DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Introduction to Digital Electronics
Digital Electronics represents information (0, 1) with only
two discrete values.
Ideally
no voltage (e.g., 0v) represents a 0 and
full source voltage (e.g., 5v) represents a 1
Realistically
low voltage (e.g., <1v) represents a 0 and
high voltage (e.g., >4v) represents a 1
What is a Digital System?
Digital system
System that takes in digital inputs and generates digital
outputs
Example: Computer
Digital inputs (letters and numbers from keyboard)
Digital output (new numbers or letters stored to a file or display
on screen)
Many other digital systems exist
Cell phones, automobile control engines, TV set top boxes,
musical instruments, DVD players, digital cameras, finger print
recognition,
Analog versus Digital
Analog systems process time-varying signals that can
take on any value across a continuous range of voltages
(in electrical/electronics systems).
Digital systems process time-varying signals that can
take on only one of two discrete values of voltages (in
electrical/electronics systems).
Discrete values are called 1 and 0 (ON and OFF, HIGH
and LOW, TRUE and FALSE, etc.)
Digital vs. Analog
Digital signal
Discrete
Signal that can have one of a finite set of possible values
Analog signal
Continuous
Signal that can have one of an infinite number of
possible values
Analog versus Digital
A digital signal,
unlike continuous
analogue signal,
varies abruptly and
changes between
distinct voltage or
current levels.
(commonly the 0 or 1
voltage levels of a
binary system)
analogue
signal
digital signal
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that
have two states, which are represented
by two different voltage levels called
HIGH and LOW.
The voltages
represent numbers in the binary system
In binary, a single number is called a
bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the
value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on
if the voltage is HIGH or LOW
VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Invalid
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of
pulses
HIGH
HIGH
Rising or
leading edge
LOW
Falling or
trailing edge
t0
(a) Positivegoing pulse
t1
Falling or
leading edge
LOW
Rising or
trailing edge
t0
(b) Negativegoing pulse
t1
Advantages of Digital Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Digital systems are generally easier to design
Information storage is easy
Accuracy is easier to maintain throughout the system
Operation can be programmed
Digital circuits are less affected by noise
More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
Limitation of Digital Systems
Digital signal will not be an exact copy of the original
analogue signal: sampling error
To take advantages of digital techniques
Convert analog inputs to digital
Process the digital
Convert the digital outputs to analog
Both analog and digital technique can be employed in
the same system called hybrid system
Integrated Circuits
IC is an electronic circuit, Constructed entirely on a single
piece of semiconductor material called substrate ,referred
as a chip.
Classification of IC- Analog & Digital
Digital IC are collection of resistors, diodes and transistor
fabricated on a single chip.
No additional component required for their operation.
O/P logic level 0 or 1.
Low cost ,low power, smaller size.
Analog ICs, such as sensors and operational amplifier,
work by processing continuous signals
Integrated Circuits
1
A gate is a physical implementation of a Boolean
function
Logic gates are usually embedded in Integrated
Circuits ICs, sometimes referred as Chips
According to its complexity, ICs are classified as
SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI (small, medium, large &
very large scale integration)
Logic gates ICs may be CMOS type, both require
a power supply of +5 volts and a 'ground in
addition to the logic inputs
DIP type (dual-in-line package) logic ICs will be
used in our experiments
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Prepared by K.T. NG
Vcc
14
13
12
11
10
7 GND
Top view of a logic gate IC
Levels of Integration
Digital IC are Categorized according to their circuit
Complexity.-number of equivalent logic gates on the
substrate.
Small Scale Integration or (SSI) - Contain up to 10
transistors or a few gates within a single package such as
AND, OR, NOT gates.
Medium Scale Integration or (MSI) - between 10 and 100
transistors or tens of gates within a single package and
perform digital operations such as adders, decoders,
counters, flip-flops and multiplexers.
Large Scale Integration or (LSI) - between 100 and 1,000
transistors or hundreds of gates and perform specific digital
operations such as I/O chips, memory, arithmetic and logic
units.
Levels of Integration (contd..)
Very-Large Scale Integration or (VLSI) - between 1,000 and
10,000 transistors or thousands of gates and perform
computational operations such as processors, large memory
arrays and programmable logic devices.
Super-Large Scale Integration or (SLSI) - between 10,000
and 100,000 transistors within a single package and perform
computational operations such as microprocessor chips,
micro-controllers, basic PICs and calculators.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration or (ULSI) - more than 1
million transistors - the big boys that are used in computers
CPUs, GPUs, video processors, micro-controllers, FPGAs
and complex PICs.
