MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS [SEMESTER PROJECT]
Pressure Wave (Sound) propagation
In automotive muffler & transmission
Losses (attenuation)
Submitted by:
Pranshu Mahajan
Niteesh Kumar Dubey
Submitted to
Dr. Navin Kumar
SMME Dept.
Introduction
Muffler is an acoustic device inserted in exhaust systems of ic engines for reducing
noise.
There are two basic designs of automotive mufflers
1. Reactive (Reflective type) muffler
2. Absorptive (dissipative) muffler
The project model describes the pressure wave propagation in the muffler
[ This approach is applicable for analysing the damping of the same]
It analyses both inductive and resistive dampings in pressure acoustics.
The output is transmission loss for a frequency range of 50 Hz 1500 Hz
Domain Equations & Boundary Conditions
Domain Equations
The model solves the problem in frequency domain using time harmonics pressure
acoustic interface and is based on Helmoltz Eq. for acoustic pressure
p = acoustic pressure
= density
w = angular frequency [ w = 2f, f = frequency of pressure oscillation ]
cs = speed of sound
The equation is valid for reactive mufflers as it is, but in case of absorptive mufflers
damping is also introduced, as a function of
1. Complex speed of sound [ cc = w/kc ]
2. Complex density
[ c = kcZc/w ]
where kc = compex wave number &
Zc = compex impedance
Based on Delany & Bazley estimate for highly porous material (glass wool) the
complex wave numbers and impedance are functions of flow resistivity free space
wave number and impedance of air
Domain Equations & Boundary
Conditions
Boundary Conditions
At solid boundary [walls of resonator chamber and pipes] the model uses
sound hard boundary conditions i.e. normal velocity at boundary is zero.
The boundary condition at inlet involves a combination of incoming and
outgoing plane waves.
At outlet, boundary conditions specify an outgoing plane wave.
Analysis of Absorptive Muffler
A typical absorptive muffler consists of straight circular
perforated pipe encased in a hollow steel casing.
Between
the pipe and casing
lies a layer of absorbing material like
glass wool which results in dissipation of sound energy
in form of heat.
The absobing material used in our analysis is glass wool.
http:http://www.burnsstainless.com/imag
es/technology/Mufflers///www.burnsstainl
ess.com/images/technology/Mufflers/
In the analysis a muffler design with and without inner lining
have been analysed on comsol and the
results have been
compared to
obtain the effectiveness of the lining material in improvement of
transmission loss.
Geometric model
Length = 600 mm
Width = 200 mm
Radius of curvature of side surface = 50 mm
Volume of chamber = 2.4 lt
Analysis of Absorptive Muffler
Analysis of wave propagation through the resonating chamber
without liner
Meshed Model
Maximum element size has been taken
such that it is less than 1/5 times the
wavelength of the
wave
= (c/fm/5)
C = 343 m/sec
fm = maximum frequency = 1500 Hz
Absolute pressure field at 1500 HZ & 1250 Hz
Analysis of Absorptive Muffler
Acoustic pressure field [No
liner]
Acoustic pressure field [ 1mm
thick layer of glass wool as liner ]
The field plots clearly depict that the acoustic pressure values are much lower
with the use of damping that is lining of glass wool
Analysis of Absorptive Muffler
Transmission Loss
It is an important factor which decides the effectiveness of a muffler.
It is defined as ratio of incoming and outgoing acoustic energy. Hence
greater is the transmission loss, greater is the dissipation of sound energy
and thus more effective is the muffler
Variation of TL with frequency of pressure wave
Transmission loss
Superposition of the
plot for the two cases
clearly depicts the
increase in transmission
loss with use of
absorbing material
frequency
Analysis of Reactive Muffler
Geometric Model
A reactive muffler consists of a series
of resonating and expansion chambers
that are designed to reduce sound
pressure level at certain frequencies.
The inlet and outlet tubes are
generally offset and have
perforations that allow sound
pulses to scatter out in
numerous directions inside a
chamber resulting in destructive
interference.
Analysis of Reactive Muffler
Meshed model
Maximum element size has
been takes less 1/10th of
shortest wavelength
considered (1000 Hz in this
case)
Analysis of Reactive Muffler
The dips correspond to
resonant frequencies
of various parts of the
muffler
Thankyou
Questions?
