemployed bees receiving information, and scouts exploring new sources.

Uploaded by

Chester Chong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
83 views29 pages

CT002-3-2 AI Methods: Swarm Intelligence, Technique and application-II

1) Swarm intelligence techniques are inspired by the collective behavior of social insects and other animal societies. The document discusses concepts like self-organization, division of labor, reproduction, and foraging in swarms. 2) Reynolds created a "boids" model in 1987 to simulate the motion of bird flocks with rules for avoidance, alignment, cohesion and separation between agents. 3) The artificial bee colony algorithm simulates the foraging behavior of honeybee swarms to solve optimization problems. It involves employed bees exploring food sources, unemployed bees receiving information, and scouts exploring new sources.

Uploaded by

Chester Chong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

CT002-3-2

AI Methods

Swarm Intelligence, technique


and application-II

Learning Outcomes
Details understand on Swarm concept:
a) Self organization
b) Division of labor
c) Reproduction
d) Foraging
e) etc
To discuss ABC algorithm
Study of Stimergy in SWARM intelligence

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

How To Think Swarm Intelligence


Observation

Refine

Simulation

Metaheuristic
Metaheuristic
Build

Model
Model

Extract

Test

Observation

Create

Algorithm

Swarm intelligence (SI) as defined by Bona beau, Dorigo


and Theraulaz is "any attempt to design algorithms or
distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the
collective behavior of social insect colonies and other
animal societies"
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Modeling
Reynolds created a "bold" model in 1987 - A distributed
behavioral model, to simulates the motion of a flock of
birds.

Each bold is an independent actor that navigates on its


own perception of the dynamic environment.

Four Rules of Bold Model


Avoidance rule
Copy rule
Center rule
View rule
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

What are there principal mechanisms of


natural organization?
Self-organization
Self-organization is a set of dynamical mechanisms
whereby structures appear at the global level of a system
from interactions of its lower-level components.
(Bonabeau et al, in Swarm Intelligence, 1999)

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Self-organization : can be defined as a set of dynamical


mechanisms that establish basic rules for interactions between
the components of the system.
The rules ensure that the interactions are executed on the basis
of purely local information without any relation to the global
pattern.
Division of Labor: In swarm behavior different tasks are
performed simultaneously by specialized individuals which is
referred to as division of labor. It enables swarm to respond to
changed conditions in the search space.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

The four bases of self-organization

a)Positive feedback (amplification)


b)Negative feedback (for counter-balance and stabilization)
c)Amplification of fluctuations (randomness, errors, random walks)
d)Multiple interactions

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Self-organization
Positive feedback: As the nectar amount of food sources
increases, the number of onlookers visiting them increases,
too.
Negative feedback: The exploitation process of poor food
sources is stopped by bees.
Fluctuations: The scouts carry out a random search process
for discovering new food sources.
Multiple interactions: Bees share their information about
food sources with their nest mates on the dance area.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Behavior of Honey Bee Swarm


Three essential components of forage selection:
Food Sources: The value of a food source depends on many factors such as its
proximity to the nest, its richness or concentration of its energy, and the ease of
extracting this energy.
Employed Foragers: They are associated with a particular food source which
they are currently exploiting or are employed at. They carry with them information
about this particular source, its distance and direction from the nest, the
profitability of the source and share this information with a certain probability.
Unemployed Foragers: They are continually at look out for a food source to
exploit. There are two types of unemployed foragers: scouts, searching the
environment surrounding the nest for new food sources and onlookers waiting in
the nest and establishing a food source through the information shared by
employed foragers.

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Exchange of Information among bees


The exchange of information among bees is the most
important occurrence in the formation of collective
knowledge.
The most important part of the hive with respect to
exchanging information is the dancing area
Communication among bees related to the quality of
food sources takes place in the dancing area.
This dance is called a Waggle dance.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Employed foragers share their information with a probability


proportional to the profitability of the food source, and the sharing
of this information through waggle dancing is longer in duration.
An onlooker on the dance floor, probably she can watch numerous
dances and decides to employ herself at the most profitable
source.
There is a greater probability of onlookers choosing more
profitable sources since more information is circulated about the
more profitable sources.

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Artificial Bee Colony Algortihm

Simulates behavior of real bees for solving multidimensional and


multimodal optimisation problems.
The colony of artificial bees consists of three groups of bees:
employed bees, onlookers and scouts.
The first half of the colony consists of the employed artificial bees
and the second half includes the onlookers.
The number of employed bees is equal to the number of food
sources around the hive.
The employed bee whose food source has been exhausted by the
bees becomes a scout.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

ABC Algorithm

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Basic Self Organization Properties


Positive feedback: As the nectar amount of food
sources increases, the number of onlookers visiting
them increases, too.
Negative feedback: The exploitation process of poor
food sources is stopped by bees.
Fluctuations: The scouts carry out a random search
process for discovering new food sources.
Multiple interactions: Bees share their information
about food sources with their nest mates on the dance
area.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Explanation
Each cycle of search consists of three steps: moving the
employed and onlooker bees onto the food sources and
calculating their nectar amounts; and determining the scout
bees and directing them onto possible food sources.
A food source position represents a possible solution to the
problem to be optimized.
The amount of nectar of a food source corresponds to the
quality of the solution
Onlookers are placed on the food sources by using a
probability based selection process.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

As the nectar amount of a food source increases, the


probability value with which the food source is preferred by
onlookers increases, too.
The scouts are characterized by low search costs and a low
average in food source quality. One bee is selected as the scout
bee.
The selection is controlled by a control parameter called
"limit".
If a solution representing a food source is not improved by a
predetermined number of trials, then that food source is
abandoned and the employed bee is converted to a scout.
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Ant foraging
Cooperative search by pheromone trails

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Characteristics of self-organized
systems

Structure emerging from a homogeneous startup state.


Multistability - coexistence of many stable states.
State transitions with a dramatically change of the
system behaviour.

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Self-organization in a termite simulation

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Stigmergy
Stigmergy: stigma (sting) + ergon (work)
= stimulation by work
Characteristics of stigmergy

Indirect agent interaction modification of the environment


Environmental modification serves as external memory
Work can be continued by any individual
The same, simple, behavioural rules can create different
designs
According to the environmental state

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

From Ants to Algorithms


Swarm intelligence information allows us to address
modeling via:
Problem solving
Algorithms
Real world applications

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Modeling
Observe Phenomenon
Create a biologically motivated model
Explore model without constraints

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Modeling...
Creates a simplified picture of reality
Observable relevant quantities
become variables of the model
Other (hidden) variables build
connections
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

A Good Model has...


Parsimony (simplicity)
Coherence
Refutability
Parameter values correspond to
values of their natural counterparts
CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Travelling Salesperson
Problem
Initialize
Loop /* at this level each loop is called an iteration */
Each ant is positioned on a starting node
Loop /* at this level each loop is called a step */
Each ant applies a state transition rule to incrementally
build a solution and a local pheromone updating rule
Until all ants have built a complete solution
A global pheromone updating rule is applied
Until End_condition
M. Dorigo, L. M. Gambardella : ftp://iridia.ulb.ac.be/pub/mdorigo/journals/IJ.16-TEC97.US.pdf
Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Traveling Sales Ants

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Q&A

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

Next Topic
Artificial Immune System I

Overview of AIS
Understand background of immunology
Roles of AIS
Immune pattern recognition
Immune network theory

CE00371-1: Introduction to Software Development

CT002-3.5-2 AI-Methods

Problem Solving using programmed solutions

You might also like